Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Department of Mathematics and Statistics

Single Variable Calculus (MTH 111)
Exercise Sheet 7

1. To be discussed in the tutorial session

(1) Let f, g : [a, b] −→ R be integrable functions and α ∈ R. Show the following:
Z b Z b Z b
(a) f +g is integrable and, (f +g) = f+ g. (Hint: First show that, for any partition
a a a
P of [a, b], L(f + g; P ) ≥ L(f ; P ) + L(g; P ) and U (f + g; P ) ≤ U (f ; P ) + U (g; P ). From
Rb Rb Rb Rb Rb Rb
this, deduce that a (f + g) ≥ a f + a g and a (f + g) ≤ a f + a g.)
Z b Z b
(b) αf is integrable and, αf = α f . (Hint: For any partition P of [a, b], show that
( a a (
αU (f ; P ) if α ≥ 0 αL(f ; P ) if α ≥ 0
U (αf ; P ) = and L(αf ; P ) = . From this,
αL(f ; P ) if α < 0 αU (f ; P ) if α < 0
Rb Rb Rb Rb
what can you say about a αf and a αf in terms of a f and a f ?)
(2) Let f : [a, b] −→ R be integrable. Show the following:
(a) f is integrable on any subinterval [c, d] ⊆ [a, b]. (Hint: For any partition P of [a, b], let
def def
P ′ = P ∪ {c, d} and P1 = P ′ ∩ [c, d]. Show that U (f ; P1 ) − L(f ; P1 ) ≤ U (f ; P ) − L(f ; P ).
Can you establish the required integrability of f on [c, d] from this?)
Z b Z c Z b
(b) For any c ∈ (a, b), one has f= f+ f . (Hint: Observe that, for any partition
a a c
P of [a, b] containing c, P = P1 ∪ P2 , for some partition P1 of [a, c] and P2 of [c, b]. From
Rc Rb
this, show that, if P is an arbitrary partition of [a, b] then U (f ; P ) ≥ a f + c f and
Rc Rb
L(f ; P ) ≤ a f + c f .)
(3) Let f : [a, b] −→ R be bounded.
(a) Assume that for every r ∈ (a, b), f is integrable on [a, r]. Show that, f is integrable on
Z b Z r
[a, b] and furthermore f = lim f.
a r→b− a
(b) Can you formulate and prove the analogue of (3a) for the left endpoint?
(c) Consider the function f : [0, 1] −→ R defined as follows:
(
sin x1


if x ̸= 0
f (x) = . (1.1)
0 if x = 0

Show that the function f defined above in (1.1) is integrable.

Z b
(4) (a) Let f : [a, b] −→ R be a nonegative integrable function. Assume that f = 0. Show
a
that f vanishes at each of its points of continuity.
(b) Let f, g : [a, b] −→ R be two continuous functions such that, for all x ∈ [a, b],
f (x) ≤ g(x). (1.2)
Rb Rb
Show that, if strict inequality occurs in (1.2) for some x ∈ [a, b], then a
f< a
g.
(5) (a) Let I ⊆ R be an interval (not necessarily closed or bounded) and f : I −→ R be
continuous. Then show that there exists a differentiable function F : I −→ R such that
F ′ (x) = f (x), for all x ∈ I.
1
 2

(b) Given any n ∈ N, show that there exists a function f : R −→ R such that f (n) is
continuous everywhere on R but not differentiable at some point.
(6)∗ (a) Let g : [a, b] −→ R be a continuous function such that it is either ≥ 0 everywhere on [a, b]
or ≤ 0 everywhere on [a, b]. Show that, for any continuous f : [a, b] −→ R there exists
c ∈ [a, b] such that
Z b Z b
f g = f (c) g. (1.3)
a a
Rb Rb
(Hint: If a g = 0 then (1.3) is obvious (why?). So assume a g ̸= 0. Can you now get
Rb
fg
suitable estimates of Rab both from below and above?)
a g
(b) Can the continuity assumption on f in (6a) be replaced by integrability?
(c) Let f : [a, b] −→ R be monotone. Show that there exists c ∈ [a, b] such that
Z b
f = f (a)(c − a) + f (b)(b − c).
a

(7) Consider the following function:

def
Z √ cos x h πi
f (x) = 1 − t2 dt, ∀x ∈ 0, . (1.4)
sin x 2
Can the function f , defined as above in (1.4), be represented by a polynomial?
2. Additional exercises
(1)∗ Let f : [0, 1] −→ R and g : [0, 1] −→ R be defined as follows:
(
0 if x ∈ [0, 1] \ Q
f (x) = 1 p ,
q
if x = q
, where q ∈ N, p ∈ N ∪ {0} and gcd(p, q) = 1
and (
1 if x ∈ (0, 1]
g(x) = .
0 if x = 0
Show the following:
(a) f and g are integrable.
(b) g ◦ f is not integrable.
(2)∗ Let I ⊆ R be an open interval, a ∈ I and f : I −→ R. Assume further that f (n+1) is Riemann
integrable on any closed subinterval of I. Then, for any x ∈ I \ {a}, the following holds:
Z x (n+1)
′ f (n) (a) n f (t)
f (x) = f (a) + f (a)(x − a) + · · · + (x − a) + (x − t)n dt. (2.1)
n! a n!
(Hint: Establish (2.1) by induction on n. When n = 1, use the integration by parts formula
Rx ′ Rx ′ def def
a
u v = u(x)v(x) − u(a)v(a) − a
uv for u(t) = f ′ (t) and v(t) = −(x − t). Now assume (2.1)
for n. Then again apply the integration by parts formula for appropriate functions to obtain
R x f (n+1) (t) (n+1) R x (n+2)
a n!
(x − t)n dt = f (n+1)!(a) (x − a)n+1 + a f (n+1)!(t) (x − a)n+1 dt.)

The statement of the above exercise (2) is called the Taylor’s theorem with integral form of remainder.
Since integrals are found easier to estimate, the above is useful many a time to when one wants to show
that the Taylor series of an infinitely differentiable function around a point represents the function.
One such example is given in the next exercise.
(3)∗ Let m ∈ R. Then using (2), show that, for all x ∈ (−1, 1),
∞  
m
X m k
(1 + x) = x .
k=0
k