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CURRICULUM F R WALES HUMANITIES

History
FOR 11–14 YEARS

Rob Quinn
R. Paul Evans Sample booklet
Curriculum for Wales: More resources for Curriculum for Wales: Humanities

History for 11–14 years Religion, Values and Ethics


Confidently deliver Religion, Values and Ethics and
encourage students to understand and appreciate diverse
New resources for the new curriculum worldviews, both in Wales and the wider world.
Our new book supports the new Curriculum for Wales for
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Tell the story of Wales over the last 1000 years, as you discover knowledge and skills as they become informed, self-aware ⊲ £27.00
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Underpinned by the four purposes of the new Curriculum for Wales, Geography
this book empowers pupils with the knowledge and skills that they Embodying the aims of the new curriculum for Wales, and
need for learning, life and work. forming part of the Humanities AoLE, this book will help you
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Contents Contents

Acknowledgements ���������������������������������������������������������������� ii 4 What were the most important 7 Why was the transatlantic slave 9.8 Welsh language protests in the 1960s
Introduction��������������������������������������������������������������������������2 features of the Islamic civilisations of trade significant? and 1970s������������������������������������������������������������������ 190
the 7th to 18th centuries? 9.9 Review ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 192
7.0 Introduction ������������������������������������������������������������ 133
1 Why was the ruler of England
4.0 Introduction �������������������������������������������������������������� 73 7.1 What was Western Africa like by the 10 How much did warfare develop
important for Wales? 4.1 The Islamic world �����������������������������������������������������74 eighteenth century? ��������������������������������������������� 134 during the 20th century?
4.2 The City of Peace and the House of Wisdom �� 77 7.2 The transatlantic slave trade ����������������������������� 136
1.0 Introduction �����������������������������������������������������������������9
4.3 The Crusades ������������������������������������������������������������ 80 7.3 The Middle Passage���������������������������������������������� 138 10.0 Introduction ����������������������������������������������������������� 193
1.1 What was Wales like in early medieval times?��10
4.4 Salah al-din – immortal hero? ����������������������������� 82 7.4 Plantation life���������������������������������������������������������� 140 10.1 Trench warfare ������������������������������������������������������ 194
1.2 Norman attempts to conquer Wales �����������������12
4.5 Mansa Musa �������������������������������������������������������������� 84 7.5 Abolition of the slave trade ������������������������������� 142 10.2 Case study: the Battle of the Somme, 1916 �� 196
1.3 Llywelyn the Great���������������������������������������������������16
4.6 The Ottoman Empire ��������������������������������������������� 86 7.6 The end of slavery in the British Empire�������� 144 10.3 Blitzkrieg ����������������������������������������������������������������� 198
1.4 Llywelyn the Last �����������������������������������������������������18
4.7 The Mughal Empire ������������������������������������������������ 88 7.7 The end of slavery in the USA ��������������������������� 146 10.4 City bombing ��������������������������������������������������������200
1.5 The Glyndŵr Rebellion������������������������������������������ 22
4.8 Review ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 90 7.8 Review ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 148 10.5 Impact of war: the Home Front����������������������� 202
1.6 The Wars of the Roses���������������������������������������������26
10.6 Nuclear weapons �������������������������������������������������204
1.7 The Acts of Union���������������������������������������������������� 28
1.8 The Civil War and the Republic ���������������������������32 5 How much did the Industrial 8 How should we remember the 10.7 Guerrilla warfare���������������������������������������������������206
Revolution change people’s lives? British Empire? 10.8 Terrorism �����������������������������������������������������������������208
1.9 The Jacobites ������������������������������������������������������������ 36
10.9 Impact of war: genocide ����������������������������������� 210
1.10 Review ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 40
5.0 Introduction ���������������������������������������������������������������91 8.0 Introduction ������������������������������������������������������������ 149 10.10 Impact of war: conscientious objectors ��������212
5.1 Industrial Revolution: domestic system 8.1 The first colonies in the Americas ������������������� 150 10.11 Impact of war: protests against
2 How much did the lives of people in 8.2 America��������������������������������������������������������������������� 152 nuclear weapons �������������������������������������������������� 214
to factory system������������������������������������������������������92
Wales change between the 11th and 5.2 Coal mining ��������������������������������������������������������������� 94 8.3 Australia �������������������������������������������������������������������� 154 10.12 Review���������������������������������������������������������������������� 216
18th centuries? 5.3 The copper industry ������������������������������������������������97 8.4 India ��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 156
5.4 The iron industry ��������������������������������������������������� 100 8.5 Africa�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 159 11 What was the most important
2.0 Introduction ���������������������������������������������������������������41 8.6 The Empire and the First World War��������������� 162
2.1 Medieval villages ������������������������������������������������������42
5.5 The transport revolution – roads and canals��� 103 change in Welsh people’s lives
5.6 The transport revolution – railways ���������������� 106 8.7 The Empire and the Second World War �������� 164 during the 20th century?
2.2 Medieval towns�������������������������������������������������������� 44 8.8 Decolonisation: an overview����������������������������� 166
5.7 Working conditions in factories and mines ��� 108
2.3 The Black Death and its impact�������������������������� 46 8.9 Decolonisation: the partition of India ������������ 168
5.8 Living conditions in the towns ��������������������������110 11.0 Introduction ������������������������������������������������������������217
2.4 Lives of the rich and the poor ����������������������������� 48 8.10 Review ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 170
5.9 Review ������������������������������������������������������������������������112 11.1 The wealth of Wales in 1900 ���������������������������� 218
2.5 The role of women ������������������������������������������������� 50
11.2 Industrial unrest: slate mining �������������������������220
2.6 The Agricultural Revolution����������������������������������52
6 How effective were protests during 9 How did attitudes towards Welsh 11.3 Industrial unrest: coal mining ��������������������������222
2.7 Review ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 54
the Industrial Revolution? culture change between the 11.4 The Depression: the impact on

3 How important was religion to medieval and modern eras? Welsh industry ������������������������������������������������������ 224
6.0 Introduction �������������������������������������������������������������113 11.5 The decline of the coal and steel industry
people in Wales between the 11th 6.1 Reasons for protests ����������������������������������������������114 9.0 Introduction ������������������������������������������������������������ 171 in Wales ������������������������������������������������������������������� 226
and 19th centuries? 6.2 The Merthyr Rising ������������������������������������������������117 9.1 The heroic age of the Welsh language ���������� 172 11.6 The decline of religious worship in Wales ���228
6.3 The Rebecca Riots ������������������������������������������������� 120 9.2 The impact of medieval migration on 11.7 The popularity of sport ��������������������������������������230
3.0 Introduction ���������������������������������������������������������������55 6.4 Nineteenth century reform: the electoral the Welsh language�����������������������������������������������175 11.8 Technology and entertainment ���������������������� 232
3.1 Medieval religion����������������������������������������������������� 56 system ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 122 9.3 The Acts of Union and Uniformity in the 11.9 Campaigning to get women the vote ����������234
3.2 Life in medieval monasteries and nunneries �� 58 6.5 The Chartists ����������������������������������������������������������� 124 sixteenth century �������������������������������������������������� 178 11.10 Women get the vote �������������������������������������������236
3.3 The European Reformation ����������������������������������62 6.6 Nineteenth century reform: working 9.4 The eighteenth-century revival of 11.11 The impact of women getting the vote�������238
3.4 The English Reformation �������������������������������������� 64 conditions in factories and mines ������������������� 126 the bards ������������������������������������������������������������������ 181 11.12 Feminism and legal equality for women ����� 240
3.5 Religious change and martyrdom under 6.7 Nineteenth century reform: living 9.5 Welsh education in the nineteenth century �� 184 11.13 Rising support for Welsh nationalism ����������� 242
the later Tudors ���������������������������������������������������������67 conditions in the towns �������������������������������������� 129 9.6 Y Wladfa, Patagonia ��������������������������������������������� 186 11.14 Devolution��������������������������������������������������������������244
3.6 Nonconformists in Wales���������������������������������������70 6.8 Review ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 132 9.7 The fate of the language in the twentieth 11.15 Review����������������������������������������������������������������������246
3.7 Review ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 72 century ���������������������������������������������������������������������� 188

iv v
How much did the lives of people in
2 Wales change between the 11th and
Introduction

12 To what extent has Wales become a 18th centuries?


multicultural society in the last 1000
years?
During the later medieval period (1066–1500), most of the population of Wales
12.0 Introduction ����������������������������������������������������������� 247 were farmers who worked the land, growing crops and tending their animals. In the
12.1 Early immigration ������������������������������������������������248 villages there were a few crafts people such as the blacksmith, otherwise everybody
12.2 Jewish immigration ���������������������������������������������250 was involved in the farming process.
12.3 Irish immigration �������������������������������������������������� 252
During this period there were few towns in Wales. Many of the towns that did
12.4 African immigration ��������������������������������������������254 develop were borough settlements, which grew next to the castles set up by the
12.5 Asian immigration �����������������������������������������������256 Normans. Most of the traders who set up businesses within these towns were English
12.6 European immigration ���������������������������������������258 merchants. Most Welsh people lived in the countryside and farmed the upland areas.
12.7 Tiger Bay �����������������������������������������������������������������260
Life during the later medieval period was harsh. Life expectancy was low and
12.8 Post-war immigration �����������������������������������������264
any disease could result in a large number of deaths. In the late 1340s, the Black
12.9 Discrimination �������������������������������������������������������266
Death spread rapidly across Wales, causing the death of a large percentage of the
12.10 Institutional racism ����������������������������������������������268 population. It is not possible to know exactly, but perhaps up to half the population
12.11 Civil rights ��������������������������������������������������������������� 270 died. Many farms were abandoned, and it took several generations for population
12.12 Contributions of immigrants to the UK �������� 272 numbers to recover.
12.13 Review���������������������������������������������������������������������� 274
The lifestyle of the rich and poor varied considerably. While rich landowners lived
Conclusion������������������������������������������������������������������������ 275 in castles or manor houses built of stone, the poorer tenant farmers lived in timber-
framed single roomed houses. The rich could afford a range of furniture and
Glossary of key terms��������������������������������������������������������� 276
different sets of clothes, the poor possessed few pieces of furniture and lived, slept
Index ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 277 and worked in the same clothes. During Tudor times the gap between rich and poor
grew even wider.
Photo credits The methods of farming which had
pp.41, 54 © Christophel Fine Art/Universal Images Group via Getty Images; operated in 1100 were still in place
p.43 t & b © Nilfanion via Wikimedia (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ during the seventeenth century. In the
by-sa/4.0/deed.en); pp.133, 148 © PA Images / Alamy Stock Photo; p.135 ©
Adam Eastland / Alamy Stock Photo; pp.247, 274 © Markus Mainka / Alamy early eighteenth century the Agricultural
Stock Photo; p.260 © Alan Grist/Mirrorpix/Getty Images; p.261 © National Revolution brought about significant
Library of Wales/Western Mail/Reach plc
change. It resulted in the introduction of
new crops and crop rotation, new breeds
of domestic animals and the invention
of new machines to help with sowing
and harvesting. These changes produced
more food which helped the population
to increase.
Your challenge in this chapter is to
investigate how much the lives of people
in Wales changed between the eleventh
and eighteenth centuries, identifying which
aspects of people’s lives changed the most
and in what ways they changed, and which
aspects did not change at all.

u A fifteenth-century illustration showing the


12 months of the farming calendar

vi 41
2 How much did the lives of people in Wales change between the 11th and 18th centuries?
2.1 Medieval villages

Objectives The Englishry and Welshry Cosmeston: a deserted medieval village


Discovered by archaeologists in the 1980s, Cosmeston
1 Understand how village life changed in parts of The Welsh lived in the higher, less fertile parts of
was a deserted medieval village situated near
Wales after the Norman invasion the lord’s land which was known as the Welshry,
Penarth in the Vale of Glamorgan. Its remains had
2 Using Cosmeston as a case study, explore the the flatter area around the manor and town being
been untouched for centuries. Some of the excavated
key features of a medieval village in Wales the Englishry.
buildings have now been reconstructed to provide
visitors with an idea of what life was like when the
From the time of the Norman Conquest (see page xx) village was occupied in the twelfth century.
to Henry Tudor becoming king in 1485, farming was Cosmeston village developed around a fortified manor
the main occupation for the majority of the population. house built by the De Costentin family in the early

WELS HRY
WELSH twelfth century. De Costentin was a Norman soldier
MANOR
The manor system in the March who had fought in the Battle of Hastings in 1066 (see
page xx), serving under Robert Fitzhamon, the Norman
of Wales lord who went on to conquer Glamorgan after the C A photograph of some of the reconstructed
In the regions they conquered, the Marcher Lords Norman Conquest. buildings at Cosmeston as they would have looked
introduced the manor system. The land was divided in the twelfth century
The village was inhabited for around 350 years and
into estates, each controlled by a lord of the manor. The at its peak its population was never more than 100,
land within the estate was worked by peasants, both including children. There was a number of small stone
Lord’s
free and unfree (serfs), in return for fixed dues in kind, wood for houses with thatched roofs. They had no chimney,
Manor
money and services (payment of taxes). house
hunting
just a hole in the roof for the smoke to drift out. The
The arable land of the manor was farmed using the NORMAN
MANOR
insides were simply furnished and contained few
three-field system. Instead of having all their land in household possessions. The villagers would have
ENGL ISHRY

Common pasture
one piece, peasants were given strips of land in each been serfs who worked the fields surrounding the
of three fields. Crops were rotated each year across the Chief NORMAN village and tended the animals.
castle BOROUGH
fields. In one field they might grow wheat, in another During the early fourteenth century the population
barley and the third would be left fallow to give the NORMAN Common went into a decline, as a result of the great famine
soil a rest, changing the cycle each year. The peasants MANOR fields for
which affected Wales during the 1310s and 1320s,
corn
were allowed to cut hay on the meadows and graze Priory closely followed by the Black Death of 1349. These
Common
their cows, sheep and goats on common land. They meadows events either killed off all the inhabitants or caused
could also gather wood from the waste land. for hay D A photograph of the inside of one of the
the few remaining individuals to leave, so the village reconstructed houses at Cosmeston
was abandoned.
Key terms A A typical Norman lordship of the twelfth century
showing the division between the Welshry
Serf – an ordinary person in the Middle Ages who was forced and Englishry
to work on the land Activities Key terms
02_28 Wales 1000–1500 League – a unit of
In kind – paying in goods rather than money Barking Dog Art 1 Using Picture A, together with other information from this unit:
Arable – land used or suitable for growing crops measurement (based on the
In Caerwys there is land for 1 plough. It is there a Explain why the Englishry and Welshry regions developed. distance a person can walk
Fallow – land on which no crops are growing with 1 slave and 6 smallholders. Also woodland b Describe the key differences in the lives of the people who lived in in an hour)
Common land – land open to all people 40 perches long and 40 wide. Value: 15s these regions. Eyrie – a large nest of a
Welshry – areas of Wales where Welsh people lived and which In Dyserth there is land for 1 plough. It is 2 Study Source B. Explain why the Domesday Survey of 1086 is useful to bird of prey
were ruled according to Welsh law there with 2 slaves; a church with a priest historians studying everyday life in the eleventh century.
Englishry – an area in Wales that had been settled by the and 2 villagers. A mill at 3s. 2 smallholders.
3 Working with a partner, use Sources C and D together with other information
English and was ruled according to English law Woodland 1 league long and ½ wide; a
from this unit, to prepare a presentation about life in the medieval village of
hawk’s eyrie. Value 30s.
Smallholder – somebody who farms a small piece of land Cosmeston. You might like to refer to a) the farming cycle, b) the different
B The Domesday entry for the settlements of Caerwys types of buildings, c) the personal possessions of the inhabitants, and d)
Perch – an Anglo-Saxon measurement of land and Dyserth in northeast Wales, land held by the living in the March of Wales.
Norman Earl of Chester. Only the borderland region of
Wales was included in the Domesday Survey of 1086

42 43
<RHR 1> <RHR 2>
2.7 Review: How much did the lives of people Why was the transatlantic slave
in Wales change between the eleventh and
eighteenth centuries?
7 trade significant?

Objectives 2 Discuss which aspects of life in the medieval


period had changed the most
1 Identify aspects of life in Wales between the
3 Write a judgement about the extent that life had
eleventh and eighteenth centuries that changed,
changed during this period
did not change or did not change much

Review
1 Make your own copy of this Venn diagram. Look 2 During later medieval times which of the
through Chapter 2 and use your knowledge to following events had the greatest impact on
record examples of how life in Wales changed, everyday life in Wales?
did not change or had changed little between the a The manor system
eleventh and eighteenth centuries. Try to record
b The development of towns
three examples in each section of the diagram.
c The Black Death
Some No
Change
change change
Remember to give reasons for your choice.
3 ‘The Agricultural Revolution introduced
major changes in farming.’ Thinking about
this statement:
a Identify and describe four changes that can be
classed as major changes in farming.  Protestors pushing the statue of Edward Colston in Bristol Harbour, June 2020
b Compare your four choices with farming The word ‘slave’ first appeared in English in the thirteenth century, though slavery
methods in use in the year 1100. Explain what has existed in Britain since pre-Roman times. It means a person that is owned by
changes had taken place. someone else and therefore has no freedom.
Slavery had existed in ancient civilisations like Egypt and Rome. In Africa for
thousands of years, people captured in wars had been enslaved. Muslim merchants
had traded in enslaved people since their seventh century trade routes had crossed
northern Africa and the Sahara Desert.
The transatlantic slave trade involved the enslavement of African people on a massive
scale and their transportation to the Americas. It began with the Portuguese in the
fifteenth century. Britain first became involved in the selling of enslaved people in the
sixteenth century. The first enslaved people in English territory arrived to work in the
Jamestown colony in Virginia in 1619. The trade reached its peak by the end of the
eighteenth century as enslavement became an important part of British trade, empire
and the Industrial Revolution, as well as the new country that gained its independence
from the British Empire in the eighteenth century – the United States of America.
Your challenge in this chapter will be to consider all the different ways in which the Key terms
transatlantic slave trade was significant in the history of the last three hundred years: Slavery – the buying and
for its impact on enslaved people and their descendants, as well as for the countries selling of people who are
where they were taken from, for its role in helping to finance and provide raw treated like property rather
materials for Britain’s Industrial Revolution, for its connections to Wales and for its than as human beings
role in the history of the United States of America.

54 133
7 Why was the transatlantic slave trade significant?
7.1 What was western Africa like by the
eighteenth century?
The Kingdom of Benin
Benin was one of the large kingdoms along the western coast of Africa, in
Objectives The civilisations of western Africa modern-day Nigeria. Some people lived in villages where they farmed the land
African kingdoms had many cities which were centres of trade. they had cleared from the rainforest. Most people lived and worked in Edo, the
1 Explore what the capital city, which was surrounded by walls and gates. The huge city was split
kingdom of Benin l In Kongo, the capital city Mbanza Kongo had been built on top of a hill at the
centre of trade routes that ran along the coast and through the inland forests. into 11 parts, containing workshops, public buildings and houses similar to those
tells us about what in Europe at the time.
western Africa l Timbuktu in the Songhay Empire was a centre of Islamic learning as well as an
important market along the trade route that connected western Africa to the Silk The ruler of Benin was known as the Oba and he lived in the highly decorated
was like
2 Understand what Road of Asia. royal palace in the capital city. Chiefs from rich families helped the Oba to rule Activities
over Benin. The Obas used their wealth to build up their army which they used
made western l Edo was the capital city of the kingdom of Benin and was the centre of its metal-
to protect their kingdom and take land from their neighbours. Military training 1 What evidence
Africa wealthy working industries. It was surrounded by a wall that is thought to be one of the started very young in Benin. To begin with they fought with swords and spears can you find that
biggest built structures before machines were used to help builders. but by the seventeenth century they had started using guns. suggests that
Not everyone lived in cities or kingdoms. Many people lived in small communities The people of Benin worshipped many different gods. Most people worshipped western Africa was
in villages, like the Igbo people or the Mandinka. a god called Osanobua who they believed had created the world. He had three a wealthy
There were many wars between communities, kingdoms and empires in western children – the god of the water, the goddess of farming and the god of death. b connected to
Africa between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries. For example, the empire People also believed that the Obas were gods. international
of Mali was taken over by the Songhay empire in the fifteenth century, while the
trade networks
Songhay empire was destroyed by an army from Morocco in the sixteenth century.
The kingdom of Benin defended itself successfully during these wars, while the c educated and
Dahomey kingdom was conquered by the Oyo Empire and new countries like the skilled?
Ashanti Empire were created. 2 In what ways
were kingdoms
The wealth of western Africa and empires of
western Africa
There was plenty of wealth among the kingdoms and empires of western Africa:
like the countries
l Gold and salt had made the empire of Songhay and the Ashanti Empire very rich. of Europe at
l Metal work using iron or bronze had made the kingdom of Benin wealthy. this time?
l The kingdoms of Dahomey and the Kongo made a lot of money from the sale of 3 Write a brief guide
patterned cloth. to explain what
Europeans named the different places they traded with along the western coast of travellers would
Africa after the goods they traded, for example the Ivory Coast and the Gold Coast. have found in the
kingdom of Benin.
The currency of this region of Africa was seashells called cowries. These cowrie
shells came from the Indian Ocean and had found their way into western Africa as 4 Look back
they were used by traders who travelled the Silk Road trade route from east to west. over all of the
Key terms
information about
Currency – objects Before 1400, Europeans bought and sold goods from traders in northern Africa.
western Africa.
During the fifteenth century, Portuguese ships sailed further and further down the A Seventeenth century Benin bronze from the Benin royal palace
of value exchanged as Why do you
west coast of Africa. This opened up trade with new kingdoms and empires there.
payments, such as coins think European
Other European countries including Britain and France also began to trade along
or shells Benin was known for its metal workers who made lots of things from iron, countries were
the western coast of Africa.
copper and bronze. These metal goods, along with locally-made cloth, were interested in
traded across Africa and Asia and were the reason why Benin was a wealthy and trading with this
powerful kingdom. When the British colonised Benin in the nineteenth century, part of Africa?
many of these bronze sculptures were looted and sent to museums in Britain
(see chapter 8.5).

134 135
7.8 Review: Why was the transatlantic slave
<RHR 1> <RHR 2> To what extent has Wales become
trade significant? 12 a multicultural society in the last
1000 years?
Objectives
Research tasks
1 Explore the different ways that the transatlantic
slave trade, including its legacy, could be Introduction: Who was Edward Colston, whose
considered to be significant statue was pulled down in 2020?
2 Make a reasoned judgement about the Topic 7.2: Research the impact of the slave trade
significance of the transatlantic slave trade in your part of Wales.
Topic 7.5: Research what support there was
for the abolition of the slave trade in your part
of Wales.
Review Topic 7.7: Do your own research to decide who
1 Explain the role of slavery in the triangular trade. you think was the most important civil rights lead-
er in the USA. Explain your choice.
2 Look back at the information in this chapter.
How and why did some groups of people Topic 7.8: Do your own research to investigate the
exploit others? connections between these people, Wales and the
slave trade:
3 In what ways was slavery significant in the
history of: l Thomas Picton

a Africa l Thomas Williams of Anglesey

b the Americas l Nathaniel Wells

c Britain l Jessie Donaldson.

d Wales?
First organise your ideas in a spider diagram
with four sections. Then explain your answers
more fully using information from Chapter 7
of this book to support your ideas, as well as
information from your own research.
A multicultural society is a country where people from available in Wales. The First and Second World Wars
many different backgrounds and cultures live and work had also encouraged people to come to Wales. People
together. There are many reasons why people came to from the British Empire came to Wales as they saw
live in Wales, and many different ways in which these Britain as the ‘mother country’. As an academic from a
people have influenced the Welsh and life in Wales. family of Commonwealth immigrants said, ‘We are here
People have moved to Wales for many reasons over the because you were there.’
last thousand years or more. The Vikings and Normans The capital city of Cardiff has had a thriving
came as invaders. The Irish and the Italians came to multicultural community since the nineteenth century
work and to escape poverty in their own countries. The and multicultural influences have spread across Wales.
Somalis and Yemenis came to Wales on the ships that Your challenge in this chapter will be to consider the
were part of Britain’s global trading network. Jewish extent to which Wales has become a multicultural
people came to escape persecution. People came from society over the last 1,000 years.
the Commonwealth to help rebuild Britain after the
Second World War. Key terms
The Industrial Revolution (see Chapter 5) had given
Multicultural – people from different races living and
Wales rapidly growing industries like coal, copper and
working together
iron. These industries needed more workers than were

148 247
12 To what extent has Wales become a multicultural society in the last 1000 years?
12.7 Tiger Bay
The Chinese community in Tiger Bay was attacked by a mob in 1911. Dock workers
left behind to find work on another ship. As a result,
Objectives they often settled in the area, sometimes setting up
were on strike demanding higher pay so employers paid other workers, including
some Chinese men, to do the work instead. The striking workers became violent and
1 Explore why there were race riots in Tiger Bay their own businesses and marrying into the local attacked the Chinese workers, even though they were not the only people breaking
in 1919 community. This meant that Butetown was one of the the strike. They destroyed 30 Chinese businesses including laundries and guest
2 Understand how conditions in Tiger Bay have first multicultural communities in the UK. According to houses across Cardiff. The police and soldiers who had been sent to break up the
changed since the First World War the 1911 census, there were people from more than 50 strike did not do anything to stop this.
different countries living in Butetown including people
from Ireland, Spain, Italy, the Caribbean, Somalia and
Yemen. Tiger Bay and the 1919 race riots
Butetown was the original name for the area but it is
more popularly known by its nickname – Tiger Bay. competition for jobs. As more men came home
There are many local legends about where this name from the war there was also an increasing demand
came from, including the story of a local woman who for housing. White Welshmen returning from the
used to take tigers walking there, and Portuguese war in 1919 expected to be given their old jobs in
sailors describing the rough sailing conditions in the the docks and on the ships again. Many were angry
bay as being like sailing through a sea of tigers. because they wrongly thought the immigrants were
the reason they did not have jobs or homes. Some of
them did not approve of interracial families.
Tiger Bay in the 1900s
In June of 1919 a local white mob of 2000 people
By the end of the nineteenth century, Tiger Bay had
began attacking immigrant sailors in the streets,
begun to change. The businesspeople who had
and then the shops and houses of the immigrant
originally lived in the Bay moved to live in the richer
community in Tiger Bay, causing £1.6 million
Cardiff suburbs. Their large houses, especially around
of damage (about £46.5 million today). People
A Children from St Mary the Virgin primary school in Loudon Square in the centre of Tiger Bay, were divided
barricaded themselves into their houses for
Tiger Bay in the 1980s into flats and became a lot more crowded. Tiger Bay
protection. Some of those fighting were men who
began to get a reputation for crime and violence. This
had served in the war, using weapons and tactics
was not unusual for communities with a lot of sailors
they had brought back with them. In some places
passing through them, but increasingly it became
Cardiff Docks a reputation that was unfairly associated with the B The Western Mail’s front cover story about the
the police broke into houses to bring the people
Coal mining had become a very important industry defending them out, sometimes resulting in these
immigrants who settled there. 1919 riots in Tiger Bay. It shows an immigrant
in south Wales by the beginning of the nineteenth people being attacked by the white mob. Immigrants
In 1909 it is believed that the first million-pound talking to a crowd of other immigrants in the street
century (see Chapter 5.2). were beaten, stabbed and shot.
cheque was written for a business deal done at the
The Second Marquess of Bute needed a way to get Eventually the army was called in to help the police
Cardiff Coal Exchange. A lot of money was made in When the First World War began in 1914, many
the coal from his mines in Merthyr Tydfil onto ships end the riots. Similar riots had also happened in
Tiger Bay but very little of it was spent there. local workers joined the British Army, fighting in
in Cardiff Bay. The Glamorganshire Canal was built Barry and Newport, as well as in other port cities, like
France and Belgium. This left lots of jobs available Liverpool and Glasgow. Despite being the victims of
to connect Merthyr to Cardiff in the 1790s and docks
were built at the end of the canal in 1839. The Taff
Racist attacks on merchant ships so African, Asian and Caribbean the violence, immigrants were blamed for starting the
Racist attacks on the immigrants of Tiger Bay were sailors from Tiger Bay were hired to work on the ships riots and the government tried to send immigrants
Vale Railway opened in 1841 connecting Cardiff Docks bringing supplies of food and weapons from the USA.
to Merthyr. common. In the 1840s, there was a lot of resentment back to the places they had come from. Around 600
about the large numbers of Irish migrants that settled A total of 1400 died during the war when their ships immigrants left willingly, but some argued that they
in the area after escaping the famine in Ireland (see were torpedoed by German submarines and there were British citizens so they should be allowed to
Butetown, nicknamed Tiger Bay page XXX). There was an outbreak of cholera because were many newspaper reports of their bravery at sea. stay. Laws were also passed to make it more difficult
Business owners built houses near the docks in an the Irish were living in overcrowded houses with no Attitudes towards these sailors quickly changed once for immigrant sailors to get work in British ports to
area of Cardiff Bay called Butetown, named after the proper sanitation. Violence broke out in 1848 after an the war was over. The navy and shipping companies make sure that jobs went to white workers first.
Marquess of Bute. They were not the only people who Irishman called John Connors stabbed and killed a local did not need as many sailors, so there was greater
ended up living in the area. man, John Lewis, during an argument. An angry Welsh
Sailors came to the docks from all around the world. mob searched the local church and houses looking
They arrived on ships and had to wait for cargo to be for Connors. Connors was eventually arrested and
emptied and refilled. Occasionally, sailors would be transported to Australia.

260 261
12 To what extent has Wales become a multicultural society in the last 1000 years?

century houses lacked modern sanitation. Diseases


Cardiff may be described as the coloured which are associated with poor living conditions, like
We kindly beg to appeal to you for justice. It is not possible for me to estimate in figures man’s paradise in Britain. In no other city
We are seafaring men that have served this the damage that has been caused. Today tuberculosis, were on the increase.
are the coloured people as much a part of
country faithfully. We were born in the British there is a certain liveliness amongst the The old buildings were bulldozed leaving little sign
the community as in this South Wales city,
Empire but we are treated badly by the white population in the area. It may develop of the community that had existed before. A council
and nowhere is there evidence of so much
British people. We do not want any favours. during the evening, but I have increased the estate and high-rise tower blocks replaced the
friendliness between them and their white
All we want is fair play number of police on duty. There can be no nineteenth century houses. People did not understand
fellow citizens.
C From a letter by William Samuels, an immigrant doubt that the aggressors have been those why more had not been done to modernise the
G From a report about Cardiff in The Times newspaper existing houses. As a result of this, many of the people
from British Guiana who had fought in the First belonging to the white race.
in 1951. Note that this source uses the word
World War, to the Colonial Office in London in E From a letter from the Cardiff Chief Constable to who had lived in the multicultural community of Tiger
‘coloured’ to describe people of colour. This term
December 1918 the Home Office in London, dated the 13 June 1919 Bay ended up living in other parts of Cardiff instead.
would be considered out of date and offensive
today but was widely used at the time.
Tiger Bay today
The crowd at once moved to Herbert Street The judge asked the jury whether they A tidal barrage was built across Cardiff Bay in the
where information had been passed round Tiger Bay was the home of sporting and cultural
were satisfied that all these prisoners had 1990s leading to the redevelopment of the area as the
concerning a house occupied by several stars like:
been shooting with intent to kill or harm docks were no longer used. The Millennium Theatre
black men. There was no hesitation this to the crowd, and if so, whether, under l Billy Boston, a Rugby League player whose parents and Senedd Cymru were built on top of the old docks.
time and the crowd attacked the house the circumstances, they were justified in came from the Caribbean and Ireland Mermaid Quay attracted tourists to eat and drink
immediately, breaking the windows and resorting to arms to defend their lives and l Joe Erskine, a boxer whose parents came from the down at the Bay and the Red Dragon Shopping Centre
forcing an entrance to the building. The their houses from an unwarranted and Caribbean and Cardiff opened nearby. The BBC built new studios to make
interior was completely wrecked and the violent attack. No evidence was offered on programmes like Doctor Who and Pobol y Cwm.
l Shirley Bassey, a singer whose parents came from
furniture was thrown into the road. the murder charge so the jury found the Nigeria and England. However, beyond a few large buildings like the Coal
D From a report about the race riot in Tiger Bay in prisoners not guilty and they were set free. Exchange and names on bus stops, very little remains
the Western Mail newspaper on 12 June 1919 However, by the 1960s the community was struggling.
F From a report of the trial of some of the black men Coal stopped being shipped through the docks in 1964 to be seen of the old Tiger Bay buildings, but the area is
arrested during the Tiger Bay race riots, published in still home to a diverse, multicultural community.
which increased unemployment in the area. Living
the Cambria Daily Leader newspaper on 16 July 1919
conditions were appalling as the crowded nineteenth

Activities Tiger Bay after the Second Activities


World War 1 Explain why setting up docks in Cardiff Bay led to there being a multicultural
1 What does Source C tell us about how the In the 1930s oil replaced coal as the most important community living in Tiger Bay.
immigrant sailors in Cardiff wanted to be fuel resulting in much less traffic passing through the
treated at the end of the First World War? 2 Make your own version of the timeline below and add descriptions of the
docks. In the 1940s sailors from Tiger Bay joined the events that affected Tiger Bay in each box.
2 Read Source D. What does this source tell us supply convoys bringing food from the USA during the
about what was making the rioters angry? war and the community was repeatedly bombed by Tiger Bay from Tiger Bay in the Tiger Bay in the
Tiger Bay today
1900 to 1919 1930s and 40s 1950s and 60s
3 What do Sources E and F tell us about who was Germany. Despite the damage caused by the war and
to blame for the race riots? Can we trust what the decline in the coal industry, there was still a vibrant 3 Which of the four periods of time covered in question 2 saw the most
these sources are telling us? multicultural community in Tiger Bay by the 1950s. important developments for Tiger Bay? Explain your choice.
4 Read Sources C, D, E and F again. Which of Somalis would stay at Ben Ali’s boarding house and 4 Design a memorial for the multicultural community of Tiger Bay to be
these sources do you think would be most worship at the mosque on Sophia Street, while people displayed in the Cardiff Bay area today.
useful to a historian studying the Cardiff race from the Caribbean would meet up at the Caribbean
riots? Explain your choice. Café and pray at the Loudon Square Mission Church.
Asian immigrants would go to the Indian Café on Bute
Road, while for Chinese people there was the Oriental
Café and the Chop Suey Café. Most districts of Cardiff
also had a Chinese laundry.

262 263
<RHR 1> <RHR 2>
12.13 Review: To what extent has Wales become a Curriculum for Wales for 11–14 years:
multicultural society in the last 1000 years?
Exploring and planning History
Objectives
1 Discuss the significance of the impact of migration on Britain as well as the Teacher training workshop
reaction of British people to immigrants
2 Reach a conclusion about the extent to which Britain has become a
Workshop leader: Rob Quinn
multicultural society
Cardiff: Tuesday, 14th February 2023
Feel more confident in creating a curriculum that is right for your school and your pupils as you consider the
different approaches and perspectives for delivering History.
Tasks • Understand the wide variety of ways in which History can contribute to the Curriculum for Wales and discuss the key
principles of the new curriculum
1 Use an atlas to help you record every place where did people do to try and solve these problems?
• Evaluate the different curriculum models for History within the Humanities AoLE and hear others’ experiences of the
people came from to live in Wales and Britain on a How successful do you think they were in different options
blank map of the world. solving them? Give some examples to support
your answer. • Think about how you can create a sense of cynefin as you share ideas, examples and resources from across Wales
2 Make a list of the different reasons why people
from round the world came to live and work in 4 What influence have immigrants had on life in • Get practical by applying what you’ve learnt from a case study of Wye Valley to start planning for your own school
Wales and Britain. Which do you think was the Wales and Britain? Consider the reasons why
most important reason? Explain your choice. people came to live in Wales and how things 10.00am Registration and coffee
3 Make a list of the problems these people faced changed as a result in your answer.
10.10am History in the Curriculum for Wales
when they came to live in Wales and Britain. What • Where does History fit into the new curriculum?
• An overview of the Humanities Area of Learning and Experience (AoLE)
• ‘History in the curriculum’ document, ‘What matters’ statements and ‘Progression steps’

11.10am Morning break


Research tasks 11.20am Curriculum models
• What different curriculum models can there be for History within the Humanities AoLE?
Topic 12.4: Find out about these people of African government actions made life in Britain more • Considering the balance between History as a separate academic subject, History as part of an alternating subject
descent and their various experiences of life in Wales difficult for the people who came to Britain legally approach with Humanities and History within a fully integrated Humanities course
between 1948 and 1972? • Sharing experiences of different curriculum models
and Britain – Ignatius Sancho, William Cuffray, Lady
Sarah Forbes Bonetta, Samuel Coleridge-Taylor, Topic 12.11: What are your rights under the 2010 12.15pm Lunch
Ibrahim Ismaa’il. Equality Act? How well do you think people in 1.00pm Cynefin
Topic 12.6: What contributions did Giacomo Bracchi, Wales and Britain are protected from racism and • What different approaches can be taken to address cynefin in the Humanities AoLE?
and Frank and Aldo Berni make to life in Wales discrimination today? Explain your answer. • Considering local, national and global perspectives
and Britain? • Regional variations: Sharing ideas and experiences from different parts of Wales
Topic 12.12: How did Abdulrahim Abby Farah and
Topic 12.8: What was the experience of immigration Betty Campbell change life in Britain for the better? 2.00pm Afternoon break
to Britain like for these people – Lord Kitchener, Topic 12.13: You could add to your understanding 2.10pm Case study: Wye Valley
Claudia Jones, Learie Constantine, Asquith Xavier? of the different groups of Wales by finding out more • How can you build a curriculum by starting local?
Topic 12.9: about some of the groups of people who came to • A practical activity to construct ideas for History in the curriculum based on the case study
• A discussion of effective principles and approaches in constructing History curricula for the Curriculum for Wales
l Why did Anwar Dittar challenge British live in Wales who are not mentioned very much
immigration laws? in this chapter, for example, English, Spanish or 3.10pm Review and reflect
Roma immigrants.
l The Windrush Generation scandal – how have 3.20pm Workshop ends
increasingly restrictive immigration policies and
This workshop has not been produced in collaboration with University of Wales Press.

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Design a curriculum that is unique to your school. Use the content flexibly to
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