COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING AT PUROK I-A BERNALES, BRGY.

TIPANOY, ILIGAN CITY

Presented to the Faculty of the School of Nursing

Adventist Medical Center College
Brgy. San Miguel, Iligan City

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING

Abdulmalik, Hanimah S.
Araune, Lenvir
Dela Cruz, Shaneil B.
Dimaporo, Hanifa D.
Longos, John Zergei S.
Mangubat, Danica I.
Medina, Doneva Lyn B.
Montes, Rhea Mae S.
Obinay, Paloma L.
Salvan, Lynitte G.
Sam, Suzzaine Fritz P.

MARCH 7, 2023

i
 DEDICATION

We gratefully dedicate this work to our Almighty God,

who has guided us every step of the way.
To our families and clinical instructors,
who have been our sources of inspiration.
They provided us with motivation and discipline.
to approach a task with enthusiasm and purpose.
This could not have happened.
without their love and assistance.

-The Researchers-

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Aside from our efforts, the success of our study is primarily dependent on the help

and advice of many people. We would like to take this opportunity to thank everyone

who helped make this study a success. We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude

and appreciation to the following individuals who helped bring this study to fruition:

Ellen B. Lluisma, RN, Clinical Instructor, for your invaluable assistance,

support, and guidance. Thank you for your insights that led to the creation of this paper.

Thank you for your noble guidance and support with full encouragement and enthusiasm;

this study would not have been possible without you.

Roselyn S. Pacardo, RM, RN, MM, MAN, for the knowledge and wisdom you

have imparted to our study;

The respondents, for extending your immense help by providing the necessary

information, thereby assisting in the achievement of the study's goal;

To our parents, who are our greatest treasures, we appreciate your unending

financial, mental, and spiritual support, and for believing in us. Thank you for your

inspiration and motivation;

To our peers, thank you for your friendship and inspiration. You were always

there to listen, share your perspectives, and keep us focused on the light at the end of the

tunnel;

Above all, we praise God, the Almighty, the merciful and passionate; for giving

us the strength, knowledge, ability, and opportunity to undertake this research study and

to persevere and complete it successfully. This accomplishment would not have been

possible without Your blessings.

iii
 ABSTRACT

Title : COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING AT PUROK 1A,

BERNALES, TIPANOY, ILIGAN CITY

Researchers : ABDULMALIK, HANIMAH S.

ARAUNE, LENVIR
DELA CRUZ, SHANEIL B.
DIMAPORO, HANIFA D.
LONGOS, JOHN ZERGEI S.
MANGUBAT, DANICA I.
MEDINA, DONEVA LYN B.
MONTES, RHEA MAE S.
OBINAY, PALOMA L.
SALVAN, LYNITTE G.
SAM, SUZZAINE FRITZ P.

School : Adventist Medical Center College

Degree : Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Adviser: : Ellen B. Lluisma, RN

Date of Defense : March 7, 2023

This study aimed to determine the environmental, socio-economic, and health

status of Purok 1A, Bernales, Tipanoy, and Iligan City. A descriptive research design was

used to collect information and statistically analyze the current status of the community

in terms of environmental, socio-economic, and health needs. The Needs Assessment

iv
Survey Questionnaire was utilized as an instrument in the study to serve as a tool during

the survey among a total of 110 households in Purok 1A. The gathered data were

statistically analyzed and interpreted using appropriate statistical tools, including the

percentage-frequency distribution method.

The results showed that the majority of the respondents belonged to the group in

early adulthood, ranging from 19 to 30 years old (111 or 27.7%), the majority were

female (n= 212 or 52.9%), 239 or 59.6% who are single, and reach high school level (81

or 20.2%). The households consist of a nuclear family (34 or 31%), most of the

respondents are unemployed 260 (64.8,%) and Roman Catholic (97 or 88.2%).

There are four identified problems in Purok 1A, Bernales, Tipanoy, and Iligan

City such as the (a) Presence of Hazards with a total score of 52, (b) Inadequate Family

Monthly Income with a total score of 46, (c) Open Drainage with a total score of 44, and

(d) Hypertension with a total score of 32.

The study was limited only to the 110 households due to time constraints and

other residents were unavailable for interview.

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
TITLE PAGE i
DEDICATION ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF GRAPHS ix

Chapter

1 INTRODUCTION 1

Rationale of the study 2

Statement of Objectives 3
Methodology/Tool Used 3
Limitation of the Study 5

2 SETTING OF THE COMMUNITY 6

Description 6
Boundaries 6
Total Population 6
Total Land Area 6
Physical Features 6
Climate 6
Medium of Communication 6
Means of Transportation 6
Resources Available in the Community 6
History 6
Spot Map 8

3 TARGET COMMUNITY PROFILE 9

4 ANALYSIS OF DATA 142

Identification of Health Problems 142

Prioritized Problem Identified 142

5 ACTION PLAN 151

vi
 Intervention Strategies 150
Specific Activities Done 150
GANT Chart 153
Budget Plan 161
Review of Related Literature 162

6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 168

7 REFERENCES 169
8 APPENDIX A 171
9 APPENDIX B 181
10 APPENDIX C 191
11 APPENDIX D 194
12 APPENDIX E 197
13 APPENDIX F 199

vii
 LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Menstrual History 118
2 Birth History 120
3 Immunization Received 121

viii
 LIST OF GRAPHS
Page
1. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Age 10
2. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Marital Status 12
3. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Educational Attainment 13
4. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Family Structure and Form 15
5. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Dominant Family Members in
Terms of Decision-Making and Care-Tending 17
6. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Status of Employment 19
7. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Monthly Income 20
8. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Prioritization of Monthly Budget 22
9. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Income Decision-Making 24
10. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Religion 25
11. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Length of Residency 26
12. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Ethnic Background 27
13. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Cultural Beliefs/Religious Beliefs
and Practices/Traditions that Affect Health 28
14. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Low Ownership 30
15. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Home Ownership 31
16. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Construction Materials Used 32
17. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Lighting Facilities 33
18. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Ventilation 34
19. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Food Storage
35
20. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Sanitary Condition 36
21. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Water Supply Source 38
22. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Other Types of Drinking Water 49
23. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Storage 41
24. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Cooking Facility 42

ix
25. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Sanitary Condition (Kitchen) 43
26. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Drainage Facility 45
27. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Refuse and Garbage 47
28. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Method of Disposal 49
29. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Types of Toilets 50
30. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Sanitary Condition (Toilet) 51
31. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Domestic Animals 53
32. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Place Animal Kept 55
33. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Animal Sanitary Condition 56
34. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Presence of Hazards 58
35. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Food Establishment 60
36. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Non-Food Establishment 61
37. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Resting Sites of Insects 63
38. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of General Sanitary 64
39. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Housing Congestion 65
40. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Social/Recreational Facilities 67
41. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Availability of Health Care Service 68
42. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Communication Facilities Available 70
43. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Transportation Facilities Available 72
44. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Hereditary Diseases 74
45. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of History of Illness / Present Illness 75
46. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Non-Communicable Diseases 77
47. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Maintenance/Medications 78
48. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Usual Health Provider 79
49. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Source of Health Information 81
50. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Quality and Quantity of Food/Nutrients
Intake per Day 83
51. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Eating/Feeding Habits/Practices 84
52. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Food Intake Between Meals 86
53. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Distribution of Water Intake per Day 87
54. Distribution of the Respondent’s Lifestyle in Terms of Diet 89

x
55. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Rest and Sleep: Nap After Lunch 91
56. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Hours of Sleep at Night per Household 93
57. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Exercise Activity 94
58. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Exercise Activity (If answered Yes) 96
59. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Cigarette Smoking 97
60. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Smoking Cigarette Stick/s per Day 98
61. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of the Number Alcoholic and
Non-Alcoholic Drinkers 100
62. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Glasses of Alcoholic Beverages
Consumed per Day 102
63. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Usage of Prohibited Drugs 103
64. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of How Many Children Do You Want? 105
65. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Plan of Interval of Pregnancy 106
66. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Receiving Family Planning and
Responsible Parenthood Lectures Prior to Marriage? 107
67. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Where Did You Get the Information? 109
68. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Practicing Family Planning 110
69. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of If Yes, Where Do You Get Supply? 112
70. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of What Family Planning Method is Used 113
71. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Satisfaction with the Family Planning
Method that is Used 114
72. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Husband Participating/Cooperating in the Family
Planning 115
73. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Plans in Stopping the Use of Family
Planning Method 116
74. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Obstetrical History 119
75. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Micronutrient Supplementation 122
76. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Prenatal Check-up/Consultation at least
4 Visits throughout the Course of Pregnancy 123
77. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Plan for Breastfeeding 124
78. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Nutrition 125
79. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Pediatric Assessment (Newborn to

xi
 School Age) 126
80. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Type of Delivery 127
81. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Hours in Labor 128
82. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Place Delivered 129
83. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Child’s Feeding Practices 130
84. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Deworming Every 6 Months (Children
1-12 years old) 131
85. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Immunization 132
86. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Usual Health Provider 133
87. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Family Members who Married at the
Age of 18 and below 135
88. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Family Members Who Got Pregnant
At the Age of 18 and Below 137
89. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Family Member who has Experienced Miscarriage

138
90. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Family Member Who Had Experienced
Miscarriage Who Had a Reason 139
91. Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Discussion in the Family on Matters
Regarding Sexuality 140

xii
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Health is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a state of complete

physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. The

health of all people is fundamental to the attainment of peace and security and is dependent on

the fullest cooperation of individuals. Health includes not just physical and mental but also

includes our social well-being.

A community is a group determined by geographical boundaries and common values and

interests. Its members know and interact with each other. It functions within a particular structure

and exhibits and creates certain norms, values, and social institutions (Potter, 2017).

"Communities" are groups of people that may or may not be spatially connected, but who

share common interests, concerns, or identities. These communities could be local, national, or

international, with specific or broad interests. Community engagement is an approach to

addressing health-related issues, promoting well-being, and taking action on the social

determinants of health. It involves building relationships based on trust and working together to

develop more effective health interventions, programs, services, and policies and to empower

communities as key actors for health (WHO, 1947).

COPAR or Community Organizing Participatory Action Research is a vital part of public

health nursing. COPAR aims to transform the apathetic, individualistic, and voiceless poor into a

dynamic, participatory, and politically responsive community (Vera, 2013). It is a social

development approach that aims to transform the apathetic, individualistic, and voiceless poor

1
into a dynamic, participatory, and politically responsive community. This is a collective,

participatory, transformative, liberating, sustained, and systematic process of building people’s

organizations by mobilizing and enhancing the capabilities and resources of the people for the

resolution of their issues and concerns towards effecting change in their existing oppressive and

exploitative conditions (1994 National Rural Conference). It is a process by which a community

identifies its needs and objectives, develops the confidence to take action with respect to them,

and in doing so, extends and develops cooperative and collaborative attitudes and practices in the

community (Ross 1967).

According to the Local Government Code of the Philippines (2022), a barangay,

historically referred to as a barrio, is the smallest administrative division in the Philippines and is

the native Filipino term for a village, district, or ward.

The term “Purok” is often applied to a neighborhood (zone) within an urbanized

barangay, or a portion (district) of a less densely populated, but still relatively geographically

compact, barangay. This contrasts with the sitio, which is usually a cluster of households

(hamlet) in a more dispersed, rural barangay (Santos, 2006).

Rationale

The primary goal of community health nursing is to improve population health outcomes through

education and care delivery within communities (Public Health Nurse, 2020). The purpose of

this study was to develop a community diagnosis for Purok 1A, Bernales, Tipanoy Iligan City, as

well as the corresponding recommendations.

2
STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES

Goals

Within 2 weeks of community exposure at Purok 1A, Bernales, Tipanoy, Iligan City, the Level
IV student nurses from Adventist Medical Center College will be able to contribute to
development, promote health, prevent and control illnesses, and improve healthy lifestyle leading
to the better living of the members of the community.
The study was conducted with the following specific objectives:
A. To conduct a survey and identify specific environmental, socio-economic, and health
problems;
B. To interpret and analyze the data gathered;
C. Make a decision about how to solve existing problems by visualizing or conceptualizing
them.;
D. To develop and implement programs;
E. To educate the people about the importance of having a healthy and safe environment;
F. Maximize community resources to meet their healthcare needs;
G. To plan activities/programs that will generate additional income for the family.

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study used the descriptive correlational design. Descriptive research aims to accurately and
systematically describe a population, situation, or phenomenon. It is primarily concerned with
finding out "what is,"(McCombes, 2020). It is quantitative as it attempts to collect information
and statistically analyze it. In the study, the respondents answered questions administered
through questionnaires. After the respondents answered the questions, researchers then described
the responses given.

3
Instrument Used

The Needs Assessment Survey Questionnaire was utilized as an instrument in the study. The
questionnaire consists of nine parts:

Part 1 was composed of the respondents' Family Structure, Characteristics, and Dynamics;

Part 2 was the Socio-economic and Cultural Characteristics;

Part 3 was Home/Environmental Health and Sanitation;

Part 4 was Health Status;

Part 5 was Nutritional Assessment;

Part 6 was Lifestyle;

Part 7 was Family Planning;

Part 8 was Maternal and Child Health; and

Part 9 was Adolescent Reproductive Health.

A courtesy call was made to the Midwife and the Barangay Captain in preparation for the purok
assignment to a geographically inaccessible depressed area of Barangay Tipanoy, Iligan City.

After receiving permission, the student nurses went to Purok 1A, Bernales, Tipanoy, Iligan City,
and conducted house-to-house interviews with a questionnaire among the purok's number of
households. The data collection period lasted one day, on January 30, 2023.

The data gathered was tallied, analyzed, and interpreted using the proper statistical tool.

Statistical Tool

The statistical tool that was utilized to compute, analyze, and interpret the study's data and results
was:

4
Frequency and Percentage Distribution

This statistical tool was used in determining how many responses that fall in each respondent’s
profile in terms of age, gender, religion, and year level.

Formula:

p = f / n (100)

Where:

p = Percentage

f = Frequency

n = the total number of respondents

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The survey included a total of 110 households at Purok 1A, Bernales, Tipanoy, Iligan City. Data
were gathered through observation and a questionnaire-based house-to-house interview. The
target respondents include both the head of the household and any family members who are
present.

It also looks into the identification of socio-economic, environmental, and health problems as the
foundation for community programs and recommendations for better health gains and wellness
of the purok's respondents.

5
 CHAPTER II
SETTING OF THE COMMUNITY

Location, Boundaries, Total Population, Physical Features, Climate, Medium of

Communication and Means of Transportation and Resources available in the Community

Geographical Identifiers

Tipanoy is one of the barangays in Iligan City. It is located in the eastern part of Iligan
City and bounded on the North by Barangay Ubaldo Laya; on the Northeast by Barangay Puga-
an; on the East by the Municipality of Tagoloan; on the South by Barangay Abuno; Southeast by
Sta. Elena; on the West by Barangay Tomas Cabili; and on the Northwest by Barangay Tubod. It
is approximately 3.50 km from the Central Business District (Barangay Poblacion).

Barangay Tipanoy is subdivided into forty-seven (47) puroks with a total land area of
514.51 hectares and occupies 1.23% of the total land area of Iligan City. Purok 1-A Bernales is
located near the river and has approximately 180 households.

Historical Background
Barangay Tipanoy is mainly agricultural land along the Iligan River. Before the coming
of the Spaniards, the place was occupied by Muslim-Maranao settlers under the leadership of a
certain Sultan Layatin Moro. Sitio Pindugangan was named in honor of his only daughter, Ba-i
Pindugangan at the outbreak of war against the Japanese, few Christians moved in and lived
peacefully with Muslims. From that time on more Christians came in and outnumbered the latter.

It was believed that the name Tipanoy was derived from the word “Catipa” the Maranao
word for catfish (Pantat in Bisaya) a freshwater fish, famous and still can be found elsewhere in
the barangay at present.

6
 In the early days, there was an old Maranao peddling “Catipa”. The old man met a person

who happens to be a foreigner. As a common respect, the peddler uttered the said word to the

person who did not understand his language, and did not mind what he heard but the peddler

repeatedly uttered the word “catipanoy”. The foreigner believed that the name of the place was

“Tipanoy”. His belief was passed on to his friends and thereafter the place was called “Tipanoy”.

Barangay Tipanoy was created by virtue of the City Resolution No. 380 series of 1966,
City Ordinance No. 335, approved on January 20, 1967.

All information above was taken from the Barangay Health Office of Tipanoy, Iligan
City.

7
8
 CHAPTER III
TARGET COMMUNITY PROFILE

Population Profile
● Total estimated population of Barangay
The total population of Purok 1-A Bernales, Tipanoy Iligan City as of 2023 was 638
based on the Barangay census.

● Total population of Area, Total Families, and Total Number of Households

Surveyed

The total area of Purok 1-A Bernales, Tipanoy is 1.7 (17,000 sq. km) hectares. According
to the Purok Leader, there are 180 households and 638 residents in Purok I-A. In this study, the
researchers surveyed 110 families with 110 households only.

Sociodemographic Profile

The study consists of ages between 0-12 months (and 13), 2-18 years (and 124), 19-60
above (and 264), majority female (and 212), male (and 198), Single (and 239), Married (and
148), Widowed (and 14), Kinder (and 10), Elementary Level (and 68), Elementary Graduate
(and 13), Highschool Level (and 81), Highschool Graduate (and 68), Senior High School (and
23), College Level (and 55), College Graduate (and 51), Vocational (and 10), Roman Catholic
(and 97), Born Again (and 6), Seventh Day Adventist (and 2), Islam (and 4), INC (and 1),
Employed (and 92), Self-Employed (and 49), Unemployed (and 260).

● Total Population of Family Surveyed

A total of 110 households with 401 population were surveyed at Purok 1-A Bernales,
Tipanoy, Iligan City.

9
 I. Family Structure, Characteristics, and Dynamics

Figure 1

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents’ Age

As shown in the graph, the majority of the respondents belong to the group of young

adulthood, ranging from 18 to 35 years old, both male (45 or 11.2%) and female (66 or 16.5%).

This is followed by middle adulthood, both male (50 or 12.5%) and female (59 or 14.7%); late

adulthood, both male (20 or 5%) and female (24 or 6%); school age, both male (18 or 4.5%) and

female (25 or 6.3%); adolescence, both male (16 or 4%) and female (27 or 6.7%); play age, both

male (12 or 3%) and female (10 or 6.3%); early childhood, both male (7 or 1.7%) and female (0

or 2.2%); and infancy, both male (6 or 1.5%) and female (7 or 1.7%).

The result implies that the majority of the age groups in Purok 1A, Barangay Tipanoy,

Iligan City belong to young adulthood for both males and females. They are more likely to be at

10
home for an extended stay compared with previous generations of young adults who resided with

their parents. There are certain factors that may influence young adult’s decisions to live at home

and this includes the cost of living independently and their debt obligations.

According to Arnett (2000), Young adulthood is a period of rapid personal development,

as well as a time when individuals experience major changes in their social and physical

environments and financial resources, identified as determinants of health behavior. Erikson

(1950) believed that the main task of young adulthood is to establish intimate relationships and

not feel isolated from others. Intimacy does not necessarily involve romance; it involves caring

about another and sharing one’s self without losing one’s self. Many of the developmental tasks

of young adulthood involve becoming part of the adult world and gaining independence.

The median marriage age for men was around 22, and married couples usually had their

first child about one year after their wedding day. All told, for most young people half a century

ago, their teenage adolescence led quickly and directly to stable adult roles in love and work by

their late teens or early twenties. These roles would form the structure of their adult lives for

decades to come (Payne, 2019). The result implies that the female population of Purok 1A,

Barangay Tipanoy, Iligan City comprises a greater number compared to males. The majority of

these women are housewives and they tend to stay at home.

Based on the 2020 Census of Population and Housing (2020 CPH), the Philippines had a

total population of 109,035,343 persons. Persons aged 15 to 64 years (working-age or

economically-active population) totaled 69.40 million (63.9%).

By 2020, the country’s female population is projected to reach 54.5 million taking into

consideration several factors including the 2010 census count of 45.7 million. The male

11
population is expected to rise by 9 million from 46.6 million in 2010 to 55.5 million in 2020. The

Philippines has 0.43 million more males than females (PSA, 2016).

Figure 2

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents' Marital Status

The graph reflects the marital status of the residents in Purok 1A, Bernales, Tipanoy,

Iligan City. Out of 401 respondents, there are 239, or 59.6% are single. It also shows that 36.9%

are married and 3.5% are widowed.

Clearly, some people in Purok 1A, Bernales, Tipanoy, Iligan City are single because they

choose to be. Most of them are not involved in any romantic relationship, some are not yet ready

to establish their own households, and some people have had messy breakups or experienced a

partner's death and decide that being single makes them happier than finding another partner.

12
 According to the Philippine Statistics Authority (2020), in 2015, there were 34.8 million

single persons in the Philippines or 44 percent of the total population. Non-marriage in the

Philippines is more common among low and highly-educated men and highly-educated women.

The high non-marriage rates among low-educated men and highly-educated women indicate the

presence of a 'marriage squeeze' or the imbalance of available partners for both men and women.

Figure 3

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents’ Educational Attainment

Graph 1.4 displays that most of the residents in Purok 1A, Tipanoy, Iligan City were able

to reach high school level (81 or 20.2%), followed by elementary level and high school graduates

(17%), college-level (13.7%), college graduate (12.7%), senior high school (5.7%), N/A (5.5%),

elementary graduate (3.2%), kindergarten and vocational (2.5%).

13
 Based on our survey, most respondents staying in Purok 1A, Tipanoy, Iligan City were

able to reach the high school level. Common reasons for not attending school were marriage or

family matters, high cost of education or financial concerns, and lack of personal interest and

some are still high school students.

According to the new multidimensional poverty index (MPI) created by the Philippine

Statistics Authority (PSA). Filipinos were found to be most deprived of gaining access to

education. In terms of dimension, education had the largest contribution to the MPI at 35.5

percent in 2016 and 36.9 percent in 2017. By specific indicator, Filipinos were found to be most

lacking in educational attainment as it had the highest incidence of deprivation among Filipino

families at 59.3 percent in 2016 and 49.4 percent in 2017.

According to figures from the Department of Education and the National Statistical

Coordination Board in the Philippines, 1 in 6 Filipino kids will not attend school. Further, only 7

out of 10 kids will complete elementary school. Of those 7 kids, only 4 will complete high

school, and of those 4, 1 will proceed to university.

Illiteracy remains an important barrier to poverty alleviation, and lifetime earnings are

closely correlated with educational attainment across countries and regions. For many students,

completing secondary school is an especially critical educational milestone, as applying to higher

education institutions, technical and vocational training programs, and formal-sector jobs often

requires a secondary-education diploma. Individuals who do not complete secondary school

often face limited options to both further develop and leverage their human capital (Philippines

Education Note, 2018).

14
 Figure 4

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents’ Family Structure and Form

The graph reflects that 34 or 29% of the households in Purok 1A, Tipanoy, Iligan City

consist of nuclear families followed by extended families (29%), matriarchal (15%), dyad (11%),

patriarchal (7%), others (3%), and blended (1%).

Most families in Purok 1A, Tipanoy, Iligan City are more focused on their own members

than on relatives from the larger family. Others live in different houses, a few meters away from

their relatives. Even if they are residentially nuclear but still, they are functionally extended.

Fifteen out of sixteen households In the Philippines (94 percent) are family households or

households with a family core (de Guzman, 1990).

15
 According to De Guzman (1994), the family household may either be nuclear or

extended. The extended family household has a nuclear core that is extended either vertically or

horizontally. Vertical extensions consist of relatives attached to a core and belonging to a

generation other than the household head or his/her spouse. Horizontal extensions consist of

relatives attached to a core and belonging to the same generation as the household head or his/her

spouse. Vertically and horizontally extended family households have both vertical and horizontal

extensions. Close familial relationships often go beyond one’s genetic connections or bloodlines

to incorporate distant relatives, close neighbors, or friends (Chara Scroope, 2017).

16
 Figure 5

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents’ Dominant Family Members in

Decision-Making and Care-Tending

The graph shows that the majority of the respondents in Purok 1A, Tipanoy, Iligan City

answered that the most dominant in decision-making and care-tending is the mother with 49 or

44%, followed by father (25%), both (20%), children (7%) and others which comprises of sister,

grandmother, and aunt (4%).

Almost all of the residents in Purok 1A, Tipanoy, Iligan City, are housewives, allowing

them to devote their full attention to each member of the family, especially in decision-making

and caring for family members.

17
 According to a September 2013 survey by Child's Play Communications, moms remain

the major household purchasing decision-maker in about 80% of families. Moms are responsible

for the majority of household purchase decisions, about two-thirds. This is notable because it

contrasts with the long-held belief that moms are responsible for about 80% of household

purchasing decisions, an indication that dads are getting more involved. Among the Filipina

moms surveyed, 78% take care of their children themselves. This is evidence that a lot of moms

in the Philippines know their children better than their spouses or other members of the family

because they spend most of their time with their kids (The Asian Parent, 2021). Because of this,

they are considered the decision-makers of the household as they know the needs of their family

better than anyone.

18
 II. Socio-economic and Cultural Characteristics

Figure 6

Frequency and Distribution of Respondents’ Status of Employment

This graph represents the frequency and percentage distribution in terms of the status of

employment. The data shows that out of 401 members of the household, 260 (64.8%) are

unemployed, 92 (22.9%) are employed, and 49 (12.2%) are self-employed.

In Purok 1-A Bernales, housewives, students, and children make up the majority of the

respondents who are unemployed. Most of the respondents are unemployed due to a lack of

education because they struggled to find any job whatsoever. Good jobs are reserved for

qualified employees and qualifications are primarily acquired through education.

19
 According to the Philippines Statistic Authority, the unemployment rate in the

Philippines dropped further to 4.2 percent in November of 2022, marking the new lowest since

records began in 1986 and from 6.5 percent in the same month a year ago. The number of

unemployed was 2.18 million, down from 3.16 million unemployed reported in November of

2021. Meanwhile, the number of employed came in at 49.71 million, up from 45.47 million in

the same period last year. The service sector registered the largest share of employed persons

(60.5 percent), followed by the agriculture sector (21.4 percent), and the industry sector (18.1

percent).

Figure 7

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents Inadequate Family Monthly

Income

20
 This graph represents the frequency and percentage of respondents in terms of monthly

income. The data shows that out of 141 respondents, 72 (51.1%) had a monthly income of ₱

5,001 - ₱10,000, 39 (27.7% ) had a monthly income of ₱1,000 - ₱5,000, 14(9.9%) had a monthly

income of ₱10,001 - ₱15,000, 9(6.4%) had a monthly income of ₱20,001 and above while

7(4.9%) had a monthly income of ₱15,001 - ₱20,000.

Most of the respondents don't have enough monthly income because most of them were

unemployed. Only one family member has worked and he/she is the only one who supports the

whole family financially. Usually, for those who have jobs, their salary is not enough for the

family because their job is trisikad driver and vendor since they have not graduated, it is difficult

for them to find/apply for a job that pays well.

Based on the Preliminary Results of the Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES)

in 2021, poverty incidence among the population, defined as the proportion of Filipinos whose

per capita income cannot sufficiently meet the individual basic food and non-food needs, was

recorded at 18.1 percent. This translates to around 19.99 million Filipinos who lived below the

poverty threshold of about ₱12,030 per month for a family of five. The subsistence incidence,

defined as the proportion of Filipinos whose income is not enough to meet even just basic food

needs, slightly increased to 5.9 percent in 2021. It was estimated that a family of five needs at

least ₱8,379 per month to meet their basic food requirements.

21
 Figure 8

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents' Prioritization of Monthly

Budget

This graph represents the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents in

terms of prioritization of the monthly budget. All 110 (100%) households prioritized food

purchases as their top consumption, followed by electricity & water (88 or 80%), education (71

or 64.5%), transportation expenses (54 or 49%), health maintenance (41 or 37.3%),

communication (37 or 33.6%), clothing (34 or 31%), home maintenance ( 32 or 29%),

recreational activities (29 or 26.4), and c=vices (28 or 25.5) as their least priority.

22
 The result implies that all of the households in Purok 1A, Barangay Tipanoy, Iligan City

prioritized food as the first rank in financial resources. The majority of the respondents mention

that rice is their first choice to purchase in terms of food.

Rice is an important staple in the Philippines and a food constant to millions of Filipinos.

Meals in the Philippines will not be complete without some form of rice on the table. Across the

Philippines, about one-third of the country's alienable and disposable lands cultivate rice (Navata

and Turingan, 2013). Because of its importance, rice has become the most socially, culturally,

economically, and politically sensitive commodity in the Philippines, and ensuring adequate,

stable, and affordable supply is paramount.

According to Vandana Shiva, an Indian scholar, environmental activist, and food

sovereignty advocate, food is a basic human need and right, not only does food define our

identity but it also shapes our physical, mental, social, and economic existence, yet the

prevalence of food insecurity - a combination of limited household income, limited community

access, and limited social networks is a critical reflection of the failure of the current food

system. Areas that are often affected most negatively by food insecurity are those in urban areas.

Given that food is such a vital part of human existence (Vandana Shiva, 2013).

23
 Figure 9

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents Income Decision-Making

This graph represents the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents in

terms of income decision-making. Mothers have a total frequency of 52 or 47%, fathers at 23 or

20.9%, both at 21 or 19%, others (like uncle, aunt, lolo, and lola) at 8 or 7.3%, and children at 6

or 5.5%.

24
 The result shows that the majority who does the income decision-making is the mother.

Although dads are making inroads, moms still dominate purchase decisions in most households.

Mothers have been the caretakers, responsible for the emotional side of the family; they have

kept the family together and functioning smoothly. The mother is the one who budgets their

income for groceries and for the bills.

According to a September 2013 survey by Child's Play Communications, moms remain

the major household purchasing decision maker in about 80% of families.

Figure 10

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents' Religion

This graph represents the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents in

terms of Religion. The data shows that out of 110 respondents, 97 (88.2%) are Roman Catholic,

25
6 (5.5%) are Born Again, 4 (3.6%) are Islam, 2 (1.8%) are SDA, and 1(0.9%) is INC. The result

implies that the majority of the respondents in Purok 1-A Bernales are Roman Catholic. The

majority of the household in Iligan City were Roman Catholic.

According to the Philippines Statistics Authority (PSA), eight out of ten of the household

population in the Philippines were Roman Catholics (81.04 percent). Islam (5.06 percent) and

Evangelicals (2.82 percent) followed. The remaining 11.08 percent were either Aglipayan,

Iglesia ni Cristo, and others.

Figure 11

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents’ Length of Residency

The data shows that out of 110 respondents, 39 (35.4%) have been residing in the said

Purok for 6-10 years, 29 (26.4%) for 1-5 years, 20 (18.2%) for 11-15 years, 19 (17.3%)for 16-20

years, and 3 (2.7%) for 21 and above years.

26
 The result shows that the majority of the respondents have been staying in the said Purok

for 6-10 years. Most of the respondents are relocated to that area. Most of the respondents are

from Brgy. Saray and were relocated to Purok 1- A Bernales because their houses were affected

by a government project.

According to Talia Chorover and Jessica Arriens (2020), each year, about 21.5 million

people are forcibly displaced from their homes due to weather-related events. This number is

expected to grow considerably as climate change fuels more floods, droughts, wildfires, and

other extreme weather

Figure 12

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents' Ethnic Background

27
 The data shows that out of 110 respondents, 107 (97.3%) are Cebuano and 3 (2.7%) are

Maranao.

The result implies that the majority of the respondents are Cebuano. Most of the

respondents in the area are born in Iligan City that's why the majority of them are Cebuano.

According to the Philippines Statistics Authority (PSA), half (53.11 percent) of the

household population in Iligan City classified themselves as Bisaya/Binisaya. About 32.01

percent considered themselves as Cebuano and 6.60 percent as Maranao. Other ethnic groups

included Hiligaynon/Ilonggo (1.79 percent), and Higaonon (1.47 percent).

Figure 13

Frequency and Distribution of the Respondents' Cultural Beliefs/Religious Beliefs and

Practices/Traditions that Affect Health

28
 This graph represents the percentage distribution of the respondents in terms of cultural

beliefs/religious beliefs and practices/traditions that affect health. The data shows that out of 110

respondents, 8 (7.2%) had cultural beliefs/religious beliefs and practices/traditions that affect

health which is “hilot”. The result implies that there are respondents in the area who believe in

“hilot” because that is a common belief in most of the Cebuanos. If one of their family members

is not feeling well or has a fever, they automatically go to someone they called “manghihilot”.

According to the Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care

(PITAHC), “hilot” is the art and science of the ancient Filipino healing traditions that are

grounded on the concept of balance among the physical elements along with the mental,

emotional, and spiritual aspects of a person. This practice includes the use of manipulations and

massages that help in the prevention of disease and the restoration and maintenance of one’s

health and well-being. Hilot also makes use of medicinal plants and bulong/orasyon (whispered

or written prayers).

PITAHC convened the Technical Working Group to discuss the competency standard for

Hilot, holding public hearings and then presenting findings to the Board of Trustees (BOT) for

approval. The TWG subsequently convened to discuss the Guidelines on the National

Certification of practitioners. PITAHC then held a Public Hearing for the Guidelines, and

presented these to the Board of Trustees (BOT) for approval before publication. PITAHC then

organized a National Certification Committee for Hilot composed of representatives from the

following sectors: “manghihilot”, “hilot” practitioners or “Manghihilot” from recognized Hilot

organizations, medical doctors who are hilot practitioners or Manghihilot and Hilot trainers from

Accredited Hilot Training Centers.

29
 III. Home/ Environmental Health and Sanitation

Figure 14

Graph 3.1.1 Frequency and Percentage of Distribution of Respondents’ Lot Ownership

30
 This graph indicates the percentage distribution of lot ownership of the respondents. It

shows that the majority of the respondents’ lots (56 or 50.90%) are owned by the government.

Only (50 or 45.45%) are owned through ancestral inheritance. However, only a few of the

respondents rented their lots from private landowners (4 or 3.6%).

The finding shows that the majority of the respondents claim that they are the owners of

the lot since the government gave it to them after relocating them to Bernales 1A, Tipanoy so

that their former home's location site could be used for tracking cargo.

Renting a house is a common practice in the Philippines. This is to accommodate

economic and calamity instability. It has been adopted in our present community. (Ramos,2016)

Figure 15

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondent's Home Ownership

31
 This graph indicates the frequency and percentage distribution of Homeownership. It

reveals that 97 or 88.2% of the respondents have their own house and 13 or 11.8% of the

respondents rented their house. According to the data, the majority of the respondents made their

own houses, they acquired their homes from the government after being moved from Barangay

Saray.

The Filipino industry believes that every Filipino has the right to live with dignity in the

comfort of one’s own home regardless of economic status. (Government Housing, 2015)

Figure 16

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents Construction Materials Used

32
 This graph indicates the percentage of the family who uses construction materials. Out of

110 households of Purok 1A Bernales, Tipanoy, 79 or 71.9% households used mixed materials,

16 or 14.5% households used light materials, and 15 or 13.6% households used strong materials.

The results reflect that most of the respondents made their own houses with mixed materials

and not full concrete, due to the fact that the government owns it. The combination of the

materials, using mixed materials is not only very affordable but also strong for durability and can

last longer.

Many Filipino citizens in rural communities still adopt this style because of its simple

design, ease of execution, and readily available, and affordable native materials, (Lamudi,2021)

According to a 2020 survey, the majority of households in the Philippines resided in houses

with outer walls made of either concrete, brick, or stone. Comparatively, 13.3 % of respondents

had houses with outer walls made of wood (Statista Research Department, 2022).

Figure 17

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents’ Lighting Facilities

33
 The graph presents that out of 110 households, 109 or 99.1% are using electricity, and 1,

or 0.9% is using a candle.

The results reflect that the majority of the respondents use electricity due to the fact that it is

the most widely used form of energy in households since the government has a policy for

supplying homes with electricity generated from renewable resources.

Electricity is the most common source of energy used by households. Based on the

results of the 2011 Household Energy Consumption Survey (HECS), electricity remains the most

common source of energy used by households in the Philippines. (PSA, 2013)

Figure 18

34
 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents’ Ventilation

The graph shows that out of 110 respondents, 57, or 51.96% responded Good, 37, or

33.6% responded Very good, 14, or 12.7% responded Excellent, and 2 or 1.8% responded Poor/

Needs Improvement.

The result implies that the majority of the respondents’ ventilation is good since the area

has trees and is close to the river but there are still waste materials.

If natural ventilation is not feasible or inadequate, mechanical ventilation shall be

provided. Strategies were also recommended for restrooms and water closets, such as making

sure that exhaust fans in restroom facilities are functional and operating at full capacity when the

building is occupied. (Dole, 2019)

Figure 19

35
 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents' Food Storage

The graph presents that out of 110 households of Purok 1A Bernales, Tipanoy, 75 or

68.1% households use a refrigerator, 35 or 31.9% use a covered/container/cooler for food.

It reflects that the majority of the respondents use refrigerators as food storage so that

they can store all of their food in a way that prevents contamination. Food is kept cold in

refrigerators for this reason. Food keeps fresher for longer in colder temperatures. The basic

concept behind refrigeration is to reduce the activity of the bacteria that are present in all food so

that it takes longer for the food to become ruined.

Proper food storage helps to preserve the quality and nutritional value of the foods you

purchase and also prevents spoilage. Additionally, proper food storage can help prevent

foodborne illnesses caused by harmful bacteria. (Food Storage for Safety and Quality)

Figure 20

36
 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents' Sanitary Condition

The graph shows the frequency and percentage of the households’ sanitary conditions. It

is shown that out of 110 households in Purok 1A Bernales, Tipanoy, 56, or 50.9% have good

sanitation, 33, or 30% have very good, 13, or 11.9% have excellent sanitation, and 8, or 72%

have poor or need for improvement

The finding shows that the majority of the respondents' sanitary condition is good since

the majority of them are capable of cleaning their homes and in a manner that creates an

extremely clean surrounding.

Food Safety is the assurance/guarantee that food will not cause harm to the consumers

when it is prepared and/or eaten according to its intended use. Food borne Diseases (food

37
poisoning) are a group of diseases caused by infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, parasites) and

non-infectious agents (chemicals, animal and plant toxins). (DOH,2022)

Figure 21

38
 Graph 3.2.1 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents' Water Supply
Source

The graph shows that 98.2% use level 3 as a source of water supply, 1.8% use level 2,

and 0% use level 1.

This implies that the majority of the respondents’ water supply source is under level 3

(Waterworks System) due to the fact that anyone can use it because it is cost-free, easy to use,

drinkable, and also the majority source of water supply in Iligan City.

A water supply facility composed of a source, a reservoir, a piped distribution network

with adequate treatment facilities, and communal faucets. Usually, one faucet serves 4 to 6

households. Generally suitable for rural and urban fringe areas where houses are clustered

densely to justify a simple piped system. The definition was modified with the inclusion of the

39
underlined phrase 'with adequate treatment' to emphasize that the source of the water supply has

passed the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water. (PSA, 2022)

Figure 22

Percentage Distribution of Respondents’ Other Types of Drinking Water

The graph shows that 52.7% of the respondents answered Other or that they drink water

from the National Water and Sewerage Authority (NAWASA), 45.5% drink water directly from

processed bottled water, 1.8% drink from boiled water.

It reflects that the majority of the respondents drink water from NAWASA (Others)

which means that they are drinking the water supply of the National Water and Sewerage

Authority (NAWASA) because it is free and they cannot pay because it has already provided by

the government.

40
 Only 19.8% have a household drinking water connection in rural areas in the Philippines.

A permanent water source should be maintained to provide all the water consumption of all the

residents in a particular barrio. Every barangay zone has an alternative water source because of

the water source of a particular zone. This is why the NAWASA (National Water and Sewerage

Authority) must have an alternative water source to solve these kinds of problems. (WHO and

United Nations Children’s Fund,2015)

41
 Figure 23

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents' Storage

The graph presents the number of households in terms of water storage. Results show that

96.4% use covered containers with faucets, 1.8% use non-covered containers, and 1.8% use

others.

It implies that the majority of the respondents use a covered container with a faucet since

processing water improperly can contaminate previously fresh water while it is being transported

or stored in the household. Collecting water and storing it in clean containers with small

openings will help prevent recontamination by always keeping it covered.

The barangay can store water for drinking using the drums as these come with an easy-

open cover to prevent water contamination. The drums can also be used as rainwater catchment.

(Water District, 2022)

42
 Figure 24

Percentage Distribution of Respondents' Cooking Facility

The table shows that 72.7% use gas stoves for cooking, 25.5% use firewood, and

1.8% use electric stove.

It implies that the majority of the respondents use gas stoves as their cooking

facilities because they can prepare food quickly and one of the most versatile and valuable of all

energy resources is natural gas. From heating and electricity to fertilizers and clean

transportation, natural gas can be used in numerous ways. Chefs and cooks are particularly fond

of the energy source in their range cooktops. There are many benefits to cooking with natural gas

stoves rather than firewood.

43
 Clean cooking fuels promise substantial health benefits for rural households, but almost

three billion people continue to rely on traditional biomass for their cooking needs. We explore

the role of gender in the adoption of LPG, a clean cooking fuel. (The Journal of Development

Studies, 2020)

Figure 25

Percentage Distribution of Respondents' Sanitary Condition (Kitchen)

The graph presents the distribution of households in terms of their kitchens’ sanitary

condition. The result shows that 62.7% have good sanitary conditions, 30% have very good

sanitary conditions, 5.5% have excellent sanitary conditions, and 1.8% have poor/needs for

improvement sanitary conditions.

44
 This suggests that the majority of the respondents' kitchen sanitary condition is good since

we can observe that their kitchens are safe and they a're not at risk of food poison.

Food is essential to life, hence food safety is a basic human right. Billions of people in the

world are at risk of unsafe food. Many millions become sick while hundreds of thousand die

yearly. The food chain starts from farm to fork/plate while challenges include microbial,

chemical, personal, and environmental hygiene. Historically, documented human tragedies and

economic disasters due to consuming contaminated food occurred as a result of intentional or

unintentional personal conduct and governmental failure to safeguard food quality and safety.

(Biomedical Journal 41 (2), 88-95, 2018)

45
 Figure 26

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents’ Drainage Facility

The graph presents the percentage of households in terms of their drainage facilities. The

results show that 100% have open drainage.

It infers that the majority of the respondents’ drainage facilities are under open drainage.

Open drainage systems shall be preferred on all new development sites to convey stormwater and

culverts near the work areas should be covered to block the entrance of large debris.

Most cities in the Philippines have drainage systems of some kind. There are no separate

stormwater and wastewater (sewerage) systems. Wastewater from septic systems freely mixes

with the stormwater. In practice, this is not as bad as it sounds as the volume of stormwater is

large and may well flush out the drainage system and its contents into the streams and rivers. The

46
installation and maintenance of drainage systems (along with roads and water systems), is one of

the major responsibilities of the local government. (Taylor,2019)

47
 V. Waste Disposal

Figure 27

Percentage Distribution of Respondents’ Garbage/ Waste Disposal

The graph presents the percentage of households in terms of their drainage garbage/waste

disposal. The result shows that 60.9% use covered containers while 39.1 % use open containers.

It implies that the majority of the respondents dispose of their garbage/waste using covered

containers. According to them, they securely put all their garbage in covered containers so that

the garbage collector can easily collect their waste. And they separate the plastic, papers, and

leaves so that health issues can be prevented which can arise from waste and toxins that have

been improperly disposed of.

According to Republic Act No. 9003 otherwise known as the “Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000, enacted on January 26, 2001, aims to address the growing problem of

48
solid wastes in the country. It provides the legal framework for the country’s systematic,

comprehensive, and ecological solid waste management program that shall ensure the protection

of public health and the environment. It also provides for the necessary institutional mechanisms

with the creation of the National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC) which shall

oversee the implementation of solid waste management plans and prescribe policies as well as

incentives to achieve the objectives of the Act.

49
 Figure 28

Percentage Distribution of Respondents’ Method of Garbage Disposal

The graph presents the percentage of the respondents in terms of their method of

disposal. The result shows that (78.2%) or the majority of the respondents’ method of disposal is

garbage collection that collects their garbage twice a week, 9.1% of the respondents use open

burning of their garbage, 7.3% use open dumping of their garbage, 4.5% do composting of their

garbage, and 0.9% use those under the category of “others”.

It suggests that the majority of the respondents’ method of waste/ garbage disposal is

garbage collection. According to them, every Wednesday, garbage is picked up by garbage

collectors. It is better for recycling, for the reduction of the burden on landfills, and for

environmental protection by effectively reducing the pollutants and contaminants released into

the environment.

50
 Under RA 9003, the collection, transport, and disposal of solid wastes are the

responsibilities of the local government units (LGUs). At present, most LGUs administer their

own collection systems or contract out this service to private contractors.

VI. Toilet

Figure 29

Percentage Distribution of Respondents’ Type of Toilet

The data above shows that 92.8% use water-sealed toilet facilities, 7.2% use flush type,

0% use Antipolo type, 0% without toilet facility, and 0% use closed pit privy toilet facility.

Based on the data, most residents in Purok 1-A Bernales, Barangay Tipanoy, 102 or 92.8%

water-sealed toilet facilities while 8 or 7.2% se flush type toilet facilities.

Just like a flush toilet, the pour-flush toilet has a water seal that prevents odors and flies

from coming back up the pipe. Water is poured into the bowl to flush the toilet of excreta;

approximately 2 to 3 L is usually sufficient. The quantity of water and the force of the water

51
(pouring from a height often helps) must be sufficient to move the excreta up and over the

curved water seal.

Both pedestals and squatting pans can be used in the pour flush mode. Due to demand,

local manufacturers have become increasingly efficient at mass-producing affordable pour-flush

toilets and pans. (Tilley, et al., 2014)

Figure 30

Percentage Distribution of Respondents' Sanitary Condition

The data above shows that (87.3%) have good sanitation. 9, or 8.2% have very good

sanitation, 5, or 4.5% have excellent sanitation, and 0% or none of the respondents have poor

sanitation.

52
 The finding shows that the majority of the respondents' sanitary condition is good since the

majority of them are capable of cleaning their toilets, but not in a manner that creates an

extremely clean surrounding.

Good sanitation simply refers to the use of hygienic toilet facilities that are not shared with

other households and where excreta are either separated from human contact and safely disposed

of in situ or transported and treated off-site, protecting people and the environment from disease

agents (United Nations, 2019). Lack of adequate sanitation facilities increases the risk of

infection for other people because waste from ill people can contaminate the land and water of a

community (CDC, 2022).

53
 VII. Domestic Animals

Figure 31

The data above shows the percentage of respondents in terms of their domesticated

animals. It reveals that most respondents (37 or 33.6%) have dogs, 27 or 24.6% have cats, 11 or

10% have fish, 2 or 1.8% have chickens, and 33 or 30% have none.

According to the data, the majority of residents of Purok 1-A Bernales, Barangay Tipanoy

own pets. For them, it is really important that they teach their kids about animals around them so

that they can befriend and protect them. Domestic animals and humans form an ecosystem where

they co-depend on each other and help one another in different ways, it is one’s core

responsibility to make sure that this ecosystem is balanced and cruelty-free. So it is a great idea

to teach future generations about domestic animals to make them empathetic towards them. Dogs

are very popular in the Philippines because they are obedient, sociable, and cunning. Some dog

54
owners throw their pets away because they cannot afford to feed them and, moreover, because

they lack the time to care for them when they become ill.

Owning a pet, particularly a dog, is very fulfilling and will deliver hours of delight,

according to a study by DOH guidelines. However, caring for dogs appropriately is a full-time

job. If people don't, it will cause misery for unwanted animals, put a strain on welfare shelters,

and have a serious negative influence on the environment because unwanted pets might join

strays.

A previous study into successful international animal welfare management strategies

presented the vital need for animal welfare proponents to establish mutual benefits with the

livestock industry. What the perceived benefits of addressing farm animal welfare are, is

therefore important information not previously researched. This study asked leaders in the

livestock industry in regions across six Asian countries what they saw as the key benefits of

improving animal welfare, and which of those benefits they found the most compelling. The

potentials to increase the productivity of the animals and improve meat quality were among the

most frequently cited and most highly rated across the countries. (Basel,2019)

55
 Figure 32

Percentage Distribution of Respondents’ Place Where Animals Are Kept

The data above shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the locations where

animals are kept. The majority of the population (63 or 57.2%) put their animal outside, 14 or

12.8% put them indoors, and 33, or 30% answered none since they do not have animals at home.

According to the data, the majority of respondents in Purok 1-A Bernales, Barangay

Tipanoy, prefer pets being outside since some animals do not have a proper place to stay and

they cannot afford or have a low salary to buy animal cages or construct a proper place for them.

Some dogs simply roam outside their homes and on the streets without a dog leash.

56
 Renée Delphin Rodriguez's study from 2020 states that a responsible pet owner, or what

some people describe as a "pet parent," has two fundamental obligations under the law. Pet

owners are first advised to give their animals proper care and nutrition. Second, the owners of

pets are vicariously accountable for any harm and damage brought on by the animals. Being

aware of these ideas is essential for being a responsible pet owner, especially because animal

cruelty is a crime that carries a punishment.

Figure 33

Percentage Distribution of Respondents' Animal Sanitary Conditions

The above chart shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the animals’ sanitary

condition. 60, or 77.9% of the respondents have a good animal sanitary condition, 15, or 19.4%

have a very good sanitary condition, and 2, or 2.6% have an excellent animal sanitary condition.

57
 The finding shows that the majority of the respondents' sanitary condition is good since

the majority of them are capable of cleaning their animals’ waste and materials but not in a

manner that creates extremely clean surroundings.

According to Matilla, F., Velleman, Y., Harrison, W., and Nevel, M. (2018), neglected

Tropical Diseases (NTDs) affect the health and economies of populations globally. Many of

these diseases are zoonotic, occurring as a consequence of the interaction between humans and

animals, particularly at the household level in low- and middle-income countries. Based on the

WHO Global Strategy to accelerate and sustain progress on NTDs, including zoonoses, through

improvement in sanitation, hygiene, and water, this review identifies existing published studies

examining the interaction between water, sanitation and hygiene elements, animals, and zoonosis

transmission within the household. They showed the relevance of animal influence in the

effectiveness of WASH measures, as well as the difficulties of designing studies that look at this

particular interaction. A synthesis of several studies analyzed in the second selection stage of the

review shows a significant relationship between animal and WASH factors for disease

transmission. It also shows certain contradictions regarding the importance of key risk factors for

some diseases across studies. It is therefore crucial to carry out further studies showing the

interaction between animals and water, hygiene, and sanitation measures within the household to

improve these control measures and reduce zoonotic neglected tropical disease transmission.

58
 VIII. Presence of Hazards

Figure 34

The data above shows the respondents’ frequency and percentage distribution of the

presence of hazards in their residences. The majority of the population (97 or 88.2%) live near

the riverside, 11 or 10% are living under the coconut trees and 1.8% have their children left at

home alone.

Most of the respondents from Purok 1-A claim that the riverside is the most hazardous

area. When heavy rains or typhoons occur, the place is very vulnerable, especially during floods.

Brgy. Tipanoy has a riverbank, where some residents are residing. This is very hazardous to

those residents since they would be experiencing the risks of being affected by floods.

59
 Residents of urban informal riverside settlements are regularly threatened by floods and

simultaneously are facing potential eviction, particularly in multi-hazard-prone cities in

developing countries in Asia. Governments usually choose relocation as a preventive measure

due to the high exposure of riverside communities whereas ignoring the repercussions on the

resident's socio-economic conditions of these dramatic changes. (Procedia-Social and Behavioral

Sciences, 2012).

Most deaths from natural disasters in the country are caused by hydrometeorological

events. Over the three years 2010-2012, a total of 1,104 natural and human-induced disasters

were reported in the Philippines. These disasters killed 3,628 people and resulted in economic

damages worth P90.9 billion (CDRC 2009-2012). Sendong triggered flash floods that killed

1,268 persons and an economic loss of P 1.5 billion (NDRRMC, 2012). The cities of Cagayan de

Oro and Iligan suffered similar devastating effects. Within a year (2012), Typhoon Pablo

reaffirmed what had already been in people's minds: that something needs to be done to prepare

for flood hazards.

60
 IX. Establishment

Figure 35

Percentage Distribution of Respondents' Food Establishment

The frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents’ food establishments are shown

in the graph. The majority of the population has none, while 1.8% have an eatery.

In this specific Purok of Barangay Tipanoy, there are only 2 eateries. The “carinderia” is a

local eatery selling and serving viands placed in containers. It is also known as a "turo-turo"

wherein customers literally point to the seller what they want to eat from an array of cauldrons.

The “carinderia” is considered a respite for travelers having originated as a quick food service in

61
busy crossroads. Today, carinderias have evolved according to the needs of Filipinos; there are

now variations including the traveling carinderia and the high-class carinderia (Antonino, 2019).

Figure 36

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents' Non-Food Establishments

The frequency and percentage distribution of their non-food establishments are shown in

the graph. The majority of the population (87.3%) have non-food establishments, 8.2% have sari-

sari stores, and 4.5% have other kinds of establishments.

According to the data, there are 9 sari-sari stores in Purok 1-A, Tipanoy. The sari-sari

stores provide easy access to basic commodities at low cost. Without them, residents must go to

the nearest supermarket in town, which may be quite far from the community itself. Sari-sari

62
stores also provide cheap products with the use of repacking. They buy products from markets

and sell them to multitudes.

Sari-sari or neighborhood stores are the go-to's for most Filipinos for their daily

necessities. By selling products in small quantities, sari-sari stores enable households with a

meager income to purchase their needs for the day (Tranco, 2020).

63
 X. Presence of Breeding or Resting Sites of Insects

Figure 37

The frequency and percentage distribution that indicates the presence of breeding or

resting sites of insects are shown in the graph. All or 100% of the respondents said that there are

breeding or resting sites of insects present in their area.

According to the data, breeding or resting sites are very obvious in the area since most of

the residents have noticed their presence, especially since these are near them. The insects that

were observed in Purok 1, Brgy. Tipanoy can be harmful, especially to the children residing in

the area, because most of them spend their time playing outside, where the insects are mostly

seen.

64
 The Philippines has a rich host of tropical flora and fauna, with arthropods representing

the greatest diversity. The most popular edible insects are honey bees, Apis dorsata F. and A.

cerana F., both indigenous species. Forest insects as food: humans bite back.

XI. Community in General

Figure 38
Percentage Distribution of Respondents’ General Sanitary Condition

The data above shows the frequency and percentage distribution in terms of the

respondents’ general sanitary condition. The majority of the respondents have “good” sanitary

conditions with a total of 76 or 69.1%, 18, or 16.4% have “very good” sanitary conditions, and

15, or 13.6% have sanitary conditions that need improvement.

Based on the observation, the respondents in Purok 1-A mostly have good sanitary

conditions because most of them intend to help people or serve the wider society. It is often

65
aimed at improving the lives of others, especially disadvantaged communities. Community

service can help various groups such as children, women, transgender people, the elderly, and

even animals.

Adding precision to one’s understanding of the community can help funders and evaluators

identify, understand, and strengthen the communities they work with. There has been a great deal

of research in the social sciences about what a human community is (Chavis and Wandersman,

1990; Nesbit, 1953; Putnam, 2000).

Figure 39

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents' Housing Congestion

66
 The graph presented the number of respondents who rated their house congestion. The

result shows that 110 or 100% responded “yes”, which means all of them have congested living

conditions.

The relationship between housing and health is multifaceted. A healthy home must have a

sound structure, be free of hazards, provide adequate sleeping, personal hygiene, food

preparation, and storage, be an environment for comfortable relaxation, privacy, and quiet, and

allow for social exchange with friends, family, and others. The local environment also influences

factors such as crime fear, access to local services and facilities, and social interaction. Informal

housing arrangements, substandard structures, congestion, and land-use conflicts characterize the

urban housing problem in the Philippines (Monsod, 2012). According to Raghunath(2020), as

vibrant and dynamic as it is, there is much the city could improve through better urban planning

to address visible issues of congestion, lack of affordable housing, and more broadly, providing a

livable and healthy urban environment so that citizens can thrive.

67
 Figure 40

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents’ Social/Recreation Facilities

The graph presents the number of respondents who rated their social/recreational

facilities. The result shows that 110 or 100% responded to “basketball court”, which means that

all of them have a basketball court that they can use for social and/or recreational activities.

According to the data, the said Purok of Barangay Tipanoy has a basketball court, which

provides the students, neighbors, and residents a venue to gather and perform various school and

extra-curricular activities protected from the heat of the sun or heavy rains. Residents can also

68
use the facility for barangay events and recreational programs, as well as serve as an evacuation

center.

Recreation is a significant element of preventive health care, used by community health

centers as an aid to rehabilitation, moderation of stress, and maintenance of health. Although the

amount of leisure available to people is increasing, many are unable to take full advantage of it

due to inadequate recreational education or other causes (Peterson, 2021).

Figure 41

Percentage Distribution of Respondents in Terms of Health Care Service Availability

The graph presented the number of respondents who rated the availability of health care

service in their community. A total of 110 or 100% answered that there is an available health

care service provider in their corresponding area which is a health center.

69
 A well-placed health facility increases the uptake of essential healthcare services and

improves health outcomes, especially among vulnerable populations. In many low and middle-

income countries (LMICs), the decision to build health facilities is traditionally based on

political and pragmatic considerations. Consequently, the location of most health facilities is

typically far from optimal. In recent years, governments are now increasingly interested in

studying where to build health facilities to facilitate the achievement of health system goals. In

the Philippines, access to basic healthcare services remains a major challenge. Relevant to the

reform includes identifying optimal locations for new healthcare facilities, specifically primary

care facilities (PCF) or rural health units (RHUs), which are government-owned health facilities

that provide basic and comprehensive healthcare services to individuals, families, and local

communities. (Lorenzo, et al., 2021)

70
 Figure 42

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents’ Communication

Facilities Available

The frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents’ communication facilities

available are shown in the graph. A total of 98, or 89.1% of them use cell phones, 12, or 10.9%

use radio, and 0% or none use tv.

According to the data, the majority of the respondents own a cell phone. It is convenient

because they can send texts and emails, and make phone calls, as well as access a full range of

71
computer functions. In other words, anything can be done on a cellphone. It costs less than a

standard device and is now affordable to the majority of consumers.

According to Clark (2016), recent statistics show that more individuals communicate with

cellular phones than with any other device. Mobile is seen by many media analysts as its own

medium with its own defining characteristics. This hand-held technology has people not only

talking, texting, and reporting. Individuals are so dependent upon phones that the device has

become critical in many aspects of everyday life. Mobile technology has empowered a global

community of techno-savvy consumers known as Generation C. Generation C is not defined by

age or nationality but by an insatiable appetite for all things digital.

72
 Figure 43

Percentage Distribution of Respondents’ Transportation Facilities Available

The frequency and percentage distribution of transportation facilities available are shown

in the graph. The result shows that 83 or 75.5% of the respondents use PUVs as their

transportation, 26, or 23.6% use motorcycles, and 0.9 use other transportation facilities.

With the data indicated, PUVs (Public Utility Vehicles) are the most available

transportation facility in Purok 1-A since most of the residents do not have their own cars and

their means of transportation are PUVs. Benefits from these were much appreciated by the

public. These include the use of diesel engines to power it and the low transportation fare it

provides.

73
 Public transport could be a significant part of a more climate-friendly transport system

but it is lacking all preconditions to reach its potential. The highly fragmented public transport

system is dependent on outdated, often small-scale road-based vehicles and is dominated by

jeepneys (approx. 200,000 in the Philippines, wherein approx. 55.000 in Metro Manila alone).

According to Añonuevo (2022), the Jeepney is not only the most common mode of public

transportation in the Philippines but also an iconic national symbol. Jeepney is a very unique

public transport mode not only in its vehicle type but also in the ways it is operated and utilized

by passengers in Iligan City.

74
 IV. Health Status

Figure 44

Percentage Distribution of Respondents’ Hereditary Disease/s

The data above shows the frequency and percentage distribution of those who have

hypertension, diabetes, and other hereditary diseases and have done check-ups in the hospitals or

went to health centers to be diagnosed. The result shows that out of the total number of

respondents, 28, or 60.9% have been diagnosed with hypertension, 15, or 32.6% have been

diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and 6.5% have been diagnosed with other types of hereditary

diseases.

75
 According to the information provided by the locals, hypertension and diabetes mellitus

are the two hereditary diseases that are more prevalent in the barangay.

There are many possible causes of human diseases but family history is often one of the

risk factors for common diseases. According to the Department of Health, the leading causes of

death are diseases of the heart, diseases of the vascular system, pneumonia, malignant

neoplasms/cancers, all forms of tuberculosis, accidents, COPD and allied conditions, diabetes

mellitus, nephritis/nephritic syndrome and other diseases of the respiratory system. Among these

diseases, six are non-communicable and four are the major NCDs such as CVD, cancers, COPD,

and diabetes mellitus.

Figure 45

History of Illness / Present Illness

The graph above presents the percentage distribution of the history of illnesses/present

illnesses of the respondents. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2013), nearly

76
one billion people globally have high blood pressure, two-thirds of whom are in developing

countries. Hypertension is also one of the top causes of premature deaths worldwide and the

problem is growing. In 2025, an estimated 1.56 billion adults will be living with hypertension,

the WHO (2011) warned.

The 2013 survey further revealed that the prevalence of hypertension was highest among

the 70 years old and above age group at 43.4% and lowest among the 20-29 age group at 7.2%.

Males had a higher hypertension prevalence of 25.1% than females at 19.9% in every age group

from 20-70 years old and above. Hypertension tended to increase with wealth and was slightly

higher among rural dwellers at 19.0% – 24.8% compared with urban residents at 20.0% – 23.4%.

Hypertension exerts a significant comorbidity impact on type 2 diabetes, thus leading to

cardiovascular diseases.

77
 Figure 46

Percentage Distribution of Respondents’ Non-communicable Diseases

The graph shows that out of the total number of respondents in terms of their non-

communicable/communicable and lifestyle diseases,

or 1.75% have hypertension, 3 or 0.75% have type 1 diabetes, 1 or 0.25% has cataract and brain

tumor, 0.5% has anemia.

According to the World Health Organization (2022), noncommunicable diseases (NCDs),

also known as chronic diseases, are long-term illnesses caused by a combination of genetic,

physiological, environmental, and behavioral factors. Cardiovascular diseases (such as heart

78
attacks and stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary

disease and asthma), and diabetes are the most common types of NCD. NCDs disproportionately

affect low- and middle-income countries, which account for more than three-quarters of global

NCD deaths (31.4 million).

FIGURE 47

Percentage Distribution of Respondents’ Maintenance Medication

There are 7 residents who responded to the survey using losartan, 2 residents who

responded using amlodipine, 1 responded using captopril for hypertension. For diabetes

medication, 1 respondent used metronidazole, 1 used diamicron, and 1 used glumet XR, as

shown in the graph.

79
 The graph depicts that hypertension medications are the most commonly used

medications among respondents and losartan is the most commonly used medication to treat

hypertension in residents, followed by amlodipine and captopril. For their diabetes medication,

residents also took metronidazole, diamicron, and glumet XR as prescribed by their doctor.

Figure 48

Percentage Distribution of Respondents' Usual Health Provider

The data above shows the distribution of frequency and percentage of the respondents’

usual health provider. The data shows that out of 128 respondents, 50 or 39% are doctors, 38 or

30% are midwives, 32 or 25% are nurses, and 8 or 6% have responded to other health providers.

80
 The data provided by the residents shows that the majority of their regular healthcare

providers are doctors and midwives rather than nurses due to the lack of nurses working in the

barangay.

According to Mallari (2020), community health workers (CHWs) are an important cadre

of the primary health care (PHC) workforce in many low- and middle-income countries

(LMICs). The Philippines was an early adopter of the CHW model for the delivery of PHC,

launching the Barangay (village) Health Worker (BHW) program in the early 1980s, yet little is

known about the factors that motivate and sustain BHWs' largely voluntary involvement. This

study aims to address this gap by examining the lived experiences and roles of BHWs in urban

and rural sites in the Philippines.

81
 Figure 49

Percentage Distribution of Respondents' Source of Health Information

The data above shows the distribution of frequency and percentage in the respondents’

source of health information. The data shows that out of the 132 respondents, the majority of its

sources are the TV 62 or 47%, internet 50 or 38%, and 20 or 15% responded to radio.

The internet is the second-most popular and widely used source of health information

among locals, followed by radio, and television. The graph shows that since television is the only

available option in each respondent's home, it is the most frequently used information source.

The advantages of health information technology (IT) include facilitating communication

between health care providers; improving medication safety, tracking, and reporting; and

promoting quality of care through optimized access to and adherence to guidelines. Health IT

82
systems permit the collection of data for use in quality management, outcome reporting, and

public health disease surveillance and reporting. However, improvement is needed in all health

IT, especially regarding design, implementation, and integration between platforms within the

work environment. Robust interoperability is critical for safe care, but this goal has proved

elusive. Significant patient safety concerns already have been recognized; it is important to keep

patient safety and quality as the primary focus.

83
 V. Nutritional Assessment

Figure 50

Percentage Distribution in Terms of Quality and Quantity of Food/Nutrients Intake Per

Day

According to the graph shown above, (110, or 21.6%) consume rice every day, followed

by vegetables (105, or 20.7%), fish (103, or 20.3%), and chicken (95, or 18.7%) and meat (95,

or 18.7%).

This suggests that the majority of respondents consume rice because Filipinos love rice

even without a dish. The second to the highest percentage is “vegetables” because aside from

that they are very healthy to eat, they are also affordable, and also, some respondents have a

vegetable garden where they can harvest their own vegetables every day. The third from the

highest percentage of food taken per day is “fish” because aside from its affordability, the fish

dish can be consumed by one big family and also, it is easy to buy because a lot of merchants sell

84
fish every other. Lastly, chicken and meat are consumed by the respondents who are capable to

buy or can afford to buy chicken and meat even if there are no occasions.

Filipinos are rice eaters because it is already part of their culture and history. Most

Filipinos refer to it as a "staple food," since they match it with a variety of foods or viands.

According to the Department of Agriculture Communications Group (2020), PSA

reported that, on average, a Filipino consumes a total of 118.81 kilograms (kg) annually. This is

equivalent to 325.5 grams of milled rice daily.

Figure 51

Percentage Distribution in Terms of Eating/Feeding Habits/Practices

The frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents’ eating practices are shown

in the graph. 108 or 98.2% of them eat three times daily, while 2 or 1.8% eat twice daily.

85
 It shows that the majority of the respondents eat three times a day even though some of

them do not have a regular income. However, they assured that their family eats three times a

day because they believe that eating 3 times a day is the source of energy for the body and

basically it is advised that you have three substantial meals each day to give your body the time it

needs to digest your food and absorb the nutrients.

According to Lindsey DeSoto, RDN, LD (2022), people who eat more frequently are

more likely to have better diet quality. Specifically, those who consume at least three meals a day

have a greater intake of vegetables, greens, legumes, fruit, whole grains, and dairy. These

individuals are also more likely to consume less sodium and added sugars than those who

consume two meals per day.

86
 Figure 52

Percentage Distribution of Food Intake Between Meals

The frequency and percentage distribution of respondents' food intake between meals is

shown in the graph. 84, or 76.4% of them eat between-meal snacks such as bread, biscuits,

banana cues, and coffee, while 26, or 23.6%, eat junk food between meals.

According to the respondents, for the majority of them, the typical food they eat between

meals is dependent on what they buy in a sari-sari store that is near their homes or from the

merchants or “manlalakos” who sell “kakanins” or snacks.

Snacking is preferred to eating meals for 59% of adults worldwide. For millennials, that

figure jumps to 70%, according to Mondelez International’s “State of Snacking” report. The

study found people are looking for snacks that are more focused on functionality to meet

nutritional needs (47%) and provide more personalized nutrition (42%). Still, in the modern age

87
of snacking, it seems an individual’s choices are more conscious than in previous generations.

Research from Euromonitor International reported by Food Navigator found e-commerce

reduced unplanned, impulse snack purchases in the last five years. That suggests that adults

snacking today are purposefully selecting the ratio of healthy to indulgent snacks that end up in

their pantries (Deyvens, 2019).

Figure 53

Percentage Distribution of Water Intake Per Day (No. of Glasses)

The above data represents the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents'

daily water consumption. It reveals that 90 or 81.8% of the respondents drink 6 to 10 glasses a

day, 11 or 10% drink 11 and above glasses a day, and 9 or 8.2% drink 1-5 glasses a day.

The majority of the respondents drink 6 to 10 glasses a day because they know that

drinking 6 to 10 glasses of water every day helps them not to get dehydrated and even though

88
they are busy with work and housework, they still do not forget to drink a lot. It is important to

drink enough water every day for a variety of reasons that include maintaining a normal body

temperature, lubricating joints, preventing infections, feeding cells with nutrition, and

maintaining healthy organs. Additionally, being hydrated enhances mood, cognition, and sleep.

According to Mayo Clinic (2022), every day you lose water through your breath,

perspiration, urine, and bowel movements. For your body to function properly, you must

replenish its water supply by consuming beverages and foods that contain water. Most healthy

people can stay hydrated by drinking water and other fluids whenever they feel thirsty. For some

people, fewer than eight glasses a day might be enough. But other people might need more. The

U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine determined that an adequate

daily fluid intake is: About 15.5 cups (3.7 liters) of fluids a day for men. About 11.5 cups (2.7

liters) of fluids a day for women. These recommendations cover fluids from water, other

beverages, and food. About 20% of daily fluid intake usually comes from food and the rest from

drinks. The advice to drink eight cups of water a day stems from a 1945 recommendation from

the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council, which encouraged adults to

consume about 64 ounces of water daily (O’Connor, 2022).

89
 VI. Lifestyle

Figure 54

Percentage Distribution of Respondents’ Lifestyle in Terms of Diet

The data above shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents’

dietary habits. Among the total number of respondents, 48 of them, or 40% are identified as

"Carnivorous" followed by 37, or 31% as Lacto-ovo Vegetarian, and 35, or 29% are Vegans.

The result conveys that majority of the respondents have two dietary habits and they like

to alternate these two which are the carnivorous and the lacto ovo vegetarian because by having

an alternative diet, we can get all the energy we need to stay active throughout the day. Also, it

will keep us strong and healthy and help us avoid illnesses caused by poor diet.

90
 According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), a healthy diet is one that

includes: a. covers a wide range of dietary items from various food groups; b. satisfies each

person's calorie and nutrient demands; c.is risk-free, posing no danger from chemicals, germs,

mold, or poisons; d. is pleasing and socially appropriate; and e.is accessible and sufficient every

day of the year. The World Health Organization (WHO) also states that a healthy diet stresses

frequent consumption of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, root crops, milk that is fat-free or low-

fat, lean meats, poultry, fish, eggs, beans, and nuts. Additionally, it has low levels of cholesterol,

salt, trans fats, added sugars, and saturated and trans fats.

91
 Figure 55

Percentage Distribution of Respondents’ Rest and Sleep: Nap After Lunch

The chart shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents’nap after

lunch. Majority of the respondents answered "yes" with 62 or 56.4%, saying they nap after lunch

while 48 or 43.6% respondents answered "no", saying they’re not taking naps after lunch.

62 or 56.4%, take a nap after lunch because the majority of the respondents are

housewives. After they do the household chores such as cleaning the house, preparing food for

their families, washing the dishes, caring for their child, etc., they take a nap because they are

tired from housework.

According to Sidney (2019), the Filipino habit of “idlip”, or a short nap after lunch, defines

what siesta is: a short and sweet Filipino version of the Spanish kind that lasts for two to three

92
hours before lunch. In several nations, especially those where the weather is warm, such a period

of rest is a widespread custom.

There are a lot of theories on why people feel sleepy after eating. Blood flow to the small

intestine “dramatically increases” after a person eats, says Dr. Tomonori Kishino, a professor of

health science at Japan’s Kyorin University. And as blood is pumped into the gut to fuel

digestion, a corresponding drop in blood flow to the brain could trigger feelings of sleepiness, he

says.

93
 Figure 56

Percentage Distribution of Respondents in Terms Hour of Sleep at Night Per Household

In terms of hours of sleep, the graph displayed the respondents' percentage distribution 57

or 51.8% reported getting 5-7 hours of sleep, 36 or 32.7% said they slept for 8 to 10 hours, and

17 or 15.5% said they slept for 1 to 4 hours.

This implies that the majority of the respondents sleep 5-7 hours during the night. They

prefer to sleep more at night because some residents work during the day and they are busy or

have children to take care of or have classes during the day. It is essential to get enough sleep to

preserve good health and well-being.

94
 According to Felson (2022), the amount of sleep a person needs depends on many things,

including their age, in general. Most adults need 7 to 9 hours, although some people may need as

few as 6 hours or as many as 10 hours of sleep each day.

Figure 57

Percentage Distribution of Respondents in Terms of Exercise Activity

The graph above shows the frequency and percentage distribution of respondents in terms

of their exercise activities 59 or 53.6% answered “No” while 51 or 46.4% answered “Yes”.

It indicates that the majority of participants did not engage exercise activities. This is

probably a result of a lack of motivation and time since the majority of respondents are mothers

who spend most of their free time with their kids and those chores rather than exercising

frequently. Also, their primary concern is where to get food to feed their families.

95
 According to Abadilla (2017), across Asia, the Philippines is among those with the

highest percentage of citizens who do not exercise regularly mostly due to lack of time, lack of

personal motivation, and “distractions” of modern life, based on the latest Sun Life Financial

Asia Health Index.

When asked to identify the barriers to living a healthier life, 57 percent of Filipinos

blamed it on their lack of time due to work while 47 percent admitted that it’s due to a “lack of

personal motivation.” Some 47 percent also identified “distractions of modern life.” These are

the people who spend a lot of time glued to their gadgets and engaging in social media than

engaging in physical activities. Other key barriers named by Filipino respondents were cost (45

percent) and the lack of accessible venues to engage in sports and recreation (36 percent). Some

30 percent of respondents also felt they were less healthy compared to three years ago.

Eh

96
 Figure 58

Percentage Distribution of Respondents in Terms of the Frequency of Exercise Activity

The graph above shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents in

terms of the frequency of exercise activities. 23, or 45.1% exercise twice a week; 12, or 23.5%

exercise once a week,, 7, or 13.7% exercise every day; 6, or 11.8% exercise thrice a week; and

3, or 5.9% exercise 5 times a week.

The World Health Organization (WHO) indicates that adults should engage in at least 30

minutes of moderate PA 5 days per week to optimize health (WHO, 2008). The inclusion of

chores and activities of daily living (ADL) as part of PA in several ethnic studies (Belza, et al.,

2004) has brought interest to researchers whether essential types of activity are not being

unidentified using current criteria and measures (Fischbacher, 2004).

97
 Figure 59

Percentage Distribution of Respondents in Terms of Cigarette Smoking

The graph above shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents in

terms of cigarette smoking. It was presented that 81, or 73.6% answered “No” and 29, or 26.4%

answered “Yes”. It shows that the majority of the respondents do not smoke because of its

additional cost to them and that they also know that smoking is bad for their health.

In the data reported in the very recent post of PSA (2021), there were 23.8 percent (16.6

million) of adults reported as tobacco users in any form. Overall, 18.7 percent (13.1 million) of

adults currently smoke tobacco daily with an average of 11 cigarettes per day. Smoking can lead

to ongoing complications and long-term effects on your body systems. While smoking can

increase your risk of certain health conditions over the years, like glaucoma, cancer, and issues

with blood clotting, some of the bodily effects happen immediately by Healthline (2023).

98
 Figure 60

Percentage Distribution of Respondents in Terms of Cigarette Stick/s Consumed Per Day

The graph shows the frequency and percentage distribution of cigarette stick/s consumed

per day. It indicates that 17 of the respondents consumed 11-20 sticks per day or 29.3%, and 12

respondents can consumed 1-10 sticks per day or 20.7%.

Smoking tends to be an appetite suppressor, especially reducing the appetite for simple

carbohydrates, and it interferes with how quickly food is broken down. People say that they use

tobacco for many different reasons like stress relief, pleasure. Nicotine is a highly addictive

substance, just like many other substances, which is why smokers find it difficult to quit this

hazardous habit. (SmokeFree.gov 2019).

99
 Smoking cigarettes, including hand-rolled and manufactured cigarettes, is very common

among Filipinos. According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, men smoke cigarettes at a rate

of 47%, while women smoke cigarettes at a rate of 9%. The average daily cigarette consumption

for men is 11 cigarettes, while it is 7 cigarettes for women. The Department of Health (DOH)

reports that Philippine Global Adult Tobacco Survey in 2009 found that there are 28.3% (17.3

million) smokers in the population who are 15 years of age and older, with men making up

47.7% (14.6 million) of the total population and women making up 9.0% (2.8 million). Eighty

percent of these people currently smoke, and on average, men and women smoke 11.3 and 7

sticks of cigarettes each day, respectively.

100
 Figure 61

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents in Terms of Number of Alcoholic

and Non-Alcoholic Drinkers

The graph shows the frequency and percentage distribution of respondents in terms of

number of alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinkers. It presents that 73 or 66.4% of the respondents

do not drink alcohol, 25-22.7% drink alcohol, and 12 or 10.9% drink alcohol occasionally.

This implies that the majority of the respondents which is 66.4% do not drink alcohol

because they are on a limited budget or have no money to buy alcoholic beverages. Some also

stated that they do not drink alcohol because of aging while some of them stated that it is

prohibited in their religion. The 22.7% of the respondents drink alcohol as a habit and stress

reliever. Meanwhile 10.9% of the respondents drink occasionally like every event in there family

birthday party, reunion, and christmas party.

101
 The Department of Health (DOH) estimates that as of 2021, about 40.1% of adult

Filipinos drank alcohol. Four out of ten Filipinos reported drinking alcohol in the 30 days before

the poll, according to the DOH, which highlighted that this indicated "high" alcohol usage. Men

used alcohol at a rate of 51.4% compared to women's use of 28.9%. 33.1 percent, or 43 percent,

of Filipinos. A total of six drinks or more were consumed on one occasion by 2% of males and

22.9 % of women.

102
 Figure 62

Percentage Distribution of Respondents in Terms of Glasses of Alcoholic Beverages

Consumed Per Day

The graph shows the frequency and percentage distribution of alcoholic beverages

consumed by the respondents per day. 1 glass is equivalent to 210 ml. It is indicated that 16 or

64% of the respondents consume 1-5 glasses of alcohol per day while 9 or 36% of them

consume as much as 6 and above glasses of alcoholic beverages per day.

It shows that 25 or 22.7% drink alcohol as a habit and as a stress reliever. They consume

1-5 glasses every time they drink alcohol. An individual's tolerance may rise if they routinely

consume high amounts of alcohol, which means their body needs more of the substance to

provide the intended effect. Tolerance and addiction may develop as a result of the body

103
adjusting to the drug's presence. People who stop drinking abruptly may have withdrawal

symptoms ( Guarnotta, 2023).

According to the World Health Organization, alcohol is a psychoactive drug with

addictive qualities that has been used for ages in many different cultures. Alcohol abuse has

negative social and economic effects as well as a high burden of disease. In people aged 20–39

years, approximately 13.5% of total deaths are attributable to alcohol.

Figure 63

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents in Term of Usage of Prohibited

Drugs/Substances

The graph shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents in terms of

their usage of any prohibited drug or substance. It shows that out of 110 respondents, 110 or 85%

answered “No” while 0 or 0% responded to “Yes”.

104
 None of the respondents' and their family members use any illegal substances. The

parents are very strict on their child. According to our respondents, they educate their child how

bad illicit drugs are and how drugs can destroy them and their future. So even if they are busy,

they always ensure that they are able to keep an eye on their children's activities.

According to the Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) (the government agency mandated to

formulate policies on illegal drugs in the Philippines), there are 1.8 million current drug users in

the Philippines, and 4.8 million Filipinos report having used illegal drugs at least once in their

lives.

The Department of Health states that a person who used drug (PWUDs) are more likely

to experience negative health issues like drug use disorders, to become infected with infectious

diseases like HIV and hepatitis C, and to experience co-occurring or comorbid mental health

disorders like depression, psychosis, and anxiety. According to the World Drug Report 2021,

275 million people, or one in every 18 people in that age range, used drugs at least once in the

previous year in the world in 2019. This figure ranges from 175 million to 374 million. This

translates to 5.5% of the world's population between the ages of 15 and 64 (range: 3.5% to

7.4%).

105
 Vll. FAMILY PLANNING (15-49 years old only)

Figure 64

How many children do you want?

The graph above shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents in

terms of the number of children they want. There were only 34 respondents who participated in

this question regarding family planning. 29 (85.3%) of them want 1 to 3 children while 5

(14.7%) want 4 and above children. The majority of them who engaged in family planning only

wanted to have one to three kids because of financial instability.

Studies that women who have more than four children are more likely to experience

maternal mortality; therefore, they should make appropriate plans. (The Medical City,2020)

106
 Figure 65

Plan for the Interval of Pregnancy

The above graph presents the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents’

plan for the interval of pregnancy. The result shows that out of 34 respondents, 23 (67.6%) of the

respondents plan for 2 years and above while 11 (32.3%) plan for 2 years interval of pregnancy.

Majority of the respondents plan 2 years and above interval for pregnancy because there

is a higher chance of having a bad birth outcome (such as a premature birth or a low birth weight

baby). Also, because it is the recommended birth spacing for family planning for them. That

much time allows their body to recuperate completely from their previous pregnancy before it is

prepared for their upcoming pregnancy. The mother’s and the child's health may be in danger

due to these circumstances.

107
 According to the World Health Organization (WHO), birth spacing allows women to

recover from previous pregnancies, but both too short and too long intervals lead to adverse

maternal, perinatal, neonatal, and child health outcomes. A birth interval of 33 months, or at least

24 months, is recommended between the last live birth and the subsequent pregnancy. (Pimentel,

et al., 2020)

Figure 66

Did you receive Family Planning and Responsible Parenthood Lectures Prior to Marriage?

The graph above shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents who

received family planning and responsible parenthood lectures prior to marriage. The result

displays that most or 30 (88.24%) of the respondents received lectures about family planning and

only 4 (11.76%) respondents did no't receive family planning prior to marriage.

108
 It indicates that the majority of the respondents received lectures about family planning

mostly from BHW and midwives. It can protect them from the financial, emotional, and physical

costs of an unintended pregnancy. Unplanned pregnancies have an impact on the mother's health,

which alters the wellbeing and security of her unborn child.

Family planning can assist a couple or individual in determining what is best for their

sexual and reproductive health. A couple can achieve financial stability and create a family they

can properly support by carefully spacing their pregnancies. A healthy family is the basis of a

healthy community, and a healthy family is one that has received the right care. (The Medical

City, 2020)

109
 Figure 67

From where did you get the information?

From where did you get the information?

The graph above presents the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents

where they get sources of information about family planning and responsible parenthood. Most

of the respondents get information from the midwife with 20 (58.84%) total number of

responses, 5 (14.70%) get information from others specifically neighbors and relative, 4

(11.76%) of them get information from doctors, 3 (8.82%) from nurses, and 2 (5.88%) from

Barangay Health Workers (BHWs).

This indicates that almost all respondents get information from the midwives, as persons

who help them educate and learn about family planning and good parenting and since they are

always available at the Brgy. Health Center.

110
 According to Maternal Healthcare Services (2022), midwives met with expectant parents

to give them parenting advice. Midwives have specialized education and training in caring for

expectant mothers and laboring women during pregnancy, labor, delivery, and the weeks

following childbirth.

Figure 68

Are you practicing family planning?

The graph above shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents in

terms of practicing family planning. The result presents that 23 (67.65%) of the respondents are

practicing family planning and 11 (32.35%) are not practicing at all.

111
 This implies that the majority of the respondents are practicing family planning, whereas

others do not because of prejudice, myths, or religious views.

According to a study from BMJ Sexual and Reproductive Health, the qualitative phase

revealed a variety of obstacles to family planning, including ignorance, access issues, religious

prejudice, myths, and resistance from husbands. However, the quantitative study revealed that

the majority of women do not find these issues to be a worry. Women's major justifications for

not using family planning were that they did not feel the need to do so since they were not

currently having sex or had recently given birth. (Bhatt N., 2021)

112
 Figure 69

If yes, where do you get supply?

The graph above presents the frequency and percentage distribution on where the

respondents get supply for family planning. 15 (65.22%) of the respondents get supplies from

Barangay Health Center, 5 (21.74%) from pharmacies, and 3 (13.04%) from hospitals.

The result conveys that most of the respondents get supply from Barangay Health Center

because of its availability and accessibility.

In accordance with Section 5.05 of the RPRH Implementing Rules and Regulations, all

accredited public health facilities must offer a full range of contemporary family planning

techniques, including medical consultations, supplies, and necessary and reasonable procedures

for poor and marginalized couples who are trying to conceive but are experiencing infertility

problems. (Abrigo M., 2021)

113
 Figure 70

What family planning method are you using?

The graph above shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents'

family planning method. Out of 34 respondents who used the family planning method, 11

(47.84%) used pills, 4 (17.39%) used depo provera 4 (17.39%), 3 (13.04%) used condoms and

implants, and 2 (8.69%) used intrauterine devices.

The result implies that most of the respondents used pills because these type of

contraceptions are 99% effective at preventing pregnancy when taken consistently every day and

helps keep hormone levels from fluctuating.

According to the Department of Health (2022), it is anticipated that all units will help

reduce the unmet need for modern family planning by delivering important family planning

114
messages, advising clients, and initially dispensing pills, injectables, and condoms. Pills prevent

pregnancy by: Stopping or reducing ovulation (the release of an egg from an ovary). Thickening

cervical mucus to keep sperm from entering the uterus. Thinning the lining of the uterus so that a

fertilized egg is less likely to attach. (Cleveland Clinic, 2020)

Figure 71

Are you satisfied with the family planning method that you used?

The graph above presents the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents in

terms of their satisfaction of the family planning method. There were only 23 respondents for

this question and all of them (100%) are satisfied with their family planning method. It indicates

that most respondents are satisfied with using family planning method.

115
 The Department of Health claims that the birth control pill is an easy, and practical

method of preventing pregnancy. Additionally, it lessens acne, lightens and regularizes periods,

and lessens cramping during the menstrual cycle.All methods of family planning are secure and

successful when used correctly. Depending on their demands and health, couples can select the

technique that is "hiyang" (best) for them.

Figure 72

Did your husband participate/ cooperate in the family planning?

The graph above shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents’

husbands’ participation or cooperation in the family planning program. 23 (100%) of the

respondents' husbands participated in family planning.

According to the Department of Health (2021), family planning has numerous advantages

for the mother,father, children and the entire family. A father frees up time for his family, his

116
own personal development, and when they are ill, so that he can focus on them. He also lessens

the burden and responsibility of providing for his family, allowing him to meet his children's

basic needs (food, shelter, education, and a better future).

Figure 73

Do you plan to stop using the family planning method?

The above graph shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents'

plans to stop using family planning methods. 16 (69.57%) or majority of the respondents intend

to stop using family planning while only 7 (30.43%) intend not to.

The result conveys that most of the respondents plan to stop the family planning method

because of financial problems and enough children in their household.

According to the Population Media Center (2022), smaller families allow couples to save

a larger percentage of their income and spend some of it on infrastructure and education, which

117
boosts economic production, increases employment, and raises individual salaries. On the other

hand, families with several children are more likely to suffer financially and may need to make

some difficult decisions over which children to financially support and send to school.

118
 VIII. Maternal and Child Health

Table 15- Menstrual History

Age Interval Duration Abnormalities

Menarche 12 28 days 4 Dysmenorrhea

cycle

Date of Last Menstruation April 25, 2022

Period (LMP)

The respondent’s menstrual history is shown in Table 15. The data indicates that the

respondent began menarche at the age of twelve (12), with a 28-day cycle lasting for four (4)

days. Dysmenorrhea was one of the abnormalities mentioned by the respondent. Additionally,

respondents stated that she last had a period on April 25, 2022.

The length of the cycle is particularly unpredictable, but on average, it takes 28 days from

the start of one menstrual period to the start of the next. By usual practice, the days of the cycle

are characterized by numbers starting with the first day of menstruation. It starts during puberty,

fluctuating from the ages of 10 to 16 (Thiyagarajan et al., 2022).

The respondent also reported abnormalities such as dysmenorrhea. In a study conducted

by French (2005), dysmenorrhea is assumed to be initiated by the release of prostaglandins in the

menstrual fluid, which causes uterine contractions and pain.

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 Figure 74

8.1.2. Obstetrical History

The graph above shows the respondent’s obstetrical background. The result indicates that

the respondent is expecting her third child at the time the survey is being conducted because her

gravida is 3, para is 3, term is 2, there have been 2 spontaneous abortions, no induced abortions,

and multiple ones.

120
 Table 15.2

8.1.3. Birth History

No. Month/Year Infant Sex Type of Delivery Place of Delivery

1 June /2015 F NSVD GTLMH

2 August /2017 F NSVD Health Center

The respondent's children’s birth details are shown in Table 15.2. Result reveals that the

respondent's first child was born in June 2015 to a female and that she gave birth via NSVD

(normal spontaneous vaginal delivery) at GTLMH (Gregorio T. Lluch Memorial Hospital). The

respondent's second child was born to a female in August 2017 and was delivered via the same

method at the health center.

Vaginal delivery is safest for the fetus and the mother when the newborn is full-term at

the gestational age of 37 to 42 weeks. Vaginal delivery is preferred considering the morbidity

and mortality associated with operative cesarean births have increased over time.Approximately

80% of all singleton vaginal deliveries are at full-term via spontaneous labor, whereas 11% are

preterm, and 10% are post-term. Of note, with the advent of operative delivery modalities and

surgical delivery modalities, the number of patients who reach spontaneous labor has decreased

over time, and the induction of labor has increased.

121
 8.1. 5. Immunization Received

Tetanus Toxoids Vaccine Date Given

TT1 Unrecalled

TT2 Unrecalled

TT3 Unrecalled

TT4 Unrecalled

TT5 Unrecalled

The graph above presents the immunization received by the respondent. The result shows

that the respondent was unable to recall the date she was given tetanus toxoid.

Tetanus toxoid contains a formaldehyde‐treated toxin that stimulates the production of

antitoxin. Tetanus occurs in newborn children born to mothers who do not have adequate

circulating antibodies to passively protect the infant by transplacental transfer. Inhibition may be

possible by the vaccination of pregnant or non‐pregnant women, or both, with tetanus toxoid

(Demicheli et al., 2015).

122
 Figure 75

8.1.6. Micronutrient Supplementation

The graph presents the micronutrient supplementation of the respondent. The result

shows that the respondent took iron and folate once a day for six months.

Supplementary iron and folate are often suggested during pregnancy. Hess et al. (2011)

state that maternal iron-deficiency anemia is linked with poor maternal and infant results,

including preterm delivery and low birth weight. Poor folate status raises the risk of maternal

anemia, spontaneous abortion, and congenital deficiencies.

Aside from iron and folate, vitamin A during pregnancy is a greater necessity. Vitamin A

is a vital micronutrient for pregnant women and their fetuses. In addition to being essential for

123
structural and functional development and for ocular integrity, vitamin A has systemic impacts

on several fetal organs and the fetal skeleton (Maia et al., 2019).

In addition to the two micronutrient supplements, iodine during pregnancy is equally

essential. Glinoer (2007) states in his study that iodine prophylaxis should be given thoroughly to

women during pregnancy.

Figure 76

8.1.8. Prenatal Check-up or Consultation: At Least 4 Visits Throughout the Course of

Pregnancy

The graph presents the respondent’s prenatal check-up and consultation. The result shows

that the respondent's prenatal checkup was 5 or more.

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 The Department of Health (DOH) recommends that pregnant women get at least 4

prenatal check-ups (at least 1 visit during the first 3 months; at least 1 visit during the 4th to 6th

months; and at least 2 visits during the 7th to 9th months).

Figure 77

8.1.10. Plan for Breastfeeding

The graph presents only one response with regard to the respondent’s plans for

breastfeeding. The result shows that the respondent is planning to breastfeed.

According to the DOH (Department of Health), breastfeeding is the best way to provide

ideal food for the healthy growth and development of babies. It has many benefits for the infant

and the mother. Breastmilk or breastfeeding provides all the energy and essential nutrients from

birth up to 6 months of life.

125
 Figure 78

8.1.12. Nutrition

The graph presents the respondent’s nutrition or regular food intake. The result shows

that the respondent’s diet includes rice, fish, meat, squash, malunggay, alugbate and camote tops

which are under the go, grow, and glow foods.

A study conducted by Sebastian et al. (2022) emphasized that pregnancy is a vital stage

of life wherein a sufficient diet is essential to maintain the normal needs of the mother as well as

126
those of the growing and developing fetus and tissues that strengthen the process. On the other

hand, malnutrition during pregnancy may expose the pregnant woman and growing fetus to

problems such as gestational diabetes mellitus, hypertension, pre-eclampsia, and outcomes given

by stillbirth, preterm delivery, low birth weight (LBW), and maternal and perinatal death.

Figure 79

Percentage Distribution of Pediatric Assessment (Newborn to School Age)

The graph presents the pediatric ages from newborn to school age. The result shows that

ages 1–12 months make up 14% of the population, 40% are 2–6 years old, and 46% are 7–12

years old.

According to the Department of Pediatrics, every child has the right to survive, to be

protected, and to be cared for with proper medical attention. The health needs and requirements

127
of children are fundamentally different from those of adults, hence, there is a need to have

special services. The Pediatric Outpatient Department aims to serve all clients from 0 to below

19 years of age.

Figure 80

Percentage Distribution of Type of Delivery

The graph presents the type of delivery for mothers of newborn and school-age children.

As shown above, 98% delivered a normal spontaneous vaginal delivery, and only 2% delivered

via cesarean section.

The result shows that the majority of the respondents reported that most of them

delivered their children in normal spontaneous vaginal delivery (NSVD).

128
 According to practo-care, normal spontaneous vaginal delivery is way better than CS and

has a lot of benefits, like low infection rates, quick recovery, a lower risk of suffering from

respiratory problems, and no post-surgical hemorrhaging.

Figure 81

Percentage of Distribution of Hours in Labor

The graph indicates the hours of labor of the respondents. The result shows that 40% of

the respondents were unable to recall their labor, 33% reported that it took them 6–10 hours,

15% reported that their labor took 1–5 hours, 8% reported that it took them 11–15 hours, and 4%

reported that it took them 16 hours and above.

The finding shows that the majority of the respondents were unable to recall their labor.

According to the March of Dimes (2019), active labor usually lasts about 4 to 8 hours. It starts

129
when contractions are regular and the cervix has dilated to 6 centimeters. In active labor:

contractions get stronger, longer, and more painful.

Figure 82

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of

Place Delivered

The graph presents the number of children delivered within Iligan City and outside Iligan

City. The results showed that 95% were delivered in Iligan City and only 5% were delivered

outside Iligan City.

According to the findings, the majority of the respondents’ children were born in Iligan

City.

130
 Figure 83
Children’s Feeding Practices

The graph indicates the children’s feeding practices. The result shows that only two

responded to exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months.

According to the National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) conducted in 2008 in

Southeast Asia, the Philippines has one of the lowest breastfeeding rates (34%) globally, despite

the country’s strong breastfeeding legislation.

131
 These statistics are unfortunate since recent studies have shown that continued breastfeeding

alone cuts this by half. This shows the great impact of exclusive and complete breastfeeding on

the survival of infants. Because of this, the World Health Organization (WHO) aims to increase

the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life up to at least 50% in 2025.

Figure 84

Percentage Distribution of Deworming Every 6 Months (Children 1- 12 Years Old)

The graph presents the number of children that are undergoing deworming every 6

months. The result shows that 52% of the children did not undergo deworming, while 48% of the

children undergo deworming every 6 months. Parents and respondents were then informed about

the deworming every 6 months in the barangay health center.

132
 It shows that the majority of the children were dewormed. Due to the serious problems that

worms can cause, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends regular deworming of all

people at risk, including children in areas that have plenty of these worms (endemic areas), to

prevent poor growth and malnutrition.

A nationwide prevalence survey of soil-transmitted helminthiasis among children 12-71

months old revealed that 66% are infected (de Leon, Lumampao, 2004), while 54% of

schoolchildren have it (Belizario et al., 2006). Recent evidence confirms that a significant

reduction in the burden of disease due to helminths can be achieved through regular mass

deworming directed at all high-risk groups (WHO and UNICEF).

Figure 85

Immunization ( Children Aged 0-15 Months Old)

133
 The graph shows the number of parents who have already immunized their children at

ages 0–15 months.The result indicates that the majority of the children have already completed

their immunizations.

The Department of Health (DOH) has started utilizing creative ways to conduct

immunization programs for babies to catch up with the 3.90% drop in the immunization rate of

infants in 2020, from 69.08 percent in 2019 to 65.18 percent in 2020. These 14 vaccines are

crucial to preventing Filipinos across life stages from acquiring life-threatening diseases.

Vaccines can prevent serious diseases that once killed or harmed many infants, children, and

adults. Without vaccines, your child is at risk for serious illness or even death from diseases like

measles and whooping cough.

Figure 86

Percentage Distribution of Usual Health Providers

134
 The graph presents the number of respondents who reported their usual health provider.

The results showed that 48% of the respondents said they consulted a midwife, 33% chose a

doctor as their health provider, 13% chose a nurse as their health provider, and only 5% chose

another health provider, for a total of 100%.

The result reflects that the majority of the respondents reported that their usual healthcare

provider is a midwife. This implies that midwives are the people who are available in their place.

According to the School of Midwifery and Nursing Related Program (2018), in the

Philippines, midwifery practice has been recognized as one of the primary healthcare services for

the people, particularly those living in far-flung communities. The role of midwives has been

expanded to address the basic health service needs of birthing mothers and their infants.

Midwifery education must be able to respond to these needs by producing midwives who have

up-to-date knowledge and skills and the attitude necessary to render midwifery services with

competency and dedication.

135
 IX. Adolescent Reproductive Health

Figure 87

Percentage Distribution of Family Members Who Married at the Age of 18 and Below

The graph shows the frequency and percentage of family members who married at the

age of 18 or below. The result shows that of 110 respondents, 88% answered "none," while 12%

answered "yes."

136
 The result reflects that the majority of the respondents do not agree to get married below

18 years old, considering some of their family members are still minors and given that they do

not have the capability to have their own family.

According to the Philippine National Demographic and Health Survey (2019), 1 in 6 Filipino

girls are married before they are 18 years old, or the legal age of majority. The phenomenon of

child marriage has been seen to have been practiced in indigenous and Muslim communities in

the country. Globally, the Philippines ranks 12th in the absolute number of child marriages.

While these communities have been trying to address this issue through community-based

programs, passing legislation strengthens the legal framework and protection for our young

children and underscores the commitment of the government as a State Party to fully implement

the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.

137
 Figure 88

Percentage Distribution of Family Members Who Got Pregnant at the Age of 18 and Below

The graph shows the frequency and percentage of family members who got pregnant at

the age of 18 and below. It presents that out of 110 respondents, 99, or 90%, answered "none,"

while 11, or 10%, answered "yes."

138
 The result shows that the majority of respondents who answered "none" have not gotten

pregnant at the age of 18 or below in their family since they believe they are still minors to have

a child.

According to the UNFPA-commissioned study, adolescents in the Philippines who have

begun childbearing before the age of 18 are less likely to complete secondary education

compared to those who have not begun childbearing. Childbearing in adolescence carries

increased risks for poor health outcomes for both mother and child, and the younger the

adolescents, the greater the risks. Pregnancy during adolescence is associated with a higher risk

of health problems like anemia, sexually transmitted infections, postpartum hemorrhage, and

poor mental health outcomes such as depression and even suicide.

Figure 89

Percentage Distribution of Family Members Who Had Experienced Miscarriage

139
 The graph shows the frequency and percentage of family members who had experienced

miscarriage. It was presented that out of 110 respondents, 107, or 97%, answered "none," while 3

or 3% answered "yes." The finding shows that the majority of those who answered "none" have

never had a miscarriage in their family.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an emphasis on lifestyle factors as

ways to reduce the risk of miscarriage can lead to people feeling as though they did something to

cause a miscarriage.

Figure 90

Percentage Distribution of Stress as a Reason for Miscarriage

The frequency of people who had a reason for miscarrying were displayed in Graph 17.3.

According to the results, stress is a factor in 3 miscarriages.

140
 The systematic review and meta-analysis (2019) found that stress before and during

pregnancy was associated with pregnancy loss. The results of the study indicate that while

chromosomal abnormalities are the predominant cause of miscarriage, psychological stress can

increase the risk of miscarriage by as much as 42%, such as the stress caused by poverty.

Figure 91

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Discussion in the Family on Matters Regarding

Sexuality

141
 The graph shows the frequency and percentage of discussion in the family on matters

regarding sexuality. Among the 110 respondents, 69, or 63%, answered "yes," while 41, or 37%,

responded "no." The findings show that the majority of respondents have family discussions

about sexuality.

According to the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

(2018), family sexuality communication can be further inhibited by many parents’ under-

estimation of their teens’ sexual behavior, which may make it difficult for parents to effectively

address teens’ developmental needs and could prevent teens from obtaining the knowledge they

need to reduce their sexual risk behavior. Despite the need for developmentally appropriate

family conversations about sex and the challenges parents face in achieving this goal, with few

exceptions, little research assesses family sexuality communication over the transition from early

to middle adolescence.

142
 CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS OF DATA
Identification of Health Problem
A. FLOOD HAZARD/ RIVERSIDE
Cues:
● Houses near the river's side.
● Small drainage in the area

Interventions:
● Advice to the community to help their community reduce flood
risks is becoming more critical as floods become more
frequent and extreme with climate change and sea level rise.
Local officials can be encouraged to prioritize initiatives that
defend against flooding; taking action locally to protect the
community. Communities can also encourage state and
federal officials to fund practical solutions and incentivize
smart planning in state and federal programs.

143
 ● Flood adaptation projects can generally be categorized as
traditional hard engineering or “gray” infrastructure, such as
levees, dams, and hardened ditches, or nature-based soft or
“green” infrastructure projects designed to mimic nature,
capturing and slowing the advance of floodwaters, such as
wetland creation, living shorelines, and mangrove planting.
● Do not dump household waste into streams, ditches, ponds, or
stormwater pipes. Common household waste
such as grease and paper items, can accumulate and clog our
stormwater pipes and ditches, decrease their effectiveness, and
introduce pollution to our streams and ditches.
● Keep trash and recycling bins off the curb. Winds can blow loose
trash and empty containers onto the curb and into inlets. Keeping
trash and recycle bins off the curb decreases the chance of
unwanted items finding their way into the stormwater system and
causing flooding.

Identifications of Health Problem Scoring

Presence of Hazards

Criteria Computation

1. Significance of the problem 9

7
2. Community awareness

3. Ability to reduce risk 9

4. Determining the cost of reducing 9

risk

9
5. Ability to identify the target

144
 population for the intervention

9
6. Availability of resources to
intervene in the reduction of risk

Total 52

B. INADEQUATE FAMILY MONTHLY INCOME

Cues:
● About 260 or 64.8% of the respondents are unemployed (mostly
housewives)
● Lack of decent employment opportunities
● Lack of relevant skills and competencies
● Geographic mismatch and mobility
● Poor education system
● Technology
● Inflation

Interventions:
● There should be encouragement to participate in livelihood
programs that are offered by the government. The government-
initiated livelihood programs in the Philippines are led by the
Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD). One of
the programs that helps Filipinos is the Sustainable Livelihood
Program, or SLP, which was primarily established by the essence

145
 of the Philippine Constitution, to provide equitable opportunities
and wealth distribution among the Filipino citizens to improve
their quality of life, especially for the underprivileged.
● Motivation programs. Jobless people who are not willing to work
at all have to be incentivized to get a job. This could mean that
their social security levels may be lowered if they do not take
action to go back to work. It could also mean that these people are
forced into programs in which they are taught about the advantages
of getting out of unemployment, so they have a broader
perspective on the chances of employment and might be more
willing to search for a job.
● Teaching the community how to recycle waste that can be
improved and used as decorations or tools in houses, offices, etc.
can be a good way to start a small business; for example, making
paper bags out of used paper

Identifications of Health Problem Scoring

Inadequate Family Monthly Income

Criteria Computation

1. Significance of the problem 9

8
2. Community awareness

3. Ability to reduce risk 4

4. Determining the cost of reducing 8

risk

9
5. Ability to identify the target

146
 population for the intervention

8
6. Availability of resources to
intervene in the reduction of risk

Total 46

C. OPEN DRAINAGE
Cues:
● There are narrow and shallow canals (open drainage) due to the
presence of small garbage particles.
Interventions:
● The community should combine drains and septic systems. The
sewerage system can include the open drains and cover them all at
once.
● There are three types of garbage. Garbage that can be kept or
recycled, garbage that can be buried, and garbage that is useless.
● The people in the community should have at least 3”sako’s” in
their household. Their kitchen waste, like vegetables and fruit
peelings, can be buried in their backyard so that their soils are
healthy.

147
 ● Garbage that can be kept or used, like clothes that do not fit, can be
donated or made into something out of it, like basahan or trapo.
● Recyclable waste like plastic bottles can be used as do-it-yourself
hanging gardens or anything similar.
● Health education about what diseases might be acquired from
disposing of domestic wastes, among other contaminants and toxic
chemicals in this drainage system.

Identifications of Health Problem Scoring

Open-drainage

Criteria Computation

1. Significance of the problem 8

7
2. Community awareness

3. Ability to reduce risk 8

4. Determining the cost of reducing 7

risk

148
 7
5. Ability to identify the target
population for the intervention

7
6. Availability of resources to
intervene in the reduction of risk

Total 44

D. HYPERTENSION
Cues:
● 28 or 61% of the respondents have hypertension
● Drinking too much alcohol or coffee (or other caffeine-based drinks)
● Eat too much salt and do not eat enough fruit and vegetables
● Do not do enough exercise
● Cigarette smoking
● Stress (family stress and financial stress)
● Family history
● Age

Interventions:

149
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020),
● Eat a healthy diet. Choose healthy meal and snack options to help
you avoid high blood pressure and its complications. Be sure to eat
plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables. Talk with your health care
team about eating a variety of foods rich in potassium, fiber, and
protein and lower in salt (sodium) and saturated fat. For many
people, making these healthy changes can help keep blood pressure
low and protect against heart disease and stroke.
● Keeping Yourself at a Healthy Weight. Being overweight or obese
increases your risk of high blood pressure. To determine whether
your weight is in a healthy range, doctors often calculate your body
mass index (BMI). Talk with your health care team about ways to
reach a healthy weight, including choosing healthy foods and
getting regular physical activity.
● Be physically active. Physical activity can help keep you at a
healthy weight and lower your blood pressure. The Physical
Activity Guidelines for Americans recommend that adults get at
least 2 hours and 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise, such
as brisk walking or bicycling, every week. That’s about 30 minutes
a day, 5 days a week. Children and adolescents should get 1 hour
of physical activity every day.
● Do not smoke. Smoking raises your blood pressure and puts you at
higher risk for heart attack and stroke. If you do not smoke, do not
start. If you do smoke, quitting will lower your risk for heart
disease. Your doctor can suggest ways to help you quit.
● Limit how much alcohol you drink. Do not drink too much
alcohol, which can raise your blood pressure. Men should have no
more than 2 alcoholic drinks per day, and women should have no
more than 1 alcoholic drink per day.
● Get enough sleep. Getting enough sleep is important to your
overall health, and getting enough sleep is part of keeping your

150
 heart and blood vessels healthy. Not getting enough sleep on a
regular basis is linked to an increased risk of heart disease, high
blood pressure, and stroke.

Identifications of Health Problem Scoring

Occurrence of Hypertension

Criteria Computation

1. Significance of the problem 6

6
2. Community awareness

3. Ability to reduce risk 5

4. Determining the cost of reducing 5

151
 risk

5
5. Ability to identify the target
population for the intervention

5
6. Availability of resources to
intervene in the reduction of risk

32
Total

CHAPTER V
ACTION PLAN BASED ON PROBLEM-ORIENTED COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT
INTERVENTION STRATEGIES

A. GENERAL ASSEMBLY
Title: “Purok syete abante, ayaw pakampante, kalimpyohan ayaw kalimti.”

GENERAL OBJECTIVES:
The objective of this study is to assist the community in developing a plan to solve actual
problems and preparing people to manage the program's future development, and raising the

152
community's level of consciousness and sensitivity in relation to the current situation, which has
impacted people's health.

Problems Identified
1. The presence of hazards
Specific Objectives: To raise public awareness and understanding of natural hazards and
the dangers they pose to the community.

Action
1. Review the most likely types of disasters and explain what to do in each situation.
2. Teach each family member how to use a fire extinguisher and where to find one.
3. Encourage the residents to create emergency preparedness plans that include emergency
contact information.

2. Inadequate Family Monthly Income

Specific Objectives: Provide adequate and appropriate resources for the unemployed in
the community.

Action:
● We will teach them a livelihood business by making Kangkong chips to help them
earn money.

3. Open drainage
Specific Objectives: To ensure that flood waters don't present an unacceptable risk to the
community.
Action
● Encourage the residents to participate in managing an improper drainage system.
● Explain the importance of having a proper drainage system.

4. Occurrence of Hypertension
Specific Objectives: To raise awareness among residents, improve their knowledge of the
effects of hypertension, and motivate them through lifestyle changes.

153
 Action:
● Explain what hypertension is, the signs and symptoms, the risk, and the
manifestations of hypertension.
● Explain how the illness affects the body.
● Distinguish the normal range of blood pressure by age.

Summary of Community Development Activity

● The orientation of policies, principles, goals, and objectives of Community Health

Nursing
● Courtesy visit to the Barangay Hall of Brgy. Tipanoy and talk to the Barangay Secretary
● Gather important records regarding the assigned area's history, geographical, and
statistical data from the Brgy. Secretary
● Initial visit and ocular visit at Purok 1-A Bernales, Barangay Tipanoy, Iligan City
● Distribution of survey questionnaires through house-to-house visits
● Data gathering and analysis
● Tabulation of survey questionnaires
● Gathering of the results of the community survey and distribution assignment among the
members of the group for presentation, analysis of findings, and supporting related
literature.
● Planning for an action-based program
● Collaborating and obtaining approval of the plan based on the findings of the survey with
the CHO, Brgy. Captain and Purok President
● Planning and preparing for action-based program implementation
● Presentation of the planned program to the community with the theme, “Purok syete
abante, ayaw pakampante, kalimpyohan ayaw kalimti”
● First editing of community development output
● Second editing of community development output
● Third editing of community development output
● Presentation of the community development output to the panel members (CHO, Brgy.
Captain, Purok President)

154
● Final write- up of community development output based on the suggestions and
recommendations of the panel members.
● Submission of the community development book

155
 GANTT CHART

Activities JANUARY FEBRUARY

1 19 20 23 24 25 26 27 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8

The orientation
of policies,
principles,
goals, and
objective of
Community
Health Nursing

Courtesy visit
to the Barangay
Hall of Brgy.
Tipanoy and
talk to the brgy.
secretary

Activities JANUARY FEBRUARY

153
 1 19 20 23 24 25 26 27 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8

Gather
important
records
regarding the
assigned area
history,
geographical
and statistical
data from the
brgy. secretary

Initial visit and

ocular visit at
Purok 1
Tipanoy, Iligan
City

Activities JANUARY FEBRUARY

154
 1 19 20 23 24 25 26 27 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8

Distribution of
survey
questionnaires
through house-
to-house visit

Data
gathering /
Data analysis

Tabulation of
survey
questionnaires

Activities JANUARY FEBRUARY

155
 1 19 20 23 24 25 26 27 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8

Gathering of
results of
community
survey and
distribution
assignment
among the
members of the
group for
presentation,
analysis of
findings and
supporting
related
literature.

Planning for
action-based
program

Activities JANUARY FEBRUARY

156
 1 19 20 23 24 25 26 27 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8

Collaborate and
obtain approval
of the program
from CHO, Brgy.
Captain, Purok
President

Collaborating
and obtaining
approval of the
plan program
based on the
findings of the
survey with the
CHO, Brgy.
Captain and
Purok President.

Activities JANUARY FEBRUARY

18 19 20 23 24 25 26 27 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

157
 Planning and
preparing for
action-based
program
implementation

Presentation of
planned
program to the
community
with the theme,
“Purok syete
abante, ayaw
pakampante,
kalimpyohan
ayaw kalimti”

Activities FEBRUARY MARCH

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

First editing of
community
development
output

158
Second editing
of community
development
output

Third editing of
community
development
output

Activities FEBRUARY MARCH

18 19 20 23 24 25 26 27 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Presentation of
the community
development
output to the
panel members
(CHO, Brgy.
Captain, Purok
President)

159
 Final write up
of community
development
output based on
the suggestions
and
recommendatio
ns of the panel
members.

Submission of
community
development
book

160
 ESTIMATED BUDGETS

LINKAGES BUDGET

Snacks 5,820

Relief Goods 13, 055

Printing Expenses 836

Transportation 690

Total Amount 20, 402

161
 RELATED LITERATURE

HYPERTENSION
Hypertension is a major global public health problem and affects an estimated 1.13 billion
people worldwide, two-thirds of these live in low- and middle-income countries. It is predicted to
increase by 30%, and 1.56 billion adults will suffer from hypertension in 2025. Among these,
about 75% of the world’s hypertensive population will be in developing countries. (Adugna et
al., 2022)

9.4 million of the 17 million fatalities from cardiovascular disease are caused by hypertension-
related complications, globally. It has been a major risk factor for peripheral arterial disorders,
ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, and renal
failure. (Kifle Z et al., 2022)

According to a study by O’Hare (2021), the burden of hypertension has shifted from wealthy
to low- and middle-income countries, yet the global rate of hypertension did not change
significantly between 1990 and 2019, according to the researchers' study of this enormous
quantity of data. While wealthier countries, which currently have some of the lowest rates, have
seen declines in their frequency of hypertension, it has climbed in many low- or middle-income
countries.

Numerous studies from various countries around the world demonstrate that uncontrolled
blood pressure is a common occurrence among hypertensive patients receiving treatment. As a
result, only less than 50% of the hypertensive patients in Japan (18), 31.7% in Turkey (19), and
48.3% in Malaysia had their blood pressure under control. BP control was only achieved for
47.7% of the hypertensive patients on follow-up in Tanzania, 20. 35.9% in Uganda, 21. 32.8% in
Zimbabwe, 22,or 33.4% in Kenya, and 23. and 40.1% in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. As the available
evidence shows that HTN is a public health problem in Ethiopia, mortality is high, indicating
increased complications of the disease such as stroke, heart failure, and renal failure. (Chanie
G.S., et al., 2022).

162
 Among people who were hospitalized, hypertension had the highest incidence of
cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the country (38.6%), followed by stroke (30%), coronary
artery disease (CAD) (17.5%), and heart failure (10.4%) (Philippine Heart Association, 2020). In
recent statistics, the prevalence of hypertension was 28%, the same in men and women; 9% of
people were unaware; the treatment rate was 56%; compliance was 57%; and blood pressure
management was 20%. (Nailes, J., et al., 2020)

In the Philippines, hypertension still causes a significant number of deaths and disabilities.
The leading cause of death in our nation is stroke, which is brought on by high blood pressure.
Lack of awareness, poor compliance, and insufficient BP control are the causes of this. The
availability of more modern and useful instruments, such as home blood pressure monitoring,
would undoubtedly improve the assessment of hypertension, patient awareness, and physician
vigilance in obtaining better BP control and, consequently, better results. (Sison, J., et al., 2020)

INADEQUATE FAMILY MONTHLY INCOME

The unemployment rate is defined as the percentage of unemployed workers in the total labor
force. Workers who are currently unemployed but have the ability to do so are included in the
unemployment rate. Depending on the source, estimates for the global unemployment rate for
2021 range from 6.3-6.5%. The unemployment rate is a lagging indicator, meaning it responds
(rises and falls) to changing economic conditions rather than influencing or predicting them.
When the economy grows at a healthy rate, the job market is plentiful, and the unemployment
rate drops. The job market typically contracts, and the unemployment rate increases as a result,
when the economy is going through a recession or other economic instability. (World Population
Review, 2023)

According to ILOSTAT (2023), unemployment is 29% when filtered using all three criteria
(not employed, available, and looking), 38% when filtered by "not employed but available" with
no measure of looking, and a full 40% when filtered by "not employed but looking" with no
availability requirement. Comparing the unemployment rate in 2020 to the unemployment rate in
2015 is likely to create an erroneous impression because unemployment rates can vary greatly
from month to month, let alone year to year. The International Labor Organization's World

163
Employment and Social, reported that the global unemployment rate dropped below 5% in 2018,
the lowest since the 2008 financial crisis. That percentage did not last, however, thanks in no
small part to the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the
U.S. unemployment rate was 3.8% before the COVID-19 pandemic (February 2020). By May
2020, the unemployment rate may have risen as high as 16%. By September 2020, the
unemployment rate had decreased to 7.9%.

The Philippines continues to sustain an upbeat labor market, leading towards a strong
economic recovery from the impact of COVID-19 pandemic, said the National Economic and
Development Authority (NEDA).The unemployment rate in the Philippines decreased from 7.4%
in the same period last year to 4.5 percent in October 2022, according to the Philippine Statistics
Authority. Since records began keeping track in 2019, this October's unemployment rate is the
lowest ever. As a result, the employment rate rose to 95.5 percent, setting a new high since the
pandemic began. This amounts to a level of employment in October 2022 of 47.1 million, which
is 3.3 million more than it was during the same time last year.The industry and service sectors
accounted for the majority of the job growth. In the meantime, the agriculture industry saw job
losses, particularly in forestry and agriculture, as a result of the tropical cyclones that hit the
nation in October 2022. Fishing and aquaculture, which added 34,000 jobs during the time
period, helped to marginally reduce the sector's downturn. On the other hand, the
underemployment rate fell to 14.2 percent from 16.1 percent in October 2021, or 371,000 fewer
underemployed persons. Nevertheless, the number of invisibly underemployed continues to
increase as more seek to earn additional income amid the persistent rise in commodity prices.
(NEDA, 2022)

According to NEDA Secretary Arsenio M. Balisacan, “The country’s sustained recovery of

the labor market backs our confidence that our policies and interventions to reinvigorate our
economy are working,” More than reducing the total unemployment, our goal is to ensure that
the strategies of the Philippine Development Plan for 2023-2028 will be fully implemented to
generate more jobs, green jobs, and high quality jobs that will provide Filipinos sufficient
income for their needs, and eventually live the matatag, maginhawa, at panatag na buhay that we
all aspire,” Balisacan added.

164
DRAINAGE
According to Kolsky (2022), designing and constructing drainage systems require expert
advice from engineers to make sure that water flows away quickly and smoothly and is disposed
of in a surface watercourse or soakaway. Drainage installed by one community should not create
problems for other communities downstream, nor should it affect ecologically important sites.
Environmental considerations should be given adequate attention: long-term changes to
the environment may lead to greater health problems in the future. (Kolsky, 2022)
Drainage is the act, process, or mode of draining (Webster, 2018). Suripin (2004)
indicated that drainage is generally defined as a technical action to reduce the excess of water
from rainwater, seepage, or irrigation excess from a certain region/land, as land function is not
affected. Moreover, Suripin (2004) also specified drainage as an effort to control the quality of
groundwater in relation to salinity, drainage is not only concerned about surface water but also
about groundwater, and he differentiates types of drainage based on: 1. Formation (natural and
artificial), 2. Flow systems (network, and absorption systems), 3. Constructing purposes (urban,
agriculture, runway, highway, railway, dam, sport fields, urban aesthetic, environment health,
and additional land), 4. Layout design (surface and subsurface), 5. Functions (single and multi),
6. Constructions (open and closed channels)
The interaction between the natural water cycle and human activity is the reason why
drainage systems are needed in developed urban areas (Butler and Davies, 2004). Butler and
Davis (2004) also stated that this interaction has two main forms: the abstraction of water from
the natural cycle to provide a water supply for human life, and the covering of land with
impermeable surfaces that divert rainwater away from the local natural system of drainage.
Impermeable surfaces and artificial drainage systems must be built to accommodate the water on
the covered land surfaces. Artificial systems of sewers (pipes and structures that collect and
dispose of waste water) are considered the drainage system in many urban areas (Butler and
Davies, 2004).
A drainage system is important to the community for certain reasons. First, it is necessary
for safeguarding people’s health. If there is no proper drainage system, water will stagnate, and

165
the stagnant water becomes a breeding ground for harmful insects. Second, it is necessary for
proper discharge of wastewater, rainwater, and runoff and for efficient flood control. Third, an
efficient sewerage system contributes to the aesthetic conditions of the environment.
Some city systems use one sewer network for domestic and industrial wastewater, and
another for rainwater, which is emptied without treatment into the local waterway. This
separation ensures that no foul sewage is discharged into a waterway without treatment. Surface
water enters a sewer system through inlets located in the street gutters or depressed areas that
collect natural drainage. The amount of storm water reaching a given sewer depends upon the
rate at which rainfall flows off and the time taken by a raindrop after falling to reach the point
under consideration.

HAZARD
The purpose of a hazard warning is to provide and remind users of relevant hazard
information and to promote safety behaviors. It is crucial that hazard information for toxic
substances be clearly presented and understandable in order to be effective in alerting users of
potential hazards and how to safely use the product. Chemical hazard communication is
commonly provided in the form of labels and safety data sheets (SDS). While chemical labels
and SDS are accessible to workers, consumers generally only have access to labels. Consumers
also tend to use other sources of information for assessing hazards and risks. This was illustrated
in a recent study on the perception of fracking risks among impacted communities in South
Africa, which found that more than 50% of the participants reported media (television,
newspapers, radio, internet, magazines, documentaries, and e-mail) and personal experience as
sources of health and safety information, while less than 25% reported other sources such as
friends and family. However, chemicals may have different properties with varying degrees of
health and physical hazards, such as being carcinogenic, flammable, corrosive, explosive, toxic
or harmful to the environment, which is more clearly illustrated on labels. It is important,
therefore, for users to understand the potential hazards that are displayed on labels due to the
high chemical exposure risks both in work and non-work contexts. The Globally Harmonized
System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS) aims to harmonize chemical hazard
communication with the goal of improving comprehension and, therefore, the effectiveness of
the information communicated to workers and consumers. Comprehension of chemical

166
information, as with health literacy in general, is dependent on the individual’s ability to obtain
(i.e., remember and recall) and understand health and hazard information in order to make
appropriate risk reduction and health-related decisions. Harmonization of the information
contained on labels and SDS is intended to provide consistent information, with the view to
promoting better recall and comprehension of chemical hazard information. The GHS also
provides a structured system for chemicals sold in low and middle-income countries (LMIC),
where a chemical hazard communication system may not be in place to further promote recall
and comprehension. Importantly, once a worker or consumer has understood the meaning of
chemical hazard information on a label and/or SDS, the key message must be remembered in
order to be recalled and applied.

Recall can be defined as the process of retrieving words or pictures from memory [8]. Recall of
hazard information, such as GHS information, is crucial for warnings and precautionary
information to be effectively understood and applied. Failure to recall hazard information during
a critical moment when the source of this information is not accessible can likely lead to injury
or toxic exposure to a hazard. The recall of information is a cognitive process that is likely to
differ between people and for different types of warnings, so it is important to understand what
factors impact recall.

Since comprehension and recall are closely linked, the purpose of this literature review is to
identify themes as well as gaps within the current literature with respect to the comprehension
and recall of hazard information. We will explore the comprehension and recall of chemical
hazard information among workers and consumers and synthesize the predictors of
comprehension and recall of warning information found in the literature, as we hypothesize these
have a significant impact on recall. The terms comprehension and understanding are used
interchangeably in this paper as well as in the literature.

167
 CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion

The community development program conducted on January 30, 2023, shows that the actual
prioritized problems identified include: (a) the occurrence of hypertension in most of the
respondents; (b) inadequate family resources due to lack of job or work; (c) poor environmental
sanitation due to improper drainage systems; and (d) the risk of natural hazards. Thus, health
education about the diseases acquired in the community is emphasized to enhance the
importance of health status.

Recommendations
Based on the conclusions given, the following recommendations are listed below:

To Barangay Officers. They would be encouraged to strengthen government programs through

participation with various government agencies on health-related programs such as health
education on common diseases in the community, livelihood programs, and cleaning
management.

To the Community. To be more cooperative, learn the importance of environmental sanitation,

and understand good health practices to ensure quality of life.

To the Nursing Students. Continue to strive and conduct health education, promotion, and
prevention programs in the community.

To the future researchers. One limitation of the present study is that only a few respondents
were surveyed due to limited access. Hence, a greater sample size is suggested and further

168
studies should be conducted in more depressing communities in order for the community to be
self-sufficient despite the foreseeable environmental and health crises.

169
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171
APPENDIX
A

172
 ADVENTIST MEDICAL CENTER COLLEGE
Brgy. San Miguel, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
Tel. # (063) 221-9219 Fax # (063) 223-2114 E-mail: mshcnet@yahoo.com

School of Nursing
A Seventh-day Adventist Educational Institution SCHOOL CODE: 12039

March 3, 2023

Engr. Evan P. Lagura

Sanitation Inspector VI
City Health Office, Iligan City

Dear Sir Lagura,

Greetings!

The Adventist Medical Center College fourth year nursing students will be having a
Community Development output presentation this coming March 7, 2023 at Audio Visual
Room at Adventist Medical Center College, Brgy. San Miguel, Iligan City.

In connection to this we would like to invite you to be one of our panelist during the
presentation.

Thank you for your wholehearted support.

Respectfully yours,

173
 ADVENTIST MEDICAL CENTER COLLEGE
Brgy. San Miguel, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
Tel. # (063) 221-9219 Fax # (063) 223-2114 E-mail: mshcnet@yahoo.com

School of Nursing
A Seventh-day Adventist Educational Institution SCHOOL CODE: 12039

March 3, 2023

Modesto G. Labrador
Barangay Captain
Brgy. Tipanoy, Iligan City

Dear Sir Labrador,

Greetings!

The Adventist Medical Center College fourth year nursing students will be having a
Community Development output presentation this coming March 7, 2023 at Audio Visual
Room at Adventist Medical Center College, Brgy. San Miguel, Iligan City.

In connection to this we would like to invite you to be one of our panelist during the
presentation.

Thank you for your wholehearted support.

Respectfully yours,

Yaharah R. Ashary Doneva Lyn B. Medina Elinor Faith V. Retita

Group 1 Leader Group 2 Leader Group 3 Leader

Noted by:

174
 ADVENTIST MEDICAL CENTER COLLEGE
Brgy. San Miguel, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
Tel. # (063) 221-9219 Fax # (063) 223-2114 E-mail: mshcnet@yahoo.com

School of Nursing
A Seventh-day Adventist Educational Institution SCHOOL CODE: 12039

March 3, 2023

Alejandro Lumolho
Purok President
Purok 1A, Bernales, Brgy. Tipanoy, Iligan City

Dear Sir Lumolho,

Greetings!

The Adventist Medical Center College fourth year nursing students will be having a
Community Development output presentation this coming March 7, 2023 at Audio Visual
Room at Adventist Medical Center College, Brgy. San Miguel, Iligan City.

In connection to this we would like to invite you to be one of our panelists during the
presentation.

Thank you for your wholehearted support.

Respectfully yours,

Yaharah R. Ashary Doneva Lyn B. Medina Elinor Faith V. Retita

Group 1 Leader Group 2 Leader Group 3 Leader

Noted by:

Lucy May L. Bucayan, RN, MN Roselyn S. Pacardo, RN, RM, MM, MAN

175
 ADVENTIST MEDICAL CENTER COLLEGE
Brgy. San Miguel, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
Tel. # (063) 221-9219 Fax # (063) 223-2114 E-mail: mshcnet@yahoo.com

School of Nursing
A Seventh-day Adventist Educational Institution SCHOOL CODE: 12039

March 3, 2023

Dr. Glenn L. Manarpaac

Acting City Health Officer and Medical Officer 1V
City Health Office

Dear Dr. Manarpaac,

Greetings!

The Adventist Medical Center College fourth year nursing students will be having a
Community Development output presentation this coming March 7, 2023 at Audio Visual
Room at Adventist Medical Center College, Brgy. San Miguel, Iligan City.

In connection to this we would like to invite you to be one of our panelists during the
presentation.

Thank you for your wholehearted support.

Respectfully yours,

176
 ADVENTIST MEDICAL CENTER COLLEGE
Brgy. San Miguel, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
Tel. # (063) 221-9219 Fax # (063) 223-2114 E-mail: mshcnet@yahoo.com

School of Nursing
A Seventh-day Adventist Educational Institution SCHOOL CODE: 12039

March 3, 2023

Rey Reuyan
Purok President
Purok 7, Brgy. Tipanoy, Iligan City

Dear Sir Reuyan,

Greetings!

The Adventist Medical Center College fourth year nursing students will be having a
Community Development output presentation this coming March 7, 2023 at Audio Visual
Room at Adventist Medical Center College, Brgy. San Miguel, Iligan City.

In connection to this we would like to invite you to be one of our panelists during the
presentation.

Thank you for your wholehearted support.

Respectfully yours,

Yaharah R. Ashary Doneva Lyn B. Medina Elinor Faith V. Retita

Group 1 Leader Group 2 Leader Group 3 Leader

Noted by:

Lucy May L. Bucayan, RN, MN Roselyn S. Pacardo, RN, RM, MM, MAN

177
 ADVENTIST MEDICAL CENTER COLLEGE
Brgy. San Miguel, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
Tel. # (063) 221-9219 Fax # (063) 223-2114 E-mail: mshcnet@yahoo.com

School of Nursing
A Seventh-day Adventist Educational Institution SCHOOL CODE: 12039

March 3, 2023

Venus B. Sanchez, RN
Nurse IV, Head of Training Service/Division
City Health Office

Dear Ma’am Sanchez,

Greetings!

The Adventist Medical Center College fourth year nursing students will be having a
Community Development output presentation this coming March 7, 2023 at Audio Visual
Room at Adventist Medical Center College, Brgy. San Miguel, Iligan City.

In connection to this we would like to invite you to be one of our panelists during the
presentation.

Thank you for your wholehearted support.

Respectfully yours,

Yaharah R. Ashary Doneva Lyn B. Medina Elinor Faith V. Retita

Group 1 Leader Group 2 Leader Group 3 Leader

Noted by:

Lucy May L. Bucayan, RN, MN Roselyn S. Pacardo, RN, RM, MM, M

178
 ADVENTIST MEDICAL CENTER COLLEGE
Brgy. San Miguel, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
Tel. # (063) 221-9219 Fax # (063) 223-2114 E-mail: mshcnet@yahoo.com

School of Nursing
A Seventh-day Adventist Educational Institution SCHOOL CODE: 12039

March 3, 2023

Rona P. Sumugat, RN
Nurse III
Brgy. Tipanoy, Iligan City

Dear Ma’am Sumugat,

Greetings!

The Adventist Medical Center College fourth year nursing students will be having a
Community Development output presentation this coming March 7, 2023 at Audio Visual
Room at Adventist Medical Center College, Brgy. San Miguel, Iligan City.

In connection to this we would like to invite you to be one of our panelists during the
presentation.

Thank you for your wholehearted support.

Respectfully yours,

Yaharah R. Ashary Doneva Lyn B. Medina Elinor Faith V. Retita

Group 1 Leader Group 2 Leader Group 3 Leader

Noted by:

ADVENTIST MEDICAL CENTER COLLEGE

179
 Brgy. San Miguel, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
Tel. # (063) 221-9219 Fax # (063) 223-2114 E-mail: mshcnet@yahoo.com

School of Nursing
A Seventh-day Adventist Educational Institution SCHOOL CODE: 12039

March 3, 2023

Glenn O. Gamad
Purok President
Purok 1B, Bernales, Brgy. Tipanoy, Iligan City

Dear Sir Glenn,

Greetings!

The Adventist Medical Center College fourth year nursing students will be having a
Community Development output presentation this coming March 7, 2023 at Audio Visual
Room at Adventist Medical Center College, Brgy. San Miguel, Iligan City.

In connection to this we would like to invite you to be one of our panelists during the
presentation.

Thank you for your wholehearted support.

Respectfully yours,

Yaharah R. Ashary Doneva Lyn B. Medina Elinor Faith V. Retita

Group 1 Leader Group 2 Leader Group 3 Leader

Noted by:

Lucy May L. Bucayan, RN, MN Roselyn S. Pacardo, RN, RM, MM, MAN
Clinical Coordinator Dean, School of Nursing

180
181
APPENDIX
B

182
 ADVENTIST MEDICAL CENTER COLLEGE
Brgy. San Miguel Iligan City
AY 2022-2023

SCHOOL OF NURSING
Need Assessment Survey Questionnaire

Barangay: _________________________________________ Purok/ Zone: _________ House Number: _________

Interviewer:__________________________________________ Date Surveyed: ____________________________

Direction: Please write your answer on the space provided or indicate a check ( √ ) sign on the space that
corresponds to your answer.

I. Family Structure, Characteristics, and Dynamics

1.1. Members of the household

Name Age Sex Civil Status Educational Attainment

1.2. Family members not residing in the household but contribute or affect family resource generation & use
Name Age Sex Civil Educational Position in the
Status Attainment Family

1.3. Type of family structure and form: ( ) matriarchal ( ) patriarchal ( ) nuclear ( ) extended ( )
blended
( ) dyad ( ) compound ( ) cohabitation ( ) others, specify:

1.4. Dominant family members in terms of decision making (especially on matters of health) and
care-tending _______________

II. Socio- economic and Cultural Characteristics

2.1. Monthly Income

Occupation Income of each
Type of work Place working member
Father

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 Mother
Children

2. 2. Monthly Budget. (Please rank according to the portion of the family monthly budget, with 1 as the highest & 10
as the least.)
Necessities Rank Necessities Rank
Food Home maintenance
Clothing Recreation activities
Communication ( telephone bills/ load) Transportation expenses ( fare/ car fuel)
Education Vices
Electricity & water Others, specify
Health maintenance

2. 3. Who makes decision about money and how it is spent: __________________________________

2.4. Religion_______________________________________________________________________
2.5. Length of residency_________________ 2. 6. Ethnic background: _______________________
2.7. Cultural beliefs and practices/ traditions that affect health:

Home/ Environmental Health and Sanitation

3.1. Housing
3.1.1. Lot ownership : ( ) Owned ( ) Rented ( ) Others, pls. specify : ______________________
3.1.2. Home ownership: ( ) Owned ( ) Rented ( ) Others, pls. specify : ______________________
3.1.4. Construction materials used: ( ) Light ( ) Mixed ( ) Strong
3.1.5. Adequacy of living space/ number of rooms used for sleeping: ______________________
3.1.6. Lighting facilities : ( ) Electricity ( ) Kerosene ( ) Others: specify
3.1.7. Ventilation : ( ) Excellent ( ) Very good ( ) Good ( ) Poor/ Needs improvement
3.1.8. Food storage : ( ) Refrigerator ( ) Others, pls. Specify : _____________________________
3.1.9. Sanitary condition : ( ) Excellent ( ) Very good ( ) Good ( ) Poor/ Needs Improvement
3.2. Water Supply
3.2.1. Source : ( ) Level 1 ( Point source) protected well 250 meters away for 15-25 families.
( ) Level II ( Communal faucet system) not more than 25 meters away,1:4-6 households
( ) Level III ( Waterworks system) piped distribution for household taps.
3.2.2. Other types of drinking water : ( ) Processed bottled water ( ) Boiled water ( ) Others,
pls.specify : ______
3.2.3. Storage: ( ) covered container with faucet ( ) no- covered container ( ) no storage/
direct from pipe

3.3.Kitchen
3.3.1. Cooking facility: ( ) Electric stove ( ) Gas stove ( ) Firewood /Charcoal
3.3.2. Sanitary condition: ( ) Excellent ( ) Very good ( ) Good ( ) Poor/ Needs
improvement

Drainage facility: ( ) Open drainage ( ) Blind drainage ( ) None

5. Waste Disposal
5.1. Disposal of garbage: ( ) Covered container ( ) Open container
5.2. Method of disposal: ( ) Hog feeding ( ) Open burning ( ) Open dumping
( ) Garbage collection ( ) Burial in pit ( ) Composting
( ) none ( ) Others, pls. specify: ______________________
6. Toilet

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6.1. Type: ( ) without toilet ( ) open pit privy ( ) closed pit privy
( ) bored- hole latrine ( ) overhung latrine ( )
antipolo type
( ) water- sealed latrin ( ) flush type ( ) others, specify:
6.2. Distance from house: _____________________
6.3. Sanitary condition: ( ) Excellent ( ) Very good ( ) Good ( ) Poor/ Needs improvement

7. Domestic animals:
Kind Numbers Place animals are kept

7.2. Sanitary condition, : ( ) Excellent ( ) Very good ( ) Good ( ) Poor/ Needs improvement

8. Presence of accident / fire hazards

( ) Beside the highway ( ) Under the coconut/any tree/s ( ) Pointed sharp objects
( ) Stair no hand rails ( ) Children (`1-10 yrs old) left alone in the house
( ) Poison and medicines improperly kept ( ) Others, specify
9. Establishment
9. 1 Food establishment: ( ) eatery ( ) bakeshop/ snack house ( ) others, specify
9.2. Non- food establishment: ( ) sari- sari store ( ) others, specify
10. Presence of breeding or resting sites of insects (mosquitoes, cockroaches’ etc,) rodents, vectors of diseases:
( ) Yes. Pls. specify _________________________________ ( ) None
The Community in General
10.1. General sanitary condition: ( ) Excellent ( ) Very good ( ) Good ( ) Poor/ Needs
improvement
10.2. Housing congestion: ( ) Yes ( ) No
10.3. Social/ Recreational facilities: If Yes, ( ) Basketball court ( ) Tennis court ( ) Others
specify ( ) None
10.4. Availability of health care services: ( ) health center ( ) birthing clinic, etc specify ( ) none
10.5. Distance from house to the nearest health care facility: ____________________________
10.6. Communication & transportation facilities available:
Communication: ( ) cellphone ( ) radio ( ) etc. specify
Transportation: ( ) motorcycle ( ) PUV ( ) etc, specify

IV. Health status

4.1. Heriditary disease/s: ( ) Hypertension ( ) Diabetes ( ) Others, specify__________
4.2. History of illness / Present illness (pls. Specify)
Non-Communicable Maintenance Communicable Maintenance
Diseases medication/s Diseases medication/s
Cancer Avian Flu
Cataract Dengue
Coronary Artery Filariasis
Disease
Renal disease Gonorrhea
Diabetes type 1 HIV/AIDS
Diabetes type 2 Leprosy
Cataract Leptospirosis
Glaucoma Malaria
Hypertension Meningococcemia
Mental illness PTB
Obesity Rabies

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 Others, specify Syphilis
4.1.1. Non- communicable/Communicable and lifestyle diseases
4.1.2 .Communicable diseases Cancer
4.2. Usual health provider: ( ) Doctor ( ) Nurse ( ) Midwife ( ) Others, specify
4.3. Source of health information: ( ) TV ( ) Internet ( ) Radio ( ) Others, specify

V. Nutritional assessment (esp. for vulnerable or at risk member)

5.1. Weight & height or BMI (wt. in kg divided by ht. in meters2)
Family Members Weight Height BMI Interpretation

5.2. Dietary history specifying quality and quantity of food / nutrients intake per day ( Usual food eaten):
( ) Rice ( ) Vegetables ( ) Fish ( ) Meat ( ) Chicken
5.3. Eating / feeding habits/ practices: ( ) 3 meals ( ) 2 meals ( ) 1 meal
5.4. Between meals: ( ) junk foods ( ) others, specify:
5.5. Amount of water intake per day (no. of glasses )

VI. Lifestyle
6.1. Diet : ( ) Lacto Vegetatian ( ) Ovo Vegetarian ( ) Lactoovo Vegetarian ( ) Pesco
Vegetarian ( ) Vegan ( ) Carnivorous ( ) Others, specify:
6.2. Rest & sleep:
6.2.1 Nap after lunch: ( )Yes ( ) No
6.2.2 Number of hours of sleep at night: ( ) Father ( ) Mother ( ) Children: 1._________ 2.
___________
6.3. Exercise : ( ) Yes, then how often? _______ days /week ( ) No
6.4. Cigarette Smoking: ( ) Yes, then how many sticks? _______ per day/ week ( ) No
6. 5. Alcoholic Drinking: ( ) Yes, then how many bottle/s per day? ____________ ( ) No
6. 6. Use of any prohibited drugs/ substance: ( ) Yes ( ) No
If yes, pls. specify__________________________ How often?___________ How long?__________

VII. Family Planning ( 15 – 49 years old only )

7.1. How many children do you want? ( ) 1- 3 ( ) 4 & above
7.2. What is your plan for the interval of pregnancy? ( ) 2 years ( ) 2 years above
7.3. Did you receive family planning and responsible parenthood lectures prior to marriage? ( ) Yes ( )
No
7.4. From where did you get the information? ( ) Midwife ( ) BHW ( ) Nurse
( ) Doctor ( ) Neighbour ( ) Others, specify
7.5. Are you practicing family planning? ( ) Yes ( ) No
7.6. If yes, where do you get the supply ( ) BHS ( ) Hospital ( ) Others, specify
7.7. What family planning method are you using?
Natural Methods Modern Family Planning Permanent Methods
Methods
Basal body temperature Cervical cap Bilateral tubal ligation

186
 Lactation amenorrhea method Condom Vasectomy
Standard days method Diaphragm
Symptothermal method Depo Provera
The two day method Intrauterine device (IUD)
The ovulation method Norplant implant
Pills

7. 8. Are you satisfied with the family planning method that you used? ( ) Yes ( ) No
7.9. If no, what is the reason/ reasons? ( ) no approval from the spouse ( ) religion
( ) side effects of the FB method ( ) sickness
7.10. Did your husband participate/ cooperate in the family planning? ( ) Yes ( ) No, reason
7.11. Do you plan to stop using the family planning method? ( ) Yes ( ) No, state the reason

VIII. Maternal & Child Health

8.1. Prenatal (pregnant)

8.1.1. Menstrual History:
Age Interval Duration Abnormalities
Menarche
Date of Last Menstruation Period
(LMP)
8.1.2. Obstetrical History:
Gravida Para Term Preterm Abortion Living Multiple
Spontaneous Induced

8.1.3. BirthHistory:
No. Month/ Infant Weight Age of Hours in Type of Place of Anesthesia
Year Sex at Birth Gestation in Labor Delivery Delivery Received
Weeks

8.1.4. Past Health History / Present Illness

Date of consultaion Diagnosis Medications
1st 3 months of pregnancy
4- 6 months of pregnancy
7- 9 months of pregnancy

8.1. 5. Immunization Received

Tetanus toxoid vaccine Date given
TT1
TT2
TT3
TT4
TT5

187
 If not able to receive Tetanus toxoid, please indicate reason:______________________________

8.1.6. Micronutrient Supplementation

Iron and Folate 60mg/400mcg once a day for 6 months ( ) Yes ( ) No, reason:
Vit. A 10,000 IU twice a week from 4th month of pregnancy ( ) Yes ( ) No, eason
Iodine 200mg once during pregnancy ( ) Yes ( ) No, reason:
8.1.8. Prenatal Check- up /Consultation at least 4 visits throughout the course of pregnancy:
( ) once in first trimester ( ) once in 2nd trimester ( ) twice in third trimester
( ) 5 visits or more ( ) others, specify ( ) None, State the reason:
8.1.9. Dental Check- up: ( ) Yes ( ) No, State the reason:
8.1.10. Plan for Breastfeeding: ( ) Yes ( ) No, State the reason:
8.1.11. Diagnostic Test Done
Diagnostic Tests Date Findings/ result
CBC
Blood typing
Hbs Ag
Urinalysis
Blood sugar screening
Screening for STD
Cervical cancer screening

8.1.12. Nutrition
What are the kinds of foods you eat regularly within a week?
Go foods: ( ) Rice ( ) Mais ( ) Others, specify________________
Grow foods: ( ) Fish ( ) Meat ( ) Dilis ( ) Others, specify
Glow foods: ( ) Squash ( ) Malunggay ( ) Alugbate ( ) Camote tops
( ) Kangkong ( ) Papaya ( ) Others, specify
_____________________________

8.2. Postpartum ( 1 day- 1 month postpartum)

8.2.1.Obstetrical History
Gravida____ Para_____ Term_____ Preterm____ Abortion____ Living_____
Multiple_______
Date of Delivery: _______________________ Place of delivery__________________________
Type of Delivery: _______________________ Duration of labor_________________________
8.2.2. Postpartum consultation:
When was your postpartum visit? ( ) within 72 hours/ 3 days postpartum ( ) 7th day postpartum
( ) others, specify _____________________________
Where did you go for consultation? ( ) RHU ( ) hospital ( ) others, specify
Whom did you consult? ( ) midwife ( ) nurse ( ) doctor
8.2.3. Micronutrient supplementation: ( ) Iron & Folate (60mg/400mcg) once a day for 3 months
( ) Vitamin A 200,000 IU within 4 weeks after deliver
( ) None, state reason
8.2.4. Newborn Feeding: ( ) Breastfeeding ( ) Bottle feedin ( ) Mixed
8.2.5. Feeding Positions: ( )Usual Positions during breastfeeding) ( ) cradle hold ( ) cross cradle
hold
( ) side lying ( ) football hold ( ) saddle hold
8.2.6. Breastfeeding Attachment: ( ) proper ( ) improper

8.3. Pediatric Assessment ( Newborn to school age)

188
 Birth Date of Type of Hours in Birth Birth Place Actual
rank birth delivery labor wt. Attendant delivered Ht. Wt. AC

8.3.4. Newborn Screening ( children 0- 2 months old): ( ) Yes ( ) No

8.3.5. Child’s Feeding Practices:
( ) Exclusive Breastfeeding ( first 6 months ) ( ) Extended Breastfeeding up to 2 years
( ) Predominant Breastfeeding ( ) Bottle Feeding
( ) Complimentary Feeding ( ) Solid foods ( ) Others, specify;
_________________
8.3. 6. Micronutrients Supplementation:
Vitamin A : ( ) Yes ( ) None, state reason
Iron for low birth weight infant (2- 59 months old ): ( ) Yes ( ) None, reason
8.3.7. Deworming every 6 months ( Children 1- 12 years old) ( ) Yes ( ) None

8.3.8. Imunization ( Children Age 0-15 months old) Pls. include all children ( use extra paper if needed)
BCG IPV PCV 1 Measle vaccine (AMV1)
Hepa B at birth Pentavalent 1 PCV 2 MMR
OPV1 Pentavalent 2 PCV 3
OPV2 Pentavalent 3
OPV3

8.3.9. History of Illness/ Present illness

Anemia Malaria Primary Complex (TB)
Diarrhea Malnutrition Polio
Dengue Measles Rubella ( German measles)
Diphtheria Meningitis Sepsis
Ear Infection Mumps Severe Dehydration
Hepatitis Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Tetanus/ Tetanus Neonatorum
Influenza Pneumonia Others, specify

8.3.10. Usual health provider: ( ) Doctor ( ) Nurse ( ) Midwife ( ) Others, specify

IX. Adolescent Reproductive Health

9.1. Family members who married at the age of 18 and below: ( ) Yes ( ) None
9.2. Family members who got pregnant at the age of 18 and below: ( ) Yes ( ) None
9.3. Family member who has experienced miscarriage: ( ) None ( ) Yes, reason
If yes, at what age? _______________________
9.4. Discussion in the family on matters regarding sexuality: ( ) Yes ( ) No

189
Thank You and God Bless!

Prepared by: Approved by:

Armenia Grace M. Maghanoy, MAN, RN Roselyn S. Pacardo, RN, RM, MM, MAN
Community Extension Coordinator, SON Dean, School of Nursing

Noted by:

Ruby Socorro A. Recopelacion, MAS

Community Extension Director

190
APPENDIX
C

191
 ADVENTIST MEDICAL CENTER COLLEGE
SCHOOL OF NURSING

Theme: “Purok Syete abante, ayaw pakampante, Kalimpyohan ayaw kalimte.”

FEBRUARY 08, 2023

9:00 AM – 11:50 AM

PUROK 7, BARANGAY TIPANOY, ILIGAN CITY

FLOW OF THE PROGRAM

9:00-9:15 AM: Registration

9:15-9:25 AM: Devotional………………………... Aira Shanelle Mejia
9:25-9:30 AM: Opening Prayer………………….. Jan Clarenze Anlites (Christian)
Sodaiz Pangandongan (Muslim)
9:30-9:40 AM: Opening Remarks………………... Hon. Rey Reuyan
Purok President
9:40-9:55 AM: Lecture:
Environmental Sanitation……....................Ara Mondelo & Melanie Talaroc
Poisoning……………………....................... Janisah Junaid & Jenan Mamosaca
Acute Gastritis……………………..............Dimple Anticamara & Abdul Hamid Noor
9:55-10:00 AM: Intermission…………………….....All Group 2
10:00-10:15 AM: Lecture:
Dengue………………………….................... Liezel Desierto, Aira Shanelle Mejia
& Charmaine Galindo
Leptospirosis………………….................... Sittie Nur Jasmerah Salong, Jawia
Mustapha & Harley Vernon Bihag
Amoebiasis……………………................... Elinor Faith Retita & Ivory Lumasag
10:15-10:30 AM: Games…………………………..... Patricia Abarquez, Yaharah Ashary,
Jewela Dacalos & Hanifa Dimaampao
10:30-10:40 AM: ------------------------------------SNACK-----------------------------------------
10:40- 10:55 AM: Lecture: Hypertension…............. Rhea Mae Montes, Lynitte Salvan,
Lenvir Araune, John Zergei Longos
& Suzzaine Fritz Sam
10:55-11:00 AM: Q and A………………………......... All Group 3

192
11:00-11:30 AM: Livelihood Demonstration…........... Sodaiz Pangandongan
(Group 1)
Danica Mangubat
(Group 2)
Jan Clarenze Anlites &
Reynette Valenzuela
(Group 3)
11:30-11:40 AM: Closing Remarks…………................. Elinor Faith Retita
11:40-11:50 AM: Closing Prayer……………................. Harley Vernon Bihag (Christian)
Abdul Hamid Noor (Muslim)

Doneva Lyn Medina & Elinor Faith Retita

Masters of Ceremony

193
APPENDIX
D

194
195
APPENDIX
E

196
ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

197
APPENDIX
F

198
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Hanimah S. Abdulmalik

Age: 23 years old

Birthdate: March 01, 2000

Birthplace: Bacolod-Kalawi, Lanao del sur

Religion: Islam

Father's Name: Samanoddin A. Abdulmalik

Mother's Name: Jamilah M. Abdulmalik

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Primary: Ibn Siena Integrated School Foundation

Secondary: Ibn Siena Integrated School

Tertiary: Adventist Medical Center College

199
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Lenvir Araune

Age: 22

Birthdate: March 12, 2000

Birthplace: Prk-3 Pob. Linamon, Lanao Del Norte

Religion: Roman Catholic

Father's Name: Lino Ramilo

Mother's Name: Severiana Araune

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Primary: Tangnan, Elementary School

Secondary: Our Lady Perpetual Help Academy

Tertiary: Adventist Medical Center College

200
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Shaneil Dela Cruz

Age: 21

Birthdate: June 23, 2001

Birthplace: Mindanao Sanitarium Hospital Iligan

Religion: Roman Catholic

Father's Name: Ian Dela Cruz

Mother's Name: Arleen Dela Cruz

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Primary: Libertad Elementary School

Secondary: Mindanao Science Academy

Tertiary: Adventist Medical Center College

201
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Hanifa D. Dimaporo

Age: 22

Birthdate: September 13, 2000

Birthplace: Tubod, Iligan City

Religion: Islam

Father's Name: Ansary O. Dimaporo

Mother's Name: H. Aishah D. Dimaporo

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Primary: Dona Josefa F. Celdran Memorial School

Secondary: St. Michael's College

Tertiary: Adventist Medical Center College

202
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: John Zergei S. Longos

Age: 23

Birthdate: March 20,1999

Birthplace: Sta. Elena, Iligan City

Religion: Roman Catholic

Father's Name: Pedrito R. Longos

Mother's Name: Loida S. Longos

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Primary: Iligan City Central School

Secondary: St. Michael's College

Tertiary: Adventist Medical Center College

203
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Danica Mangubat

Age:24

Birthdate: July 10,1998

Birthplace: Dalipuga Iligan City

Religion: Roman Catholic

Father's Name: Pacheco T. Mangubat

Mother's Name: Francisca I. Mangubat

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Primary: Northeast II-A Central School

Secondary: Dalipuga National High School

Tertiary: Adventist Medical Center College

204
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Doneva Lyn B. Medina

Age:22

Birthdate: March 9, 2000

Birthplace: Poblacion, Baroy, Lanao del Norte

Religion: Roman Catholic

Father's Name: John F. Medina

Mother's Name: Evelyn B. Medina

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Primary: Baroy Central Elementary School

Secondary: Lanao del Norte National Comprehensive High School

Tertiary: Adventist Medical Center College

205
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Rhea Mae S. Montes

Age: 22

Birthdate: May 31,2000

Birthplace: Saray Iligan City

Religion: Roman Catholic

Father's Name: Roy S. Montes

Mother's Name: Sheila D. Serrano

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Primary: Iligan City North 1 Central School

Secondary: St. Michael's College

Tertiary: Adventist Medical Center College

206
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Paloma L. Obinay

Age: 22

Birthdate: June 08,2000

Birthplace: St’ Mary iligan city

Religion: Islam

Father's Name: Samad Lomondot

Mother's Name: Hadja Mariam Lomondot

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Primary: Tambo Elementary School

Secondary: Munai National High School

Tertiary: Adventist Medical Center College

207
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Suzzaine Fritz Ponce Sam

Age: 22

Birthdate: February 14, 2001

Birthplace: Davao City

Religion: Islam

Father's Name: Walter M. Sam Sr.

Mother's Name: Regina P. Sam

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Primary: Maco Central Elementary School

Secondary: St. Peters College

Tertiary: Adventist Medical Center College

208
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Lynitte G. Salvan

Age: 23

Birthdate: January 8, 2000

Birthplace: Iligan City

Religion: Roman Catholic

Father's Name: Carmelito M. Salvan

Mother's Name: Lorna G. Salvan

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Primary: Corpus Christi Parochial School of Iligan

Secondary: La Salle Academy Iligan City

Tertiary: Adventist Medical Center College

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