Sirt University

College Of
Chemical Engineering

EXPERIMENT.No.5
Measurement of water percentage in
crude oil and its
products

Petroleum processing lab CHE-443

Written By:
Salama Arif Eajal
1741201

Supervised By:
Dr. mukhtar shaglouf
Eng. Hassan Haron
Date/2022/11/28
Content
Introduction..................................................................................................................3
OBJECTIVE:...............................................................................................................3
Definition :....................................................................................................................3
The effects of the presence water in crude oil:..........................................................3
Method:.........................................................................................................................4
Apparatus....................................................................................................................4
Procedures:...................................................................................................................4
Calculation:...................................................................................................................4
Discussion:....................................................................................................................5
Reference:.....................................................................................................................5

2
Introduction

There are many Concepts that yield water as a co-product where removal of the water
as it is produced is necessary to drive the reaction to completion and this is done using
a Dean - Stark apparatus. The reaction is carried out under reflux in a solvent, which is
less dense than water. The determination of the amount of water in crude oil and
petroleum products has always been important. Rather than paying crude oil prices for
water, contracts have been based on "net dry oil" This is calculated by reducing the total
gross standard volume (GSV) by the amount of water and sediment present as
determined by analyzing a sample of the oil. Accurate analysis for the water content is
usually more difficult than the determination of gross volume, temperature, and gravity
of the oil.

OBJECTIVE:

The aim of this experiment is to measure water content present in crude

oil and its products by distillation.

Definition :

A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling

liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporized by the application
of heat and then immediately cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser.

The effects of the presence water in crude oil:

1. It is the most harmful the presence of water is often overlooked as the primary
root cause of machine problems, excess moisture Contamination can lead to
corrosion and increased wear.
2. Moisture, upon contaminating hydraulic and lubricating oils, has degrading effect
to both the lubricant and the machine itself.
3. Water also promotes oxidation of the oil's base stock, causes rust and corrosion of
machine surfaces, and reduces critical, load-bearing film strength.
• Essentially, water represents a real risk to equipment and should be
Aggressively controlled.
That the water content in crude oil leads to:
1- The cost of money - Water replaces crude, which costs money by paying crude oil
prices in exchange for water, and contracts are based on (net dry oil), so the amount
of water and sediment is determined by analyzing a sample of oil to verify from
the bill.
3
2- Difficulty in treatment - water content can cause difficulties in refining treatment,
transportation and corrosion
3- Environment - water must be treated before disposal.
Solvent selection:-
Toluene is chosen as the solvent in a hydrometric test based on
The boiling point of toluene is close to the boiling point of water (90-100 °C)
The light density of toluene (0.865 g/ml), so it floats on top of water
(Density 0.998g/ ml)
• The water in the samples is evaporated by a boiling solvent, then condenses and
collects in Trap returns solvent to the crude while retains water.

Method:

Apparatus
1) A spherical glass flask.
2) A heater to raise the temperature.
3) A holder.
4) The trap - a graduated tube whose purpose is to collect the distilled water present in the
sample so that the correct amount of water present is calculated.

Procedures:

1) We take 50 ml of crude oil with 50 ml of coloring placed in a beaker and placed on

the heater to boil.
2) We put a small amount of potassium chromate to add a dye to the color of the water
outside that is present in the crude oil.
3) It is heated until the water level in the tube (trap) becomes stable and the volume of
water is calculated.
4) The volume of water is calculated and the readings recorded.

Calculation:

141.5
API= −131.5 where SG is specific weight
SG
of ¿
SG=denisty ¿
density of water
Sample NO.1 (sirt oil)
 = 0.813 g/cm
S.G=  of sub(0.813)/ of water at T=20C.(1)
S.G= 0.813
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API= (141.5/0.813) -131.5 = 42.5467
API For Sample (1) is Light.
Sample NO.2 (sidra)
 = 0.850 g/cm
S.G=  of sub(0.850)/ of water at T=20C.(1)
S.G= 0.850
API= (141.5/0.813) -131.5 = 34.97058
API For Sample (2) is Light.

Discussion:

This process is important to know the percentage of water and to know how to deal
with it in transportation, storage, etc., and it greatly affects the environment and causes
soil pollution as well.

Reference:

https://www.slideshare.net/Muhammad115/petrol
Makeyev Y.V., Lifanov A.P., Sovloukov A.S. On-line microwave measurement of
crude oil water content; Proceedings of the 2009 19th International Crimean
Conference Microwave & Telecommunication Technology; Sevastopol, Ukraine. 14–
18 September 2009. [Google Scholar]