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Reproductive System
Reproductive System
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS Seminiferous tubules – where sperm
1. Production of gametes. cells develop
2. Fertilization.
Interstitial cells /
3. Development and Leydig cells –
nourishment of a new
endocrine cells that
individual.
secrete testosterone
4. Production of sex hormones.
Sustentacular cells /
FORMATION OF GAMETES Sertoli – are large
Gametes – sex cells; sperm in males; and nourish the
oocytes(eggs in females) Each sperm cell germ cells; produce a number of
and each oocyte contains 23 hormones
chromosomes SPERMATOGENESIS
Meiosis – a type of cell division in ▪ Formation of sperm cells
which formation of gametes occur Spermatogonia – most peripheral germ
Synapsis – chromosomes align as pairs cells that divide through mitosis
Crossing over – allows exchange of Primary spermatocytes – other
genetic material bet. chromosomes daughter cells that divide by meiosis
Reduction division – 1st meiotic and become sperm cells
division; from 16 to 23 chromosomes Secondary spermatocytes – product of
2nd Meiotic division – similar to mitosis first meiotic division
Spermatids – product of secondary
meiotic division
Sperm cell / Spermatozoon –
developed spermatid with a head,
midpiece, and flagellum
DUCTS
Epididymis
▪ A tightly coiled series of
threadlike tubules that form a
comma-shaped structure
Rete testis – each seminiferous tubule
empty into in tubular networks
M A L E R E P R O D U C T I V ES Y S T E M Efferent ductules – carry sperm cells
SCROTUM from the testis to the epididymis
▪ Saclike structure containing the Capacitation – final changes in sperm
testes cells that occur after ejaculation of
Dartos muscle – layer semen into the vagina and prior to
of SM beneath the fertilization
skin of the scrotum
Cremaster muscles –
extensions of
abdominal muscles
into the scrotum
TESTES
▪ Also called male
gonads; oval organs within the
scrotum
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Ductus Deferens / Vas deferens External urethra orifice – spongy
▪ Emerges from the epididymis urethra that opens to the exterior
and ascends along the Prepuce / foreskin – lose fold of skin
posterior side of the testis that covers the glans penis
Spermatic cord – consists of the ductus GLANDS
deferens, testicular artery and veins, Seminal
lymphatic vessels, and testicular nerve Vesicles – next
Ampulla of the ductus deferens – to ductus
ductus deferens increases in diameter deferens help
form
ejaculatory
duct
Prostate gland
– consists of
glandular _
muscular tissue & empties into the
urethra
Bulbourethral glands / Cowper glands
– a pair of small, mucus-secreting
glands that empty into the urethra
Puberty in Males
▪ Before puberty; small
amounts of testosterone
inhibit GnRH release.
▪ During puberty; testosterone
does not completely suppress
GnRH release, resulting in
increased prod. of FSH, LH,
and testosterone.
PRODUCTION OF SPERM CELLS Puberty – sequence of events by which
1. Germ cells a child is transformed into a young
2. Spermatogonia adult
3. Primary spermatocytes Effects of Testosterone
4. Secondary spermatocytes ▪ Enlargement of the genitals;
5. Spermatids necessary for spermatogenesis
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▪ Responsible for the Ovarian ligament – attaches the ovary
development of secondary to the superior margin of the uterus
sexual characteristics (hair Mesovarium – folds of peritoneum
distribution and growth, skin
texture, fat distribution,
skeletal muscle growth,
changes in the larynx)
Male Sexual Behavior and the Male Sex
Act
Testosterone – required for
normal for sex drive
Emission – movement of sperm cells, OOGENESIS AND FERTILIZATION
mucus, prostatic secretions, and Oogonia – the cells form which oocytes
seminal vesicle secretions into the develop
prostatic, membranous, spongy urethra Primary oocyte – oogonia that has
Orgasm / climax – result of stopped I prophase I
pleasurable, intense sensation Ovulation – release of an oocyte from an
Resolution – penis becomes flaccid; an ovary
overall feeling of satisfaction exists Secondary oocyte – released when the
Erection – first major component of the first meiotic division is complete
male sex act Fertilization – when a sperm cell
Erectile dysfunction (ED) – penetrates the cytoplasm of a secondary
impotence; failure to achieve erections oocyte
Infertility in Males Zygote – 23 chromosomes from the
▪ Common cause is a low sperm sperm + 23 chromosomes from the
cell count female gamete
Artificial insemination – concentrating Follicle Development
the sperm cells and inserting them into Primordial follicle – primary oocyte
the female’s reproductive tract surrounded by granulosa cells (single
F E M A L ER EPR O DUCT IVES Y S T E M
layer of flat cells)
Primary follicles – oocyte enlarges and
the single layer of granulosa cells
become enlarged and cuboidal
Zona pellucida – a layer of clear
material that is deposited around the
primary oocyte
Secondary follicle – fluid-filled
vesicles appear and a theca form
around the follicle
Fluid filled spaces – vesicles
Broad ligament – spreads out on both Theca – a capsule that forms around the
sides of the uterus and attaches to the
follicle Antrum – a single, fluid-filled
ovaries and uterine tubes; Produce
female oocytes chamber Graafian follicle – mature
• (sex cells) follicle
• Produce female sex hormones Cumulus cells – mass of granulosa cells
• Receive sperm from males Corpus luteum – remaining cells of the
• Develop and nourish embryos ruptured follicle are transformed into a
OVARIES glandular structure
Suspensory ligament – extends from Human chorionic gonadotropin
each ovary to the lateral body wall hormone (hCG) – the corpus luteum
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enlarges in response to this hormone
UTERINE TUBES
▪ Fallopian tube or oviduct
▪ Receive the secondary oocyte
Fimbriae – long, thin processes that
surrounds each the opening of each
uterine tube
➢ Cilia on fimbriae – sweep the
oocyte into the uterine tube EXTERNAL GENITALIA
Ampulla – where fertilization usually Vulva – pudendum; external female
occurs genitalia
Implantation – process wherein the Vestibule – the space into which the
fertilized oocyte embeds itself in the vagina and urethra open
uterine wall Labia minora – thing, longitudinal
UTERUS skin folds
Fundus – superior to the entrance of the Clitoris – small, erectile structure; well
uterine tubes supplied with sensory receptors, made
Body – main part of the uterus up of erectile tissue
Cervix – inferiorly, narrower part Greater vestibular glands – produce a
Uterine cavity & cervical canal – lubricating fluid that helps maintain
spaces formed by the uterus the moistness of the vestibule
Perimetrium – outer layer; serous Labia majora – prominent, rounded
layer of the uterus formed from visceral folds of skin
peritoneum Mons pubis – an elevation of tissue
Myometrium – middle layer; muscular over the pubic symphysis
layer hat accounts for the bulk of the Pudendal cleft – space bet. the labia
uterine wall majora
Endometrium – innermost layer; Clinical perineum – region bet. the
consists of simple columnar epithelial vagina and the anus
cells with an underlying CT layer Episiotomy – an incision made I the
Spiral glands – simple tubular glands clinical perineum to avoid tearing
formed by folds of endometrium during childbirth
Prolapsed uterus – occurs when the
uterus extends inferiorly into the vagina
VAGINA
▪ Female organs of copulation
▪ Allows menstrual flow and
childbirth
MAMMARY GLANDS
▪ Organs of milk production
▪ Located in the breasts
▪ Modified sweat glands
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PHYSIOLOGY OF FEMALE
REPRODUCTION
Puberty in Females
Menarche – first episode of the
menstrual bleeding
Menstrual cycle – series of changes
that occur in sexually mature, non-
pregnant females, and that culminate
in menses
Menses – a period of mild
hemorrhage; part of the endometrium
is sloughed and expelled from the
uterus; day 1 – 4: menstrual fluid is
Areola – a circular, pigmented area produced by degeneration of the
that surrounds the nipple endometrium
Gynecomastia – occurs when the Proliferative phase – day 5 –
breasts of a male become permanently ovulation: epithelial cells multiply and
enlarged; results from hormonal form glands
imbalance and the abuse of anabolic Secretory phase – day of ovulation –
steroids 28: endometrium becomes thicker,
Glandular lobes – covered by adipose endometrial glands secete
tissue; gives the breast its form Blastocyst – a collection of cells
Lactiferous duct – opens produced by the zygote
independently to the surface of the Ectopic pregnancy – implantation
nipple occurs anywhere other than in the
Myoepithelial cells – surround the uterine cavity
alveoli and contract to expel milk from STAGES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE
the alveoli Days 1-5 Menses (shedding of
OVULATION endometrium)
• when a mature follicle rupture o menstrual bleeding
forcing oocyte into peritoneal (menses)
(pelvic) cavity o estrogen and
• due to LH (anterior pit. gland) progesterone levels are
low
o follicle begins to mature
Days 6-13 Proliferative (between end
of menses and ovulation)
- endometrium rebuilds
- estrogen levels begin to
increase
- progesterone levels
remain low
- follicle matures
Day 14 Ovulation
- oocyte is released due to
LH
- estrogen levels high
- progesterone levels are
increasing
- cervical mucus thins
Days 15-28 Secretory (between
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MENOPAUSE
▪ Cessation of menstrual cycles
(Female) Climacteric – the whole time
period from the onset of irregular cycles
to their complete cessation
FEMALE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AND
THE FEMALE SEX ACT
Orgasm / climax – triggered by tactile
stimulation of the female’s genitalia
during intercourse or psychological
stimuation
Resolution – the overall sense of
satisfaction and relaxation after the sex
act