Professional Documents
Culture Documents
HumanRight LSF
HumanRight LSF
LL.B. Notes
6th Semester
My Fair Garden, Flat # 103, Beside Ohris, Petrol Bunk, Hyderabad. Abdul Kareem, 7799224814
Q1. Define Human Rights & explain evolution of Human Rights.
Ans. The term human rights is developing rapidly in modern period main object of human right
is all human being in every country should get opportunity to lead life with respect &
dignity, this concept developed in USA, UK, Australia, Japan, & it has been adopted
even in India, the term human rights has been define by various authors as follows.
1. Holland:- Human Rights is capacity residing in every person to control others with
assistance of state.
2. Austin:- Human Rights is power given by law to any person (or) persons residing in the
country to insists government & public authorities to do certain Acts.
3. Gray:- Human Rights is power which has been given to a person (or) persons (or)
society to protect their interest according to legal system of the country.
4. Salmond:- Human Rights is vested in a person (or) persons because of legal system
enforceable in that country & remedies are available from authorities & the court.
Therefore human right gives power & protect rights & interest of every human
being in the country.
Characteristic of Human Rights:-.
1. Every human being is born free & he should get opportunity to lead respectable life
which can be called as birth rights.
2. Human right is having reorganization & enforcement in all the countries called as
universal application of human rights.
3. Every human being have right of dignity, respect, & reputation in country & society.
4. Human rights cannot be withdrawn (or) waived (or) taken away in any country.
5. Every human right is having corresponding obligation.
6. Human rights include Economic, Social, Cultural, and Religion of every human being.
7. All fundamental rights specified in constitution are covered under human rights.
Evolution of Human Rights:-
1. In ancient period there was dictatorship in many countries. In India also there was
dictatorship of Britishers. Many countries got independence & the concept of
human rights developed because of independence.
2. There was slavery system in many countries in South Africa human being was sold &
purchase by auction as awareness came among people there was abolition of
slavery system, after abolition of slavery human rights concept developed among the
people.
3. There was administration of kings in many countries, they used to do dictatorship &
misuse powers & causes injustice to people because of injustice people made
revolution in many countries such as revolution in India, revolution in Russia in 1917 &
because of this revolution there was evolution of Human Rights.
4. There became development of unions in industries, factories, employees &
unions brought pressures & human rights developed.
5. Many countries including India drafted their own constitutions in constitution some
rights have been given as fundamental rights & it is also part of human rights.
6. There is rapid development in education of the people in all the countries including
India, because of education knowledge of human rights developed in mind of the people
& it has been promoted in all the countries.
7. There was conventions of representations of all the countries was held on December
10 1948 in USA, in these convention there was lot of discussion among representatives
of countries, there was concept approved; “All human being are born free” & they
are equal in dignity & rights in these constitution many resolution have been passed
called as Universal Declaration of Human Rights. These resolution are binding on all
the members countries, therefore universal declaration of human rights made
significant contribution to promote human rights.
These is details about definition of human rights & evolution of human rights.
Page 1
My Fair Garden, Flat # 103, Beside Ohris, Petrol Bunk, Hyderabad. Abdul Kareem, 7799224814
Law of Information & Technology
VIth Semester
Page 2
My Fair Garden, Flat # 103, Beside Ohris, Petrol Bunk, Hyderabad. Abdul Kareem, 7799224814
Law of Information & Technology
VIth Semester
Q3. Explain international covenant on human rights with reference to civil, political,
economic, & social rights.
Ans. Covenants means resolution accepted by the countries many conventions were held at
national & international level & discussed civil, political, economic, & social rights of the
people, this rights are approved by countries in the conventions in 1966, these rights are
specified as ICESCR(International Covenant of Economic, Social, Cultural Rights).
Provisions of Civil, Political, Economic & Social Rights:-
1. It is right of every person to do earning & improve economic condition.
2. Every person to be given opportunity to earn live hood.
3. Anybody can do earning without any limit by payment of taxes.
4. Every person to be given civil right to take remedy from court according to civil laws in
force.
5. In industries & factories better conditions to be provides to work & there should
be protection of health & safety of workers.
6. Work should not be taken for more than 8hours including interval. If extra work is
taken then overtime payment have to be done by the employer.
7. Every employee to get at least one holiday in a week.
8. Employee (or) the people to be allowed to form union for lawful purpose. Therefore
there are many union in the country & international union is ILO (International labor law
organization).
9. Every state to provide social security’s to employees such as provident fund, pension,
gratuity & compensation in case of accident.
10. Children under 14years age should not be employed in industries & factories.
11. Children above 14years & under 18years can be employed called as Adolescent
workmen but they should not be given work for more than 5hours per day.
12. There should health checking of every workman at least one time in year to be done
by employer.
13. There is economic justice to be done to all the people such as same fee in
institution same fare in bus & train.
14. Special laws to be made in every country for children, women, mental retired &
disabled person.
15. Every person to be given right to contest election & to vote in election if he is major &
it is political right.
16. There is social right to carry on social functions & religions ceremonies in the country.
17. Right to be given to people to take advantages of subsidy given by government.
18. Right to be given to people to highlight illegal activities of political leaders.
This is details about civil, political, economic & social rights which are
covenants in convention of 1966.
Page 3
My Fair Garden, Flat # 103, Beside Ohris, Petrol Bunk, Hyderabad. Abdul Kareem, 7799224814
Law of Information & Technology
VIth Semester
Q4. Briefly explain provisions of European & American conventions on human rights.
Ans. There were many international conventions held to protect human rights & includes new
regimes in the fields of human rights among there conventions European convention of
1950 & American convention of 1969 are very significant some provisions have been
included in fundamental right & directive principles in our constitution but many
provisions are recognized but not included.
Following are the provisions of European convention & American Convention
on human rights.
1. Citizens to be given right to life & right to liberty & security in every country, it has
been included under article 20,21,22 of constitution.
2. All citizens to be given relating to fair trail in the court no punishment to be given
without fair trail & contrary to law.
3. Every human being to be given freedom of thought, conscience & religion.
4. Freedom to be given relating to expression, assembly, association to people in the
country.
5. Citizen to be given freedom to perform marriage intercaste, inter religion & also
inter sate.
6. Citizens to be given to enforce their rights against abusive (or) misuse of power done by
public authorities in India this right has been given under article 226 & 32 called as writ
petition in which high court & supreme court have power to provide remedy.
7. Every human being in the country to be given right of effective remedy whenever
injustice has been caused.
8. In every country free & fair elections to be conducted & voting right of citizen should
not be deprived unless there is reasonable grounds.
9. In criminal cases citizens to be given right of appeal because innocent person should
not be convicted because of error of trail judge.
10. Citizen to be given rights of compensation against wrongful (or) illegal convictions
there is not implemented in India.
11. There should not be trail for more than one time (or) punishment for more than one
time for same offence. It is called as Double Jeo Pardy, & it has been implemented.
12. In every country court have to give opportunity in civil matters to make compromise
(or) settlement by the parties by their mutual consent.
13. In every country government have to ensure same benefits to all the citizens in
their welfare activities & schemes.
14. All citizens to be given right of human treatment in society & even in prisons.
15. In any country Post Facto law which has been repelled should not be made
enforceable in deciding the cases.
16. Every person should have nationality & statelessness is prohibited.
17. People to be given opportunity to participate in government functions.
It is also recommended in these conventions that in every state government
have to appoint commission (or) committees to review human rights & bring changes in
it, separate human right court to be established to provide speedy remedy when there is
violation of human right this is details about European convention & American
convention relating to human rights.
Page 4
My Fair Garden, Flat # 103, Beside Ohris, Petrol Bunk, Hyderabad. Abdul Kareem, 7799224814
Law of Information & Technology
VIth Semester
Page 5
My Fair Garden, Flat # 103, Beside Ohris, Petrol Bunk, Hyderabad. Abdul Kareem, 7799224814
Law of Information & Technology
VIth Semester
Q6. Explain provisions of International conference on human rights & World conference on
human rights.
Ans. In order to protect human rights many conventions (or) conference were held at
international level which were attended by representatives of various countries,
international convention is attended by few countries & world convention (or)
conference is attended by all members countries of UNO.
International conference on Human Rights:- This conference were held in 1965 & it
added sum points to universal declaration following are the resolutions passed in
these international convention.
1. Protection against Genocide:- Meaning of Genocide is killing of human beings it was
found that mask killing of innocent people was done on grounds of caste, religion, color
(or) race. It has been agreed in the resolution that killing of human being called as
Genocide should be stopped. If any country have no desire to keep persons of other
country then they can be send back to respective country. Genocide is inhuman being
act & it should not be done in any country as human rights.
2. Promotion of labor organization:- There should be encroachment to form labor
organization at national & international level in any country there are no of unions of
working class called as labor union there is common union at international level called
as ILO (International labor Organization).
3. Promotion of tradition:- Resolution has been passed in these conference to make
extradition of criminal (or) wanted person, if any person make commit crime & take
shelter in other country then he should be handed over to respective country, purpose
of these provision is no criminal should escape without trial & punishment for his illegal
act (or) crime.
4. Prohibition of child labor:- Children under 14years age should not be employed in
industries & factories called as prohibition of child labor, in these age basic education
to be provided to the children & child labor to be eliminated.
5. Asylum on humanities grounds:- When there is insecurity to people & they go to other
country to save their life than any other country can give Asylum on humanities grounds,
when situation become normal then they can be send back to respective country, India
also give Asylum to Bangladesh people where there was war between Bangladesh &
Pakistan & there was threat to security of Bangladesh people.
6. Security of migrants:- There is migration of people from one country to other country
for education encroachment to tour, if there is violence then there is responsible of
respective country to give security to these people, they should be send back to
respective country.
Provisions of world conference:- These conference was held in 1993 & it also called as
VIENNA Convention (or) Conference. It was attended by members of all the countries
& some resolutions have been passed in this conference which includes following points.
1. In these conference resolution has been passed that recognized countries
should send representatives (or) diplomatic agents & they can regulates
relationship between the countries.
2. There should be protection against torture by public authorities, if there is death
in police custody because of torture then it is crime of culpable homicide, in our
constitution it is stated that no life (or) liberty can be deprived without procedure
established under law.
3. In every country some people may be disable (or) handicapped in order to protect
them human rights every country to make special laws to give protection to them
in employment, education and carry on welfare activities.
4. In these conference resolution has been passes about destitute meaning of destitute is
such person having nobody to take care such as orphan children, old age persons,
Page 6
My Fair Garden, Flat # 103, Beside Ohris, Petrol Bunk, Hyderabad. Abdul Kareem, 7799224814
Law of Information & Technology
VIth Semester
Page 7
My Fair Garden, Flat # 103, Beside Ohris, Petrol Bunk, Hyderabad. Abdul Kareem, 7799224814
Law of Information & Technology
VIth Semester
Page 8
My Fair Garden, Flat # 103, Beside Ohris, Petrol Bunk, Hyderabad. Abdul Kareem, 7799224814
Law of Information & Technology
VIth Semester
Page 9
My Fair Garden, Flat # 103, Beside Ohris, Petrol Bunk, Hyderabad. Abdul Kareem, 7799224814
Law of Information & Technology
VIth Semester
Q2. UN charter.
Ans. United nation issued a charter on 26th june, 1945, it is related to basic policy relating
to human rights it includes following points.
1. There should not be war between the countries any war is violation of human rights
of the people, effect of war is death of innocent people & damages of property which
is violation of human right.
2. All the countries have to maintain peace & this responsibility has been given to
Security Council.
3. UNO have to give security to small countries when there is threat to human right.
4. Friendly relation to be developed among the countries.
5. Human rights problem related to economic, social, cultural to be solved in the country
& at international level.
Page 10
My Fair Garden, Flat # 103, Beside Ohris, Petrol Bunk, Hyderabad. Abdul Kareem, 7799224814
Law of Information & Technology
VIth Semester
Page 11
My Fair Garden, Flat # 103, Beside Ohris, Petrol Bunk, Hyderabad. Abdul Kareem, 7799224814
Law of Information & Technology
VIth Semester
Page 12
My Fair Garden, Flat # 103, Beside Ohris, Petrol Bunk, Hyderabad. Abdul Kareem, 7799224814
Law of Information & Technology
VIth Semester
Long Questions.
Short Questions
Page 13
My Fair Garden, Flat # 103, Beside Ohris, Petrol Bunk, Hyderabad. Abdul Kareem, 7799224814