VISAYAS

1. Sama, Abaknon Tribe- Mahinay

2. Bantoanon Tribe- - Maquiling
3. Kinaray-a Tribe- - Matarlo
4. Hiligaynon Tribe- -Montefalcon
5. Sulod Tribe- - Ohagan men.
6. Waray Tribe- - Ohagay mer.
7.Caluyanon Tribe-- Pachica
8.Aklanon Tribe- - Taw-on
9.Capiznon Tribe- - Varon
10.Magahat Tribe- – Adolfo
11.Ati Tribe- - Adtoon
12.Porohanon Tribe- - Apolinaria
13.Cebuano Tribe- - Aspillaga
14.Boholano Tribe- - Auguis
15.Eskaya Tribe- - Bartolome
 SAMA-ABAKNON TRIBE
HISTORY
• The Abaknon (Capul Samal, Capuleno) live on the island of Capul on
the northern tip of Samar in the San Bernardino Straits, south of the
province of Sorsogon.

• Although set across Central Philippines from the Sulu and Tawi-Tawi
archipelagoes where the Sama groups live, the Abaknon speak a
language that is related to the Sama, and not to the languages of the
peoples about them like the Bicol and Waray.

• The largest concentrations of this population are in northern Samar

(8,840), and in Capul (8,735) with a total population of some 9,870
(NSO 1980).
 DISTRIBUTION OF ETHICS GROUPS BY PROVINCES
(ARRANGEMENT: POPULATION COUNT)

TOTAL NATIONAL POPULATION 430 (NSO 1980:9,870)

BATANGAS 28
BENGUET 31
BULACAN 10
DAVAO DEL S.Z 11
ILOILO 50
N. SAMAR 191
OCC. MINDORO 10
PALAWAN 57
W. SAMAR 11
MANILA 31
 ABAKNON LANGUAGE

• Inabaknon is not classified as part of the Visayan

language family, but is rather grouped with the Sama–
Bajao languages.

• Inabaknon is a member of the Sama-Bajaw branch of

the Malayo-Polynesian language family. It is spoken by
about 26,000 people mainly in Eastern Visayas Region
of the Philippines, particularly on the island of Capul in
Northern Samar Province.
•Their primary language is Inabaknon
• Sample text
• I bungto si abaknon ta Capul adda isla si Pilipinas.
Aka'anna'-to si San Bernardino Strait nga pagka-bulagan-na
si Luzon pati' Samar. Siray, nga'a-runan-to dahulo Abal
tungod si primero mga a'a manakka ato, antes pada'ito i
mga Kastila'.

• Translation
• The town of aboknon or Capul is an island in the
Philippines. It can be found in the San Bernardino Strait
that separates Luzon and Samar. Long ago it was first
named Abak because of the first people to arrive here,
before the coming of the Spanish.
 Example:

• English Abaknon
• Good morning Mahalap nalong
• Good afternoon Mahalap naudto
• Good evening mahalap sangu
 RELIGIOUS PRACTICES OF ABAKNON

• The primary religion practiced by the Abaknon Sama

is Roman Catholicism,
• the largest branch of the Christian church and one of
the oldest religious institutions in the world.
• Roman Catholicism teaches that it is the one true
Churches founded by Jesus Christ and that its bishops
are the successors of Christ.
POPULATION MAIN LANGUAGE
LARGEST RELIGION
(CHRISTIANITY 80%) INABAKNON
ABAKNON’S CULTURE and traditions
• The orientation of the people is marine with the
basic industry focused on fishing, with set rice
farming toward the interior.
ABAKNON FESTIVAL
ABAKNON CLOTHING
KINARAY-A
TRIBE
THE NAME "KINARAY-A" REFERS TO
BOTH THE ETHNIC GROUP AND THEIR
LANGUAGE THAT ARE CONCENTRATED
IN THE PROVINCES OF ANTIQUE AND
ILOILO. IT IS DERIVED FROM THE
WORD IRAYA MEANING
"UPSTREAM" AND KNOWN AS "THE
LANGUAGE OF THE SACADA AND
THE MUCHACHO”.
POPULATION
THE KINARAY-A NUMBER 600,534 IN 2010. THEY WERE FIRST BELIEVED TO
BE THE DESCENDANTS OF IMMIGRANTS FROM BORNEO THROUGH THE
EPIC-MYTH OF THE "TEN BORNEAN DATUS". RECENT FINDINGS,
HOWEVER, REVEALED THAT THE ANCESTORS OF THE KINARAY-A ARE THE
AUSTRONESIAN-SPEAKING IMMIGRANTS WHO CAME FROM SOUTHERN
CHINA DURING THE IRON AGE. THEY PRIMARILY SPEAK KINARAY-A.
MEANWHILE, HILIGAYNON, TAGALOG, AND ENGLISH ARE USED AS
SECOND LANGUAGES. MOST ARE CHRISTIANS. ABOUT 80% ARE ROMAN
CATHOLICS, AND THE REST ARE PROTESTANTS. SOME PEOPLE
BELONGING TO THE SULODNON TRIBE, ARE ANIMISTS. AS OF 2015,
THERE ARE ABOUT 1,300,000 KINARAY-A SPEAKERS ALL OVER THE
COUNTRY. ABOUT 45% FROM ANTIQUE PROVINCE, 38% FROM ILOILO AND
7% IN MINDANAO SPECIFICALLY SULTAN KUDARAT AND NORTH
COTABATO.
LOCATION
SAN JOSE – THE PROVINCE OF ANTIQUE LOCATED IN THE WESTERN VISAYAS
REGION IS HOME TO THE KINARAY-A OR KARAY-A PEOPLE. IT IS ONE OF THE FIVE
PROVINCES COMPRISING REGION VI. ANTIQUE IS BOUNDED BY THE RUGGED
CENTRAL MOUNTAINS OF PANAY, AS WELL AS THE PROVINCES OF CAPIZ ON THE
EAST, AKLAN IN THE NORTHEAST, ILOILO IN THE SOUTHEAST, AND FINALLY, THE
SULU SEA ON THE WEST. ANTIQUE CAN BE REACHED VIA LAND TRAVEL FROM
ILOILO OR AKLAN, WHERE BORACAY ISLAND, THE PHILIPPINES' MOST FAMOUS
BEACH DESTINATION, IS LOCATED.
THE KINARAY-A POPULATION ARE DISPERSED IN CERTAIN PORTIONS OF CAPIZ,
AKLAN, GUIMARAS, AND PALAWAN. BEING THE POOREST PROVINCE IN THE
ISLAND OF PANAY, ANTIQUE HAS A HIGH RATE OF EMIGRATION. A LARGE NUMBER
OF KINARAY-A RELOCATED TO MINDANAO IN THE 1940S AND LATER ESTABLISHED
WELL-HEELED COMMUNITIES AND ACHIEVED GREAT PROSPERITY WITH THEIR
LANDS.
CLOTHING
SOURCE OF INCOME: FARMING
AND FISHING
DOMINANCE OF HILIGAYNON
OVER KINARAY-A LANGUAGE

• MANY OF THE "OLD RICH" FAMILIES OR HACIENDEROS LIVING IN NEGROS HAILED

FROM THE LOWLANDS OF ILOILO AND MIGRATED DURING THE BOOM OF THE SUGAR
INDUSTRY, WHO EVENTUALLY BECAME OWNERS OF HUGE SUGAR PLANTATIONS
CALLED AZUCARERAS. THUS, HILIGAYNON WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE AFFLUENT
CLANS DURING THE SPANISH AND AMERICAN PERIODS BECAUSE IT IS THE LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY THE RULING CLASSES IN THE PROVINCE. BY CONTRAST, MOST OF THE
FARM WORKERS OR SACADAS WERE PEOPLE FROM ANTIQUE WHO ARE SPEAKERS OF
KINARAY-A.
• SINCE HILIGAYNON DEVELOPED AS THE LINGUA FRANCA AND ADOPTED AS THE
LANGUAGE OF BUSINESSES IN PANAY, MOST KINARAY-A SPEAKERS AND WRITERS
WERE FORCED TO USE HILIGAYNON. ALTHOUGH THERE IS AN AMPLE NUMBER OF
WRITTEN KINARAY-A LITERATURE IN THE LAST DECADES, MAJORITY OF THOSE
WORKS WERE UNPUBLISHED AND HARD TO FIND. EVEN THE AUTHENTICITY OF
KINARAY-A SPEAKERS IS QUESTIONABLE, AS THE KINARAY-A HAVE BEEN GROUPED
WITH HILIGAYNON. WHILE THE TWO LANGUAGES HAVE MANY SIMILARITIES, THEY
ARE DISTINCT IN SEVERAL WAYS SUCH AS THE USAGE OF LETTER "R" IN KINARAY-A,
WHICH IS REPLACED WITH "L" IN HILIGAYNON. HENCE, THE WORD HARIGI (MEANING
"POST") IN KINARAY-A IS HALIGI IN HILIGAYNON LANGUAGE.
 SUCCESSFUL REVITALIZATION OF
KINARAY-A LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
• MOST ANTIQUEÑOS ADOPTED HILIGAYNON UNTIL THE LATE EVELIO JAVIER
BECAME GOVERNOR OF THE PROVINCE AND REVIVED THE KINARAY-A
LANGUAGE. HE ENCOURAGED THE LOCALS TO DISCOVER THE RICHNESS
OF THE KINARAY-A CULTURE AS WELL TO SPEAK THE LANGUAGE
REGULARLY. IT WAS ALSO THROUGH HIS EFFORTS THAT THE BINIRAYAN
FESTIVAL WAS BORN, WHICH IS NOW ONE OF THE WELL-KNOWN FESTIVALS
IN THE PHILIPPINES. IT REENACTS THE ARRIVAL AND SETTLEMENT OF THE
10 BORNEAN DATUS IN THE YEAR 1240 IN BARANGAY MALANDOG, HAMTIC,
ANTIQUE.

• ANOTHER BRILLIANT INITIATIVE FROM THE PEOPLE OF ANTIQUE THAT

SPEAK KINARAY-A IS CREATING A PRIVATE NON-STOCK, NON-PROFIT
ORGANIZATION CALLED DUNGUG KINARAY-A. ITS MISSION IS TO
CONSTANTLY PROMOTE, GATHER, AND PRESERVE KINARAY-A LITERATURE
BY CONSISTENTLY SPEAKING AND WRITING IN THE LANGUAGE.
NOWADAYS, WRITTEN KINARAY-A WORKS OF LITERATURE ARE EASILY
ACCESSIBLE TO EVERYONE. THUS, KINARAY-A WRITERS AND TALENTS
HAVE BECOME MORE WIDELY KNOWN.
CULTURE
MOST KINARAY-A ENGAGE IN AGRICULTURE, AS WELL AS IN
COTTAGE INDUSTRIES. SEVERAL TOWNS IN ANTIQUE HAVE
THE DISTINCTION OF PRODUCING QUALITY WARE RANGING
FROM SALAKOT AND SAWALI FROM BELISON, BAMBOO-CRAFT
FROM SAN JOSE, CERAMICS FROM SIBALOM, POTTERY FROM
BANDOJA, TIBIAO; MATS FROM PANDAN AND LIBERTAD; AND
LOOM-WOVEN PATADYONG (BARREL SKIRT) FROM BAGTASON,
BUGASONG, THE ONLY ONE OF ITS KIND IN THE VISAYAS AND
WELL KNOWN THROUGHOUT PANAY. MUSIC, SUCH AS
COURTSHIP SONGS, WEDDING HYMNS, AND FUNERAL
RECITALS, IS WELL-DEVELOPED, AS IT IS WITH DANCE.
 Clothing

Formal Bestida Pintados

Fieldwork
Occassions
-AREA(lugar)-
The Sulod acquired their name because of
the sandwich-like location of their
territory,
the term "sulod" meaning "interior" or
"closed place". They are also called
"montesses" by lowlanders, meaning
literally "mountain dwellers." To
distinguish them from the Ati who live in
the foothills, the Christian lowlanders have
given these hill tribesmen distinct names.
Those in the mountains of Capiz and Aklan are
called "mundos" while those in Iloilo and
Antique are called "buki", short for " bukidnon"
or "mountain folk" which has become a
derogatory term. The dialects of these upland
peoples are genetically related and very similar
to the lowland Kintray-a. The mountain dialects,
however, are characterized by many archive
expressions, thus accounting for the difficulty
which Kinaray-a-speaking lowlanders meet when
talking to these upland dwellers. Most of the
mountain people are monolingual.
ECONOMY
=> Subsistence is chiefly by shifting
cultivation of upland rice, maize, sweet
potatoes, and other edible tubers,
supplemented by hunting, fishing, and
gathering. The Sulod do not stay in one
place for more than two years, due
primarily to their pattern of land use.
Tough grasses and secondary growth
that usually follow the harvest render
the swidden difficult to re-cultivate,
particularly as the Sulod do not have
work animals or plowing implements.
Hence they move to another place
where trees are growing abundantly
and where the soil is free of grass.
The abandoned site is
called ―lati‖ and may
be used again after
five or more years,
when the second
growth has become
established.
SOCIOPOLITICAL
ORGANIZATION
 PARANGKUTON
=> literally, "one to be
asked―

=>Leadership is
assumed by the oldest
man in each settlement

=>directs activities such

as hunting, house
building, and moving to
a new kaingin site.
 =>settles disputes and
heads annual social and
religious activities assisted
by a young man called
timbang (literally "helper"
or "assistant").

=>When the parangkuton

dies, the next oldest man
in the settlement assumes
leadership.
TRADITION
 BINUKOT

=> practice of keeping "binukot,"

hiding their beautiful women in closed
rooms away from the eyes of any man
=> The binukot, who also became the
record keepers of their people, later
became primary sources of many
Visayan epics such as Hinilawod,
Humadapnon, and the story of Labaw
Donggon.
Religion
 RELIGION

=> Religion is an intimate part of Sulod life.

Every activity is in conformity to the wishes of
the spirits and deities, and the Sulod does
everything within his power to please these
divinities, even to the extent of going into debt
in order to celebrate a proper ceremony for
the chief spirit known as diwata.
DEATH
and
BURIAL
There are 16 annual ceremonies
and a number of minor ones,
most of which are conducted by
the religious leader known as
baylan.
When a Sulod dies,
everyone in the community
condoles the bereaved
family by contributing
material Things needed for
the balasan, "wake of the
dead."
If the deceased is an
important man, a baylan or
parangkulon for example, he
is not buried in the ground. A
coffin is prepared for him by
chopping down a large tree,
culling it to a convenient
length, shaping 1 like a boat
and hollowing to out Carvings
are made on the cover and on
the sides.
The corpse is unconfined
and the slits glued with a
gum like sap. Then the
coffin is placed underneath
a special shed made of
cogon grass, called the
kantang, which has been
built on top of a solitary bill.
Finally, a hole is
bored in the bottom
of one end of the
coffin and a small
bamboo tube called
―pasuk‖ inserted to
facilitate the flow of
the ―tagas‖ or
decomposing body
fluids.
After two or three
months, the bones are
removed, washed,
wrapped in a black
cloth, and suspended
under the eaves of the
house.
If the deceased is an
ordinary man, he is
simply buried in the
ground, to one side of
a kantang.
END......

THANK
YOU
WARAY TRIBE

Reporter: Merry joy Ohagan

In 1521, the Warays of the east
coast of Samar, who called
themselves Ibabaonon, were
the first Filipinos to be sighted
by Europeans under the
leadership of Ferdinand
Magellan.
 WHAT IS WARAY
The word Waray means
"none" or "nothing" or "not."
In Samar the Waray are
known as Samarenos.
 Their native language is
called Waray-Waray. It is
the fifth most spoken native
language in the Philippines
with more than 3 million
native speakers.
 Waray culture
and bravery
Their culture is basically
Visayan. The Waray-
Waray are often
stereotyped as brave
warriors, as popularized
in the tagline,
 "basta ang Waray, hindi
uurong sa away" (Waray
never back down from a
fight.)Farming and fishing
are the main livelihood.
The Waray is imbued with
courage, which is a quality of
being brave. they are very well-
known to have the ability to
face danger, difficulty,
uncertainty, or pain without
being overcome by fear or
being deflected from a chosen
course of action.
What is waray Tradition

Many Waray-Waray traditions can be

traced to pre-colonial times. For
example, the Kuratsa dance is a very
popular traditional dance of the
Waray-Waray at many social
gatherings,
 especially weddings. It is
very common throughout
Samar. The couple who
dances the Kuratsa are
showered with money by
the people around them.
Waray Beliefs and
Practices

The tribal Waray believed in

many deities, or diwata. There
were almost 50 gods or
goddesses in Waray mythology,
for everything from rainbows,
greediness, time, flying creatures,
and poison, to different worlds.
There were also many
rituals, since they believed
there were spirits in
everything around them.
Fiestas are celebrated with
prayer, food/drinking
dance and music.
 Where is waray
located
The Waray originate from
the Eastern Visayas region of
the Philippines, or the
modern-day provinces of
Leyte, Samar, and Biliran.
 Waray stereotypes include
being musical, happy-go-
lucky, laid back, heavy
drinkers, and swift to pick
fights.
Population of Waray

they are about 4.2 million in

the early 21st century.
Languages of waray

The Waray people speak

the Waray, a major Visayan
language. Many also speak
Cebuano as their second
language.
 Some people of Waray descent
speak Waray as their second or
third language, especially among
emigrants to Metro Manila, other
parts of the Philippines and
elsewhere in the world.
Waray Tradition
clothing
CALUYANON
TRIBE
• FOUND ON THE CALUYA ISLANDS OF ANTIQUE
PROVINCE IN THE WESTERN VISAYAS, THE
CALUYANON’S ARE AMONG THE SMALLEST
ETHNIC GROUPS IN VISAYAS. WITH AROUND
30,000 NATIVES, THEIR LANGUAGE IS CALUYANON
BUT MANY OF THE NATIVES SPEAK HILIGAYNON AS
THEIR SECOND LANGUAGE.
• CALUYANON (ALSO SPELLED CALUYANON IS A
DIALECT OF THE KINARAY-A LANGUAGE AND
SPOKEN IN THE CALUYA ISLANDS, ANTIQUE IN THE
PHILIPPINES. MOST OF ITS SPEAKERS USE
HILIGAYNON AS THEIR SECOND LANGUAGE.
• CALUYA ISLAND IS FAMOUS FOR ITS WHITE AND
PINKISH BEACHES, DIFFERENT KINDS OF EDIBLE
SEAWEEDS AND COCONUT CRABS, AND A VERY
EXOTIC MARINE LIFE.
WHITE AND PINKISH SEAWEEDS
BEACH

COCONUT
CRUB
AKLANON
tribe
 HISTORY OF AKLANON

• "Aklanon" is a Spanish word for the people of

what is now Aklan province in Panay; the people
had thought the Spaniards were asking the name
of the local river, which was actually "Akean." The
entire island was supposedly purchased from the
local Aetas (the Ati group still live there) by 10
datus from Borneo who brought with them a
syllabic script
 CULTURE OF AKLANON
Ati-Atihan Festival

-The Ati-Atihan festival is a Philippine festival held annually in January

in honor of the Santo Niño (Holy Child or Infant Jesus) in several towns
of the province of Aklan, Panay Island. The biggest celebration is held
during the third Sunday of January in the town of Kalibo, the province‘s
capital. The name Ati-Atihan means "to imitate the Ati people".
The festival consists of religious processions and street-parades,
showcasing themed floats, dancing groups wearing colorful costumes,
marching bands, and people sporting face and body paints. The street
parade is known as Sadsad, which is also what the locals call their way of
dancing where the foot is momentarily dragged along the ground in tune
to the beat played by the marching bands.
Piña Weavers
-Aklan is known as the
top producer of piña
fabric in the
Philippines. This sheer,
delicate cloth—typically
used to make Barong
Tagalog, the country's
national costume—is the
product of a long,
painstaking and intricate
process of weaving fiber
from pineapple leaves.
 TRADITION OF AKLANON

They are known by their devotion to

the Santo Niño or Child Jesus.
Aklanons also practice processions
during religious holidays such as the
Salubong. Most Aklanons engage in
agriculture while those in the coastal
areas engage in fishing. They also
make handicrafts.
 BELIEFS AND PRACTISES
OF AKLANON
The early Aklanon believed in many gods. Bulalakaw who lived in a mountain called
Madya-as. A chief goddess was called Laon, after whom Mt. Kanlaon is named. There
were mediators to the gods, also said to be the first priests: Bangutbanwa, who prayed
for good harvest; Mangindalon, who prayed for sick person; and Soliran, who
performed the marriage ceremonies. Manunubo was the good spirit of the sea.

Although the majority of the Aklanon population is now Christian, belief in the power
of babaylan has not completely disappeared. In pre-Christian times, the babaylan
played an important political, social, religious, and cultural role. They advised the
datu, and were the spiritual and physical healers of the community. Reverence of
patron saints has not completely replaced the beliefs of engkanto (super natural
beings), pilhi are evil spirits, and the aswang (witches).

In pre-Spanish times, a significant religious ceremony was held every seven years to
pray for the ―strengthening of the universe.‖ The people of Irong-irong, Hamtik, and
Aklan convened near a spring whose waters flowed back to the mountains, and made
sacrifices and offerings for seven days.
 AKLANON FESTIVALS
Ati-Atihan Festival (3rd SUnday January) – Kalibo

-The Ati-Atihan festival is a Philippine festival held annually in January

in honor of the Santo Niño (Holy Child or Infant Jesus) in several
towns of the province of Aklan, Panay Island. The biggest celebration
is held during the third Sunday of January in the town of Kalibo, the
province‘s capital. The name Ati-Atihan means "to imitate the Ati
people".
The festival consists of religious processions and street-parades,
showcasing themed floats, dancing groups wearing colorful costumes,
marching bands, and people sporting face and body paints. The street
parade is known as Sadsad, which is also what the locals call their way
of dancing where the foot is momentarily dragged along the ground in
tune to the beat played by the marching bands. It has inspired other
Philippine Festivals such as Dinagyang of Iloilo and Sinulog of Cebu,
thus, it is known as the "Mother of All Philippine Festivals.
Bariw Festival (May 12-15) – Nabas

-Nabas Bariw Festival started in the year 2003 and is celebrated to

commemorate the Feast Day of St. Isidore the Farmer, the town's
patron saint.

Bariw (common name pandan) is a palm tree that abundantly grows in

the coastal communities in western Aklan and parts of Antique and it is
brown in color. Women in the barrios are mostly weavers who are
adept in the cutting and drying of bariw leaves and turn them into
handicrafts of mats, baskets and other items.

It is a festival showcasing the unique skills of Nabasnon weavers of

bags, mats and hats made of indigenous bariw leaves, and said to be the
fast-growing industry in the municipality. The highlight of the
celebration is a dance performance by local talents and ingenuity
accompanied with the aboriginal rhythm beat of the drums or bamboo
instruments. Townsfolk dance on the streets of the town, all dressed in
indigenous bariw-made costumes.
Bugna Festival (May 16) – Tangalan

-Launched in 2007, Bugna it Tangalan is a festival held

annually showcasing the municipality‘s different locally
made products, as well as its various eco-tourism
destinations such as the Marine Sanctuary and Coral
Garden, Agfa Point, Campo Verde, Jawili Falls, Bughawi
Beach and the town‘s reforestation project.
"Bugna" is the local term for ―blessing‖, and quiet
appropriately, is the name of Tangalan‘s Community Based
Ecotourism Program. Bugna it Tangalan (Blessings of
Tangalan) features the best Tangalan has to offer, from
waterfalls and beaches to food and hospitality.
 Kali-Ugyon Festival
(December 30 – January 1) – Libacao

-Kali-Ugyon Festival, a coined word combining

kalipay (happiness) and hili-ugyon (unity) is held
every December 31 - January 1 of each year in
Libacao, Aklan where local folks, foreign and
local tourists clad with customized native apparel
dancing on the streets in merry-making to drive
away evil spirits as the new year comes. The
merrymaking started in the year 1987.
 AKLANON CLOTHING
• Piña Village
-Aklan is known as the top producer of piña
fabric in the Philippines. This sheer, delicate
cloth—typically used to make Barong Tagalog,
the country's national costume—is the product
of a long, painstaking and intricate process of
weaving fiber from pineapple leaves.
 LANGUAGE‘S OF AKLANON
Aklanon (Akeanon), also known as Bisaya/Binisaya nga
Aklanon/Inaklanon or simply Aklan, is an Austronesian language of
the Bisayan subgroup spoken by the Aklanon people in the province
of Aklan on the island of Panay in the Philippines.

Its unique feature among other Bisaya languages is the close-mid back
unrounded vowel [ɤ] occurring as part of diphthongs and traditionally
written with the letter ⟨Ee⟩ such as in the autonyms Akean and Akeanon.
However, this phoneme is also present in other but geographically
scattered and distant Philippine languages,
namely Itbayat, Isneg, Manobo, Samal and Sagada.

The Malaynon dialect is 93% lexically similar to Aklanon and retained

the "l" sounds, which elsewhere are often pronounced as "r".
Ibayjanon (Ibajaynon) dialect has shortened versions of Aklanon words.
 Akeanon Malaynon English

Hay Hay Hi/Hello

Mayad-ayad nga agahon Mayad nga agahon Good morning

Mayad-ayad nga hapon Mayad nga hapon Good afternoon

Mayad-ayad nga gabi-i Mayad nga gabi-i Good night

Mayad-ayad nga adlaw Mayad nga adlaw Good day

Saeamat Salamat Thanks

Mayad man Mayad man I am fine

Pangabay Pangabay Please

Hu-o Hu-o Yes

Bukon/Ayaw/Indi Bukon/Indi No

Owa Owa None

Paalin? Paiwan? How?

Hin-uno? San-o? When?

Siin Diin Where?

Sin-o Sin-o Who?
Ano? Iwan? What?
Alin? Diin? Which?

Ham-an? Basi? Why?

Kamusta ka eon? Kamusta kaw eon? How are you?

CAPIZNON

 Capiznon is derived from the

word kapis, a seashell used to
make square panes for windows
(and obtained from the mollusk
Placuna placenta) and the suffix
“non” or “people.”
 CAPIZNON POPULATION

 Asof 2010, the total population of Capiz

province is 719,685 persons, of whom 97%
are Capiznon, thus numbering about
700,000.
 The remaining 3% are Ilonggo,
Badjao/Sama Dilaut, Manobo, and
others. It is the third most populous
province in the region.
 LOCATION

 Capiznon is concentrated in the

province of Capiz in the northeast
of Panay Island.
 Four provinces: Iloilo, Capiz,
Antique, and Aklan.
 LANGUAGE

 The Capiznon people belong to a larger

group called Visayan, and the Capiznon
language is a sub classification of the
Visayan language.
 It
is closely related to Hiligaynon, 91% of
which Capiznon speakers comprehend.
 DIALECT

 Capiznon possessive pronouns are

formed by the addition of a t-prefix to the
Hiligaynon, Kinaray-a, and Aklanon
pronouns, thus: t-akon (I), t-aton (We-
inclusive), t-amon (we-exclusive), t-imo
(you), t-inyo (you plural), t-iya (he/she),
and t-ila (they).
 HISTORY

 According to the folk history gathered

by Pedro Monteclaro on Maragtas,
there are Ten Bornean Datus’ who
settled somewhere in San Joaquin,
Iloilo in 1231.
 They bought the Island (Panay) from
the Aetas (the natives) and cultivated
the land.
 HISTORY

 They renamed the island to “Madya-as”.

Madya-as was divided into three
communities: Hamtik (Antique), Iron-irong
(Iloilo) and Akean (Aklan and Capiz).
 ECONOMY

 Themain products of the province

are rice, sugarcane, and coconuts.
The Nipa palm

 Thrives
best along the coast, and the
making of Nipa shingles for roofing is
a lucrative occupation, together
with the fishing industry.
 The buri palm fiber called saguran is
made into hats, slippers, mats,
household adornments, and sail.
 Other cottage industries are basket
making, mosquito nets, rope, abaca
weaving, shell craft, and abaca
slippers.
 Religious Belief and
Practices

 The early Panayanon believed in

many gods. Bululakaw, a bird
which looked like a peacock and
could cause illness, was said to live
in the island’s sacred mountain
called Madya-as.
 Catholicismand reverence for patron saints
have not completely replaced the belief in
the Engkanto (supernatural beings), which
reside in places called mariit, e.g., cliffs,
bamboo groves, boulders, and earth
mounds. They either prey on people or, at
the very least, play tricks on them. The
Engkanto are also believed to be fairies that
appear beautiful to mortals
 Belief in the power of the babaylan has
not completely disappeared either,
although their number has dwindled. In
pre-Christian times, the babaylan
played an important political, social,
religious, and cultural role. They were
advisers to the datu, and the spiritual
and physical healers of the community.
They officiated in ceremonies that
marked the life cycle of each villager.
 Architecture and
Community Planning

 The traditional house of the

Capiznon is made of bamboo and
Nipa or cogon leaves. It is square,
with one to two rooms. The roof,
palaya (pyramid shaped) or
binalay(hip shaped), is made of
either cogon or Nipa leaves.
 Visual Arts and Crafts

 The traditional weaving method of

piña (pineapple fiber) is called pili
or sinuksuk. This is a floating weft
technique accomplished after
cloth weaving, an intricate process
for embellishing piña fabric before it
is cut and sewn into a gown.
The
Magahat
Tribe
 Who are the
Magahats?
 The Magahats are also known as the Ati-Man and Bukidnon., Magahat is popularly used, too to
mean bogeyman to frighten children who sneak out from the house only to be found amid the
talahib and cogon or among banana plants and bushes in the fields hunting for bird's nests.

 But technically Magahats belong with the ill-defined group of people generally referred to as
bukidnon. ( this term meaning ‗mountain people‖), tells us nothing about their ethnic identify.

 Magahats practice swidden agriculture, because their settlements are in mountainous areas. They
are food gatherers and good hunters as well.
 data Shows that Their current population is around 2,478

 The Magahats' major means of subsistence are food gathering, swidden agriculture and animal
hunting. They harvest main crops such as mountain rice, maize, manioc, and sweet potato.
Gathering fruits, vegetables and root crops have become their main food resource. While
gathering is considered a regular activity, hunting wild pigs, birds and bats was seen as one of their
important and leisure activities, the most popular game of men.
 Their language is a mixture of Hiligaynon and Sugbuhanon.
 Where can we
find the
Magahat people?
The Magahat is Located in
Negros Island of Visayas.

Magahat
tribe

Especially found in
southwestern Negros, Santa
Catalina, Bayawan, and
Siaton in Negros Oriental;
and in Negros Occidental.
 Culture &
Tradition
The Magahats live in
the mountains of
Basay, near rivers and
streams with houses
made from forest
materials. Their houses
are simple, without
partition, and
decorated with hanging
skulls of the animal
horns and weapons.
Beliefs and
Practices
The Magahats believe
in spirits, like most
Visayans. They use
anting-anting to fight
evil spirits. Death,
however, is not feared
by the Magahats.
They believe that it is
just a journey from
earth to the other
side of the world.
 Beliefs and
Practices
Tattooing is a skill
among the Magahats.
Their art is reflected
in the weapons and
jewelry they make.
Magahat
Thank
you
The Ati are a Negrito ethnic
group in the Visayas, the central
portion of the Philippine
archipelago. Categorized as
“Negritos” (meaning black) by
the Spanish colonizers.
 Ati people are the original
people of Panay Island, an
island located in the central
part of the Philippines.
Characteristics
 HISTORY
In the Philippines the Aetas or Ati ancestors were the 'aboriginals' or the
'first' inhabitants of this Archipelago. They most probably arrived from Borneo
20-30,000 years ago, through what is thought to be an isthmus (remnants of
which today comprise the island of Palawan) that in the prehistoric epoch
connected the Philippine archipelago to Borneo via a land bridge. According to
some oral traditions, they also predate the Bisaya, who now inhabit most of the
Visayas.
 Belief, Cultural and
Traditional Practices of Ati
 RELIGION
The Ati practice a form
of animism that involves good and
evil spirits..

The Ati from Negros refer to them as

taglugar or tagapuyo, which literally
means "inhabiting a place."
Christianity has also been adopted
due to less isolation and more
contact with "outsiders".
The Ati believe in God, Spirits
and Sacrifices. However the
Christianized Ati pray to the
Christian God. The Ati Believe
in magwala and magdli,. Another
spirit being identified is abog, the
chief herdsman of wild pigs and
deer. The Ati perform rituals in
their daily chores.
 Medicine Practices
Ati are known in Panay as
practitioners of herbal medicine.
Locals often seek their help in
removing leeches from a person's
body.
Fishing
Hunting
Loincloths Wraparound skirts
Jewelry is simple in nature. Some
jewelry objects involve plants
such as flowers, while others use
animal bones; particularly the
teeth of pigs.
Traditional Ati house are
of the wind-screen type
made out of forest
materials. The structure
consists of two wind-
screens brought together
to form a gabled roof.
Courtship and Marriage.

The Ati have to a large extent been

influenced by the marriage customs
of the Christian Filipinos as
indicated by the Spanish terms
which they currently use. But
inspite of this extensive borrowing,
some elements and survivals of their
former marriage customs can still
be gleaned. The act of courting is
called pangaluyag.
 The Ati speak
a Visayan language
known as Inati. As of
1980, the speakers of
Inati number about
1,500. Hiligaynon and
Kinaray-a are also
commonly used.
Ati-atihan festival

The Ati are the central attraction in

the Ati-atihan festival, a festival
named in their honor. This is a
celebration in honor of the Infant
Jesus, the town's patron. Ati-
Atihan, observed in honor of the
Child Jesus. Ati-atihan means
'making like Atis,' that is,
pretending to be like the aboriginal
natives that once inhabited Aklan.
Dinagyang festival

Dinagyang is a
Hiligaynon word
extrapolated from
dagyang meaning
“merrymaking”
It celebrates the
feast of the Infant
Jesus and the pact
between the Datus
and the locals.
Masskara Festival

Masskara Festival was started by

the people of Bacolod City to
uplift the spirits of the locals and
bring back the smiles on their
faces,. It is a declaration of the
people that they will rise and
survive the challenges and
tragedies that they are facing,
showing their resilience and
tenacity.
 Sinulog Festival

The Sinulog Festival is a traditional celebration in

Cebu City held every third Sunday of January to
honor the Santo Niño (Child Jesus). Basically, the
festival is done by a dance ritual, in which it tells the
story of the Filipino people's pagan past and their
acceptance of Christianity.
POROHANON
TRIBE
Porohanon
 Located in the Poro Island of Cebu, they are a minor
Visayan ethnic group. They primarily speak the
Porohanon language with Cebuano as the second. The
two languages have few similarities with each other but
the Porohanon is closer to Hiligaynon languages.
Porohanon

Overview: The Porohanon of Philippines, numbering 43,500, are

Engaged yet Unreached. They are part of the Filipino, Tribal
people cluster within the Malay Peoples affinity bloc. This people
group is only found in Philippines. Their primary language is
Porohanon. The primary religion practiced by the Porohanon is
Roman Catholicism, the largest branch of the Christian church
and one of the oldest religious institutions in the world. Roman
Catholicism teaches that it is the one true Churches founded by
Jesus Christ and that its bishops are the successors of Christ.
Porohanon Fiest
 Tagbo Festival
.

One of the festivals celebrated in the

Camotes Islands is the Tagbo Festival.
The festival is celebrated in the month
of January and is held in honor of the
patron of the town of Poro, the Santo
Niño. While the Sinulog may be
considered as the grandest festival
honoring the Santo Niño, the Tagbo
Festival of Poro in Camotes is equally
colorful albeit on a smaller scale
POROHANON LANGUAGE

 Porohanon is distinguish from the means by which

the locals substitute /j/ sounds with /z/, for
instance, Cebuano , maayong buntag ( good
morning) vocalized as maazong buntag in
Porohanon. Other variation contains the
Porohanon, ara dira instead of the regular
Cebuano na-a diha.
Raw Materials of
Porohanon
 Poro is a non- industrial but basically a fishing and
agricultural town
Various types of raw materials:
1. Copra
2. Fruits
3. Vegetable
4. Corn
5. Root crops
6. Bamboo
7. Nipa leaves
8. Livestock and poultry products
THANK
YOU
 CEBUANO

The Cebuano
people (Cebuano: Mga Sugbuanon)
constitute about one-fifth of the
population of the Philippines and
are the second largest
ethnolinguistic group in the
country.
 RELIGION OF
CEBUANO

• Roman Catholic
• The most celebrated patron
saint in Cebu is the Señor Santo
Niño de Cebú, the Holy Child
Jesus
LANGUAGE OF
CEBUANO

Cebuano is closely related to the languages of the

Hiligaynon (Ilongo) and Waray-Waray, and it is
sometimes grouped with those languages as a
dialect of Visayan (Bisayan).
 POPULATION
According to the 2020 census, it
has a population of 964,169
people, making it the sixth-most
populated city in the nation and
the most populous in the Visayas.
Cebu has one of the most colorful and world-
renowned festivals in the Philippines and
they celebrate it with excitement and high
spirits. Cebu celebrates different festivals in
different towns and cities. Cebu celebrates
fiestas with religious rituals and dancing
in the streets to the beat of the drums.
BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
OF CEBUANO
Birth
• After the child is born, the placenta is buried at the seashore
to insure the baby’s good health.
• It is a sign of good luck when the first born is a boy.
• For the baby’s first haircut some pieces of hair is saved and
inserted in a prayer book to make the child a wide reader
when he grows up.
Death
• Cebuanos believe that people should not sweep the floor when
a family member dies fir it might cause the death of other
family members.
Tagbo Festival
19th of January (Poro, Camotes Island)
It is celebrated every January in honor of patron Sto. Niño
de Poro. Beloved memoir of a living past, Tagbo is the
cornerstone from which this great municipality has sprung.
Rich in cultural heritage and deep in spiritual values,
Tagbo is a very significant event precluding the birth of a
town very dear to the hearts of her sons and daughters.
Bodbod Festival

10th Of February (Catmon)

The town of Catmon is famous for its tasty “bodbod”

and thus is the focus of the festival. The street dancing

competition is participated by the different barangays

has its dance movements, the movement of making the

bodbod with the costumes in bodbod concept.

Kawayan Festival
2nd of December (Alegria)
“Kawayan” is the vernacular term for bamboo and is the
major source of livelihood/income in Alegria. The street
dancing competition is based on the kawayan and is slated
during the town’s fiesta in honor of Saint Francis Javier.
Boholano
tribe
 Boholano
people
The Boholano people,
also called Bol-anon,
refers to the people who
live in the island
province of Bohol. They
are part of the wider
Bisaya Ethnolinguistic
group, who constitute
the largest Filipino
Ethnolinguistic group.
 History
The people of Bohol are said to be the descendants of the last group
of inhabitants who settled in the Philippines called pintados or
―tattooed ones.‖[3] Boholano‘s had already a culture of their own as
evidenced by the artifacts dug at Mansasa, Tagbilaran City, and in
Dauis and Panglao.

Bohol is derived from the native word Bo-ol.[4] The island was the
seat of the first international treaty of peace and unity between the
native king Datu Sikatuna, and Spanish conquistador, Miguel López
de Legazpi, on March 16, 1565 through a blood compact alliance
known today by many Filipinos as the Sandugo.[5]
Boholano is derived from the name of the province.
Demographics
They are mainly
concentrated in Bohol
although some also live
in Southern Leyte and
Mindanao (mainly in the
northeastern portion).
Characteristics
The boholano‘s are known to
be thrifty, law-abiding,
hospitable, religious, humble
people. Surrounded by big
body of water, they became
expert sea-farers and famous
traders. They have always
been portrayed in a way that
sometimes they abhor. In
spite of these portrayals they
remain modest and
undisturbed.
 Population

There were
2,278,495
of them in
2010.
Language
Boholano is a variant of
the Cebuano language
spoken in the island
province of Bohol in the
Visayas and a major
portion of Southern
Leyte, as well as parts of
Mindanao, particularly in
Northern Mindanao and
Caraga.
 Religion

Most Boholanos are

Catholic, with a minority
professing Protestant faiths
and Islam. The former
indigenous Boholano religion
was largely eliminated by the
Spaniards.
Culture

Bohol festivals and feast days

are part and parcel of
Boholano culture.
Boholano‘s are fun-loving,
generous to a fault, and
deeply religious. These traits
push them to celebrate and
put up festivals aside from the
yearly honoring of saints in
respective towns and
barangays of the province.
 Sandugo
Festival
The Sandugo Festival is an annual
historical celebration that takes place
every year in Tagbilaran City on the
island of Bohol in the Philippines. This
festival commemorates the Treaty of
Friendship between Datu Sikatuna, a
chieftain in Bohol, and Spanish
conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi.
This 16th-century peace treaty occurred
on March 16, 1565 through a blood
compact or "sandugo".
 Saulog
Festival
Aside from the infamous
Sandugo Festival, the Saulog Festival
is one festivity that Boholano‘s look
forward to every year.
 Boholano
delicacies

Kalamay, a sweet viscous

dessert of Bohol traditionally
packaged into empty
coconut shells.
Livelihood

One of the major income of

Boholano‘s are farming. Since
Bohol has limited job offers in
terms of industry, some Boholano‘s
were immigrate to the cities and
look for their fortune. And every
month of May all Boholano‘s from
different places will go home to
celebrate fiesta. It is the Boholano‘s
tradition that every fiesta they will go
back to their home for celebrating
fiesta and it is their time for family
reunion.
The Eskaya Tribe of Bohol
•Tribu Eskaya is one of the less visited
place in Bohol. They are an
indigenous group found in the towns
of Duero, Guindulman, Sierra
Bullones, and Pilar. The tribe has its
own distinct culture, literature, and
language. The most common
settlement of the tribe is located in
barangay Taytay, Duero, Bohol.
•The Eskaya Tribe is located on
Bohol, an island in the Southern
Philippines. According to the last
census in 2000 it had a population
of around 3000. They live in a few
villages in the mountains and along the
coast.
 CULTURE OF ESKAYA

•The Eskaya, less commonly known as the

Visayan-Eskaya, is the collective name for the
members of a cultural minority found in Bohol,
Philippines, which is distinguished by its
cultural heritage, particularly its literature,
language, dress and religious observances.
 ESKAYA LITERATURE

•Eskaya literature was first dictated for transcription

by Mariano Datahan whose words were recorded
by personal scribes. These texts – which comprise
local oral history and regional folklore – have
sometimes been referred to by journalists as the
karaang mga libro or "old books".
 LANGUAGE OF ESKAYA
•Eskayan is an artificial auxiliary language of the
Eskaya people of Bohol, an island province of the
Philippines. It is grammatically Boholano, the native
language of Bohol, with a substituted lexicon. While
Eskayan has no mother-tongue speakers, it is taught by
volunteers in at least three cultural schools in the
southeast interior of the province. The earliest attested
document in Eskayan provisionally dates from 1908,
and was on display at the Bohol Museum until
September 2006.
 TRADITION AND BELIEFS
•Traditionally, women were not permitted to
cut their hair short nor wear trousers, and
drinking and dancing were universally
prohibited. For the most part these customs
have been discontinued, however traditional
dress is sometimes worn on Sundays and
special occasions.
 FESTIVAL OF ESKAYA
•The celebration of Kalipay festival
(happiness festival) is held on every 8th
day of September, the birthday of Mama
Mary. In line with this, the Eskaya scouts
joined the grandest celebration.
 Clothing of Eskaya
•Formerly, Eskaya men would wear shirts
made of piña raffia with a Chinese-style
collar, black breeches, and cotton berets.
Women wore piña dresses with bulging
sleeves similar to the Spanish-influenced
Boholano style (mostly in Biabas) and
covered their hair with cotton habits
(mostly in Taytay).