Unstructured data

Unstructured data (or unstructured information) is information that either does not have a pre-defined
data model or is not organized in a pre-defined manner. Unstructured information is typically text-heavy,
but may contain data such as dates, numbers, and facts as well. This results in irregularities and ambiguities
that make it difficult to understand using traditional programs as compared to data stored in fielded form in
databases or annotated (semantically tagged) in documents.

In 1998, Merrill Lynch said "unstructured data comprises the vast majority of data found in an organization,
some estimates run as high as 80%."[1] It's unclear what the source of this number is, but nonetheless it is
accepted by some.[2] Other sources have reported similar or higher percentages of unstructured data.[3][4][5]

As of 2012, IDC and Dell EMC project that data will grow to 40 zettabytes by 2020, resulting in a 50-fold
growth from the beginning of 2010.[6] More recently, IDC and Seagate predict that the global datasphere
will grow to 163 zettabytes by 2025 [7] and majority of that will be unstructured. The Computer World
magazine states that unstructured information might account for more than 70–80% of all data in
organizations.[1]

Background
The earliest research into business intelligence focused in on unstructured textual data, rather than
numerical data.[8] As early as 1958, computer science researchers like H.P. Luhn were particularly
concerned with the extraction and classification of unstructured text.[8] However, only since the turn of the
century has the technology caught up with the research interest. In 2004, the SAS Institute developed the
SAS Text Miner, which uses Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) to reduce a hyper-dimensional textual
space into smaller dimensions for significantly more efficient machine-analysis.[9] The mathematical and
technological advances sparked by machine textual analysis prompted a number of businesses to research
applications, leading to the development of fields like sentiment analysis, voice of the customer mining, and
call center optimization.[10] The emergence of Big Data in the late 2000s led to a heightened interest in the
applications of unstructured data analytics in contemporary fields such as predictive analytics and root
cause analysis.[11]

Issues with terminology

The term is imprecise for several reasons:

1. Structure, while not formally defined, can still be implied.

2. Data with some form of structure may still be characterized as unstructured if its structure is
not helpful for the processing task at hand.
3. Unstructured information might have some structure (semi-structured) or even be highly
structured but in ways that are unanticipated or unannounced.

Dealing with unstructured data

Techniques such as data mining, natural language processing (NLP), and text analytics provide different
methods to find patterns in, or otherwise interpret, this information. Common techniques for structuring text
usually involve manual tagging with metadata or part-of-speech tagging for further text mining-based
structuring. The Unstructured Information Management Architecture (UIMA) standard provided a common
framework for processing this information to extract meaning and create structured data about the
information.[12]

Software that creates machine-processable structure can utilize the linguistic, auditory, and visual structure
that exist in all forms of human communication.[13] Algorithms can infer this inherent structure from text,
for instance, by examining word morphology, sentence syntax, and other small- and large-scale patterns.
Unstructured information can then be enriched and tagged to address ambiguities and relevancy-based
techniques then used to facilitate search and discovery. Examples of "unstructured data" may include
books, journals, documents, metadata, health records, audio, video, analog data, images, files, and
unstructured text such as the body of an e-mail message, Web page, or word-processor document. While
the main content being conveyed does not have a defined structure, it generally comes packaged in objects
(e.g. in files or documents, ...) that themselves have structure and are thus a mix of structured and
unstructured data, but collectively this is still referred to as "unstructured data".[14] For example, an HTML
web page is tagged, but HTML mark-up typically serves solely for rendering. It does not capture the
meaning or function of tagged elements in ways that support automated processing of the information
content of the page. XHTML tagging does allow machine processing of elements, although it typically
does not capture or convey the semantic meaning of tagged terms.

Since unstructured data commonly occurs in electronic documents, the use of a content or document
management system which can categorize entire documents is often preferred over data transfer and
manipulation from within the documents. Document management thus provides the means to convey
structure onto document collections.

Search engines have become popular tools for indexing and searching through such data, especially text.

Approaches in natural language processing

Specific computational workflows have been developed to impose structure upon the unstructured data
contained within text documents. These workflows are generally designed to handle sets of thousands or
even millions of documents, or far more than manual approaches to annotation may permit. Several of these
approaches are based upon the concept of online analytical processing, or OLAP, and may be supported by
data models such as text cubes.[15] Once document metadata is available through a data model, generating
summaries of subsets of documents (i.e., cells within a text cube) may be performed with phrase-based
approaches.[16]

Approaches in medicine and biomedical research

Biomedical research generates one major source of unstructured data as researchers often publish their
findings in scholarly journals. Though the language in these documents is challenging to derive structural
elements from (e.g., due to the complicated technical vocabulary contained within and the domain
knowledge required to fully contextualize observations), the results of these activities may yield links
between technical and medical studies[17] and clues regarding new disease therapies.[18] Recent efforts to
enforce structure upon biomedical documents include self-organizing map approaches for identifying topics
among documents,[19] general-purpose unsupervised algorithms,[20] and an application of the CaseOLAP
workflow[16] to determine associations between protein names and cardiovascular disease topics in the
literature.[21] CaseOLAP defines phrase-category relationships in an accurate (identifies relationships),
consistent (highly reproducible), and efficient manner. This platform offers enhanced accessibility and
empowers the biomedical community with phrase-mining tools for widespread biomedical research
applications.[21]

The use of "unstructured" in data privacy regulations

In Sweden (EU), pre 2018, some data privacy regulations did not apply if the data in question was
confirmed as "unstructured".[22] This terminology, unstructured data, is rarely used in the EU after GDPR
came into force in 2018. GDPR does neither mention nor define "unstructured data". It does use the word
"structured" as follows (without defining it);

Parts of GDPR Recital 15, "The protection of natural persons should apply to the processing
of personal data ... if ... contained in a filing system."
GDPR Article 4, "‘filing system’ means any structured set of personal data which are
accessible according to specific criteria ..."

GDPR Case-law on what defines a "filing system"; "the specific criterion and the specific form in which
the set of personal data collected by each of the members who engage in preaching is actually structured is
irrelevant, so long as that set of data makes it possible for the data relating to a specific person who has
been contacted to be easily retrieved, which is however for the referring court to ascertain in the light of all
the circumstances of the case in the main proceedings.” (CJEU, Todistajat v. Tietosuojavaltuutettu,
Jehovan, Paragraph 61 (https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?docid=203822&doclang=E
N%7CJehovan)).

If personal data is easily retrieved - then it is a filing system and - then it is in scope for GDPR regardless of
being "structured" or "unstructured". Most electronic systems today, subject to access and applied software,
can allow for easy retrieval of data.

See also
Clustering
Pattern recognition
List of text mining software
Semi-structured data
Structured data

Notes
1. ^ Today's Challenge in Government: What to do with Unstructured Information and Why
Doing Nothing Isn't An Option, Noel Yuhanna, Principal Analyst, Forrester Research, Nov
2010

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External links
Matching Unstructured Data and Structured Data (http://www.tdan.com/view-articles/5009)
a brief description for Structured Data (https://dynomapper.com/blog/21-sitemaps-and-seo/43
3-what-is-structured-data-for-seo)
Unstructured Data Definition, Examples, Benefits & Challenges (https://securiti.ai/unstructur
ed-data-101-definition-examples-benefits-challenges/)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unstructured_data&oldid=1155327222"