Rule-based machine learning

Rule-based machine learning (RBML) is a term in computer science intended to encompass any machine
learning method that identifies, learns, or evolves 'rules' to store, manipulate or apply.[1][2][3] The defining
characteristic of a rule-based machine learner is the identification and utilization of a set of relational rules
that collectively represent the knowledge captured by the system. This is in contrast to other machine
learners that commonly identify a singular model that can be universally applied to any instance in order to
make a prediction.

Rule-based machine learning approaches include learning classifier systems,[4] association rule learning,[5]
artificial immune systems,[6] and any other method that relies on a set of rules, each covering contextual
knowledge.

While rule-based machine learning is conceptually a type of rule-based system, it is distinct from traditional
rule-based systems, which are often hand-crafted, and other rule-based decision makers. This is because
rule-based machine learning applies some form of learning algorithm to automatically identify useful rules,
rather than a human needing to apply prior domain knowledge to manually construct rules and curate a rule
set.

Rules
Rules typically take the form of an '{IF:THEN} expression', (e.g. {IF 'condition' THEN 'result'}, or as a
more specific example, {IF 'red' AND 'octagon' THEN 'stop-sign}). An individual rule is not in itself a
model, since the rule is only applicable when its condition is satisfied. Therefore rule-based machine
learning methods typically comprise a set of rules, or knowledge base, that collectively make up the
prediction model.

See also
Learning classifier system
Association rule learning
Associative classifier
Artificial immune system
Expert system
Decision rule
Rule induction
Inductive logic programming
Rule-based machine translation
Genetic algorithm
Rule-based system
Rule-based programming
RuleML
Production rule system
Business rule engine
Business rule management system

References
1. Bassel, George W.; Glaab, Enrico; Marquez, Julietta; Holdsworth, Michael J.; Bacardit,
Jaume (2011-09-01). "Functional Network Construction in Arabidopsis Using Rule-Based
Machine Learning on Large-Scale Data Sets" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PM
C3203449). The Plant Cell. 23 (9): 3101–3116. doi:10.1105/tpc.111.088153 (https://doi.org/1
0.1105%2Ftpc.111.088153). ISSN 1532-298X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1532-298X).
PMC 3203449 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3203449). PMID 21896882
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21896882).
2. M., Weiss, S.; N., Indurkhya (1995-01-01). "Rule-based Machine Learning Methods for
Functional Prediction" (http://jair.org/papers/paper199.html). Journal of Artificial Intelligence
Research. 3 (1995): 383–403. arXiv:cs/9512107 (https://arxiv.org/abs/cs/9512107).
Bibcode:1995cs.......12107W (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995cs.......12107W).
doi:10.1613/jair.199 (https://doi.org/10.1613%2Fjair.199). S2CID 1588466 (https://api.seman
ticscholar.org/CorpusID:1588466).
3. "GECCO 2016 | Tutorials" (http://gecco-2016.sigevo.org/index.html/Tutorials#id_Introducin
g%20rule-based%20machine%20learning:%20capturing%20complexity). GECCO 2016.
Retrieved 2016-10-14.
4. Urbanowicz, Ryan J.; Moore, Jason H. (2009-09-22). "Learning Classifier Systems: A
Complete Introduction, Review, and Roadmap" (https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2009%2F73639
8). Journal of Artificial Evolution and Applications. 2009: 1–25. doi:10.1155/2009/736398 (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1155%2F2009%2F736398). ISSN 1687-6229 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/
1687-6229).
 5. Zhang, C. and Zhang, S., 2002. Association rule mining: models and algorithms (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=VqSoCAAAQBAJ). Springer-Verlag.
6. De Castro, Leandro Nunes, and Jonathan Timmis. Artificial immune systems: a new
computational intelligence approach (https://books.google.com/books?id=aMFP7p8DtaQC&
q=%22rule-based%22). Springer Science & Business Media, 2002.

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