Professional Documents
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Meo Class 4 Oral Questions
Meo Class 4 Oral Questions
Meo Class 4 Oral Questions
QUESTIONS
1. What is ovality of auxiliary engine crank pin?
2. Why are concentric springs fitted for A/E cylinder head valves?
camshaft speed, then the spring may vibrate axially and are said to surge.
Surge can be
which the draught of the vessel is increased there by increasing the engine
load.
This is a regulator through which the refrigerant is metered from the high
pressure side to
the low pressure side of the system. The pressure drop causes the
evaporating temperature
This is used to protect the compressor against the low suction pressure
due to loss of
atmospheric pressure then there exists a risk of moisture and air ingress
into the system.
7. What is a Coalescer?
The process of combining of larger droplets of a liquid like oil into larger
droplets is called
coalescing.
Due to rapid boiling out of the refrigerant dissolved in the oil when the
pressure is suddenly
reduced.
larger quantity of refrigerant boils out and can be carried through the
refrigeration lines.
Reasons:
a. Liquid in the suction line (viz. TEV stuck open, incorrect super heat
setting, sensing
a. Lubrication
b. Seal the clearance spaces between the discharge and suction sides of
the compressor.
c. Act as a coolant.
ELECTRIC:
a. Electromagnetic brake.
MANUAL:
b. Cable stopper.
d. Relief valve.
a. Overload alarm.
Current to motor’s field coils passes through solenoid coil of a brake which
is magnetized and
holds a brake against spring and releases the rotor. Incase of power
failure the solenoid is
SAFETY:
a. Limit switch on the f’wd, aft, port, s’tbd, hoisting and lowering prevents
movements
b. Overload trip.
It is the pressure at which gas will just liquefy at its critical temperature.
a. Relief valve
b. Fusible plug
c. Drain
c. Late injection.
d. After burning.
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b. Chocked exhaust and air passage like scavenge ports, valve or air cooler
etc.,
a. Scale deposits
22. What is the normal relief valve setting of cylinder head in a diesel
engine?
10 ~ 14.5% more than the working pressure about 120 bar (some what
higher than
maximum pressure)
j. Exhaust valve can be made to open late – more work, close early –
scavenge air is
more utilized.
point
25. What actions do you take incase of stern tube of the ship starts
leaking?
26. How do you test a fresh water generator plant for leaks?
a. Close the outlet of the distillate pump, vacuum breaker valve, bottom
blow off valve
a. Casting defect
c. Scavenge fire
oil)
e. After burning
f. Faulty fuel injection system (more penetration or loss of atomization)
28. What are the reasons for black smoke from a diesel engine?
b. Low compression
i. During starting, it is inevitable as the engine maker sets the starting fuel
index to a
fixed value. At this index there is insufficient air, low piston speed, cold
combustion
chamber, low fuel injection pressure etc., each compounding the cause for
black
smoke
a. Detuners
b. Vibration dampers
30. What are the types of vibration in a diesel engine and which is the
most
damaging?
Types of vibration:
a. Linear vibration
b. Torsional vibration
propeller shafting.
A node is found where the deflection is zero and the amplitude changes
its sign in a vibrating
medium. The more the nodes in a given length the higher the
corresponding natural
frequency.
W.r.t the crank shafts, the forcing frequencies are caused by the firing
impulses in the
cylinders.
by harmonics –
33. How can the frequency of resonance, the forcing impulses and
the resultant
stresses adjusted?
a. By adjusting shaft sizes
c. Firing order
f. Detuning coupling
These moments acts in both vertical and horizontal directions. For engines
with 5 cylinders
or more, the 1st order moments are of rare significance to the ship but it
could be of a
occur for hull vibrations with two and/or three nodes. 1st order
compensator can be
The second order moment acts only in the vertical direction and
precaution needs only be
considered for 4, 5 and 6 cylinder engines. Resonance with the 2nd order
moment may only
occur at hull vibrations with more than 3 nodes. A 2nd order moment
compensator
comprises two counter rotating masses running at twice the engine speed.
38. What are the methods to cope up with the second order
moments?
drive mechanism.
chain drive.
moment.
where deflections are the maximum and the effect of the compensator is
maximum. Such a
The origin of the guide force moment is the angularity of the connecting
rod. It is the
Guide force moments are caused by the transverse reaction forces acting
on the cross head
Guide force moments may excite engine vibrations moving the engine top
arthwartships
of the engine.
Guide force moments are harmless except when the resonance occurs in
the engine double
41. What are different types of the top bracing for a diesel engine?
b. A hydraulic top bracing – by using the top bracing natural frequency will
increase to a
level where resonance will occur above the normal engine speed.
42. How are the axial vibrations caused in the crankshaft? How are
they
remedied?
When the crank throw is loaded by the gas pressure through the conrod
mechanism, the
arms of the crank throw deflect in the axial direction of the crankshaft,
exciting axial
The varying gas pressure in the cylinders during the working cycle and the
crankshaft /
The torsional excitation also comes from the propeller through its
interaction with the non
damper.
The natural frequency of the one node vibration is so adjusted that the
resonance with the
main critical order occurs about 35~45% above the engine speed at
specified maximum
The natural frequency of the one node vibration is so adjusted that the
resonance with the
main critical order occurs about 30~70% below the engine speed at the
specified MCR. The
d. With a barred speed range of about +/- 10% w.r.t the critical engine
speed
in the steering flat, compensated for ships vibration caused by the 2nd
order vertical
moment
order vibrations
b. Clean the tank with sea water and pump it through the oily water
separator
c. Ventilate the tank(s) with a blower specially provided for the purpose,
always cross
ventilate i.e. there should be at least two openings, each for entry and exit
for the air
d. Check the space for explosive gases at various points suitably, more
sampling should
be carried out at the corners at the bottom most part of the tank
48. Why are the CO2 bottles provided with dip tubes?
It is to ensure that only liquid is drawn during release. The liquid expands
after the nozzles
and assumes the gaseous state. This will prevent co2 freezing and
blocking the nozzle
gas
crankcase?
a. To avoid carry over of the lube oil because at low temperature, the
separation of the
c. This prevents the lube oil achieving its floc point which may cause
narrowing or
a. Friction and leakage losses, loss of suction head, chocked suction filter,
worn out wear
52. What are the causes of vibration in the vertical centrifugal pump?
refer compartment. The solenoid shuts off the refrigerant supply if the
compartment is
the temperature of the compartment goes high i.e. above the thermostat
higher set point
Back pressure valve is fitted just at the exit of the refrigerant from the
evaporator coil in a
multi temperature rooms system. This being fitted at the exit of the
compartments whose
compartment differs. More over the back pressure valve creates a back
pressure on the
evaporator coil and ensures that most of the liquid refrigerant is made
available to the lesser
valve
the compressor if the pressure in the HP side goes high above the working
level
The filter/drier is installed in the main liquid line of the system to absorb
any moisture
c. Embed ability
d. Conformability
bearing housing
e. Acidic corrosion
f. Cavitations, erosion
g. Dross inclusion
h. Spark erosion
65. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the synthetic lube
oils?
Advantages:
a. Better low temperature fluidity and pump ability, due to nil wax content
thermal stability
Disadvantages:
b. Poor availability
Uses:
a. Air compressors
b. Purifiers
c. Hydraulic units
a. TBN reduces
b. Viscosity reduces
d. Oxidation increases
f. Insolubles increase
g. Dispersancy increases
a. Turn the engine to coincide with the mark on the liner and the stern
tube or normal
propeller drop
This could be also arranged as with a designated blade of the propeller up
wards while
b. Take the poker gauge reading and the compare with the previous
reading
Bearing length is about 2xdia of the shaft for oil cooled stern tube bearing
4xdia of the shaft for sea water lubricated stern tube bearing
c. Flywheel works on the virtue of the inertia alone and the governor uses
the inertia
principle to actuate the fuel linkages to counter the changes in the engine
RPM
Tie rods are provided to keep the whole engine structure in compression
which:
causes fatigue
The firing forces that press down the bearing saddle also attempt to push
up the cylinder
covers, the net effect being to put the whole engine structure into tensile
loading. So the tie
rods are tightened such that the engine structure is maintained in
compression even during
the peak firing conditions and that the engine is not subjected to the
tensile loading.
72. Why tie rods are placed close to the centerline of the crankshaft?
pushed down by the crankshaft acting on the cylinder head. To limit this
bending effect and
consequent distortion of the bearing housing the tie rods are positioned
as close as possible
Axial location of the crankshaft may be required if the coupling does not
incorporate a thrust
housing. This is achieved by forming white metal rings on the sides of one
main bearing shell
that allows the shaft to run with a small clearance between running faces
on the two
adjacent webs.
In some engines a small collar may be provided at one side of the bearing.
It is important to
appreciate that only one such locating bearing should be fitted to any one
shaft, otherwise
74. What are the environmental problems with the use of CFCs?
a. CFC released into the atmosphere are broken down by pyrolysis to
release chlorine
per liter.
-14
the hydrogen ion concentration then the solution is basic and vice versa is
acidic in nature.
hence acidity.
provided around the opening. The thickness of the ring depends on the
axis length along the
direction in which the stresses are maximum and the thickness of the
shell. It is important to
align the minor axis along the length of the vessel, as the stress in this
direction is
maximum.
limitation of the damage owing to the slip in the belt and flexibility of the
belt
material.
d. Intercooling increases the air density and hence reduced volume of the
HP
a. The lube oil pressure will not be sufficient for lubrication so the
compressor may trip
on low lube oil pressure. The moving parts may get damaged due to the
failure of the
lubrication.
b. The cooling water pump which is also shafted driven usually does not
build up enough
flow/pressure hence the compressor may trip of the cool water non flow
or high air
temperature.
viscosity?
The required viscosity prior injection and the viscosity of the fuel oil at
50°C are provided by
the fuel oil analysis report. Basing on the viscosity nomogram the required
fuel oil heating is
determined. The steam inlet to the fuel oil heater is manually adjusted to
maintain the
81. What are the reasons for the error between the helm order and
the angle
c. Instrument error/defective
impact loading
variations with a short term peak demand in excess of the pump capacity.
Accumulator charge can take place during low demand periods to meet
maximum
demand later
a. The lubricating oil is fed to the guide shoes by a pipe from the main
lube oil system
b. The lubricating oil may also be fed from the drilled passages in the pin
to the slipper
faces
84. What is the material of the CO2 bottle and its accessories?
85. How will you decide for reentry into the engine room after
flooding it with
CO2
Re-entry is determined by
a. Heat build up due to the scale of the fire and the elapsed time after
release
c. Ship’s position, condition and the prevailing weather (ship may be listing
to the angle
86. What is the quality of the vapor coming back to the compressor
suction in
the refer system? In addition, how will you ensure that the vapor has
adequate
degree of superheat?
corresponding temperature from the P-T chart provided for the specific
refrigerant.
This temperature is compared with that of the evaporator outlet and the
degree of
In the traditional sea water lubricated stern tubes the bearing material
consisted of the
staves of the wood called lignum vitae. This has a property of lubrication
in the presence of
sea water. They are fitted with the grains in the axial direction for
economy and are shaped
as a debris collector points. The staves are held in place in the bronze boss
by bronze keys
diameter.
a. HP cut out
c. LP cutout
e. Belt driven
h. Motor overload
i. Oil separator
j. Drier
k. Mech. Seal
l. Unloaders /capacity controllers
90. How will you know the presence of air in the refrigeration
system? Explain
d. More superheat
e. Pressure fluctuations
f. Inefficient working
liquid refrigerant from the P-T chart for the same refrigerant
any sub-cooling and adjust the flow of the cooling water through the
condenser to
Then,
d. With the condenser liquid refrigerant outlet valve closed, circulate
cooling water, start
pressure in the suction line. If this pressure is allowed to drop down below
the
atmospheric pressure then there could be chances of air ingress into the
system
e. Circulate the cooling water till the cooling water outlet and the inlet
temperatures
f. Check the condenser sea water out let temperature, check the
refrigerant pressure
h. Release air from the condenser, through the vent cock until the
pressure of the
outlet temperature
Cu:Ni = 2:1)
The cupronickels are known for their great resistance to the sea water
corrosion, erosion by
b. Manganese bronze
Copper: 58%, Iron: 1%, Aluminium: 1%, Manganese: 1%, Nickel: 0.5%, Zinc:
% Elongation: 25~30%
%Elongation: 20%
Fatigue limit: 309 MN/m2 (push pull)
METHODS OF TIGHTENING:
c. Hydraulic tensioning
d. Angle tightening
Silicon steels
101. What are the materials used for the diesel engine’s liner and
piston rings?
Generally the materials used for the piston rings are harder than the liner
material. This is
due to the fact that the rings are subjected to wear always during their
operation but only
Material used for the liner is generally the nodular cast iron, which is
tailored to have
Piston rings are cast and machined from graphite grey cast iron. This ring
may include
The prime property which distinguishes it from the liner material is that it
has to flex
circumferentially.
This is of primary concern for running in and to match the contour of the
wearing liner
102. What are the liner wear rates? And how is it achieved?
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Without this oxide film, their corrosion resistance is only slightly better
than other
engineering steels.
104. What is the material of the fuel valve needle and body?
105. What is the material of the chain and its tightener arrangement?
107. What are the usual pressures to which the boilers are tested?
e. Spring in the hunting gear store extra control movement to ensure that
the pump
operates at the maximum capacity for major part of the turning operation
Both refer to the carry over of water into the steam outlet. Priming is due
to the
c. Plasticity:
in forging or rolling
k. Weld ability:
m. Cast ability:
111. What is a tie rod bolt pinch screw? And what is its purpose?
Pinch screw is normally provided at the foot of the engine cylinder jacket
to stop the tie rod
The pinch screw is fitted at the antinodal point of the tie rod to limit its
transverse vibration
stud, which is hand tightened by screwing the outer sleeve and held in
place by a lock nut
112. What is the course of action after finding that a bottom end bolt
is
slackened?
d. The tie rod can be rolled over a flat surface coated with Prussian blue.
Any twists in
the rod are revealed by the Prussian blue lines on the tie rod which get
adhered along
e. If found alright, tighten the bolt and check the remaining bolts
113. Define higher calorific value and the lower calorific value
[H2O formed by the hydrogen in the fuel oil cannot exist as water at the
high temperatures
oxygen absorb the heat from the combustion and forms steam.
Therefore, some amount of
available energy is lost in converting water into steam. This energy is not
available to the
engine.
Therefore, the calorific value of the fuel reduced by this amount presents
the actual calorific
calculate the Lower calorific value based on the Specific Gravity and
Sulfur content.
Therefore, the amount of heat loss due to the inclusion of sulfur, which
cannot be separated
by normal fuel oil treatment and its subsequent oxidation to SOx warrants
the entire calorific
and the energy loss due to sulfur oxidation. Corrections should also
include for ash & water
content.
Therefore, to get the practical scenario two specific calorific values are
mentioned Lower
Lower calorific value = higher calorific value – the energy loss in converting
the mass of the
[water into steam] + sulfur to sulfur oxides + Loss of specific enthalpy due
to ash content
114. Explain gear pumps w.r.t the materials used and the clearances
Gears are case hardened, medium carbon steel. They are hardened all
over and ground
finished after hardening
Casing and bearing housing are close grained grey cast iron
ends
Liquid being pumped is forced out after being carried around the gear
teeth between the
a. Minimizing the radial clearances between the teeth of the gears and the
housing
0.35~1.0 liters/revolution
Clearances between the gear teeth and the housing are of the order
0.02~0.03mm
ADVANTAGES:
non resilient bolts can be used. These permit a reduction in the bolt
tension by a
factor of 4
e. Avoid vibrations
DISADVANTAGES:
which when goes to higher pressure region, collapses and shock wave is
generated causing
c. Vibration
d. Oil contamination
Stellite: They are alloys of Cobalt, and Chromium, with the addition of
varying amounts of
They are very resistant to corrosion and abrasion. Retain their hardness at
a red heat
Since they cannot be forged, they must be cast direct to shape or
deposited by welding
This pressure is trying to open the valve against the spring force from
below the diaphragm.
pressure due to degree of super heat only to oppose the spring force.
Therefore, this degree
By this method, we are getting a control over only the degree of superheat
of the refrigerant
h. TEV faulty
dynamic viscosity
friction of molecule with molecule of the fluid producing the frictional drag
effect.
surface of area of a unit square meter, over another plane surface at the
rate of one meter
per sec, when the distance between the surfaces is one meter.
viscosity measurement.
Viscosity index is a numerical value which measures the ability of the oil to
resist the change
this ideal cycle, the analysis of this cycle provides a tool for comparison of
performances of
The most important noted difference between this ideal cycle and the
normal cycle is that
this is a non-flow cycle involving an ideal gas whereas the actual cycle is a
flow process and
the same mass of air at constant volume. This point represents the
maximum pressure and
above constant volume cycle, the difference being that the heat addition
in the cycle takes
place at constant pressure. The other processes during compression,
expansion, and heat
combustion.
well as some amount of unburnt oil (fuel and lube oil), particularly at low
loads.
Ignition of soot may arise at sufficient high temperature of the layer of the
soot whose
SMALL SOOT FIRES: Mainly occurs during maneuvering with the engine
being operated at
prolonged low loads. The situation may arise even at short low load
running if the fuel is bad.
Indications:
pressure
d. High steam pressure or outlet temperature from the super heater
section if fitted
a. Stop the main engine so that the oxygen levels can be brought well
below the fire
sustenance levels
c. Fire watch to be kept on deck due to the risk of the funnel sparks, fire
hoses to be
kept charged
g. Ensure that all the exhaust valves are positively closed (check the spring
air pressure)
If the soot fire has now turned into metal fire (identified immediately by
the loss of the
boundary cooling.
be carried out to the seat of the fire. This is essential because, if lesser
amount of water used
the amount of hest release from the reactions sustain the process. These
reactions may take
a. Engine noise
d. In case of minor explosions the crank case relief door releases the
pressure
ACTION:
abandoning the engine room. The doors from the engine room to the
accommodation
should be kept shut. Return to the engine room only after carrying out risk
assessment
e. Turn the engine by turning gear with the indicator cock opened to
prevent seizure of
f. Stay clear of the crank case specially in the region of the relief door to
the
turbocharger suction
g. Don’t open the crank case door until sufficient time has elapsed
ALARMS:
a. O2 content high
e. IG pressure low
f. IG pressure high
g. IG temperature high
TRIPS:
e. Power failure
out?
127. Explain the various rudder inspections and testing in the dry
dock
b. Air plugs and drain plugs are to be opened in the presence of the class
surveyor,
rudder and the breach to be located by air pressure testing and applying
soap
d. Check the pintle clearances, jumping bar clearance and the palm
coupling bolts
tightness to be checked
e. Check the rudder stock for corrosion, erosion and any damage
f. The inspection plates in the way of the upper, the lower pintle to be cut
open, and the
pintle nuts checked for proper securing. Later the plates to be welded and
tested.
g. Hydraulic test the rudder for a static head of about 2.45m of sea water
h. After draining and re oiling the internals, plug the drain and check the
effectiveness
remedy
and sufficient tensile stress exists. Iron consists of ferritic granules bonded
by iron carbide so
heater, reheat tubes, and in stressed components of the water drum. The
stress may be due
d. Small leakage
f. High pressure
and ND testing has to be carried out at the suspected areas. At some time
after the initial
magnetite.
COUNTER MEASURES:
etc)
c. Avoid DNB
f. Prevent carryover
129. A shell & tube type cooler tubes are leaking, what is the
procedure to rectify
the leaks?
be from the breach on the tube (a hole etc) or from the origination of
small gaps between
the tube plate and the expanded portion of the tube. The procedure
should to be based on
the findings.
A holed tube should be plugged from both the sides; the plugs can be of
cork, wood, rubber,
If the leaks are from the gaps between the tube plate and the tubes, slight
flaring of the tube
may help preventing the leaks however this flaring, if excessive will
damage the tube plate
and also the tube itself. Alternative methods are available by carrying out
surface
preparation and applying metal repair putty, like Devcon’s brush able
ceramic repair putty.
In the above process, if the plugging of the tubes is about 10% the tubes
have to be
renewed.
To remove the tube, first remove the flare on the tube by chiseling off the
flare flush with the
tube plate and then split the tube taking care not to damage the tube
plate. The tube can
then be cut by a tube cutter to drop the tube inside the shell. Fitting of a
new tube is carried
out by first positioning the tube in place between the end tube plates and
flaring to the
correct amount by a flaring tool after fixing the other end by a brass
wedge. It could by
about 1/4”~1/8” and the flaring should be to about 1/8” + tube diameter at
the tip.
salts, which may enter. These salts would deposit as a scale on the heating
surface if reserve
were too low while, too high a reserve leads to foaming and possible
excess production of
Precipitates as Sludge
At high pressure and temperature, reaction from left to right will be more.
Therefore, it is
approach utilizes mixtures of TSP and DSP to further ensure the absence
of free OH alkalinity
a. Brake drum should be free of oil, grease and other deposits. The brake
drum should
b. The brake drum and the disk should be checked for wearing out or
damage
c. Gear oil should be checked for contaminants and level
the reverse direction for tensioning would render the brake ineffective,
check should
maker on the jack tool. If necessary, the spring tension adjusted. It should
be done in
the drum should also be checked and should be same as to the makers
quote
any tamper
The windlass should raise the anchor with chain from 82.5m to 27.5m at a
mean
speed of 9m/min
i. Other routines of the prime mover should also be carried out like for the
windlass
d. Good detergency
This valve cannot cope up with the requirements of cargo loading, as its
capacity of pressure
The valves displace a weight that vents the tank in case of an overpressure
or vacuum
condition. The valves are fitted with velocity vents that make sure that the
inert gas is
ejected out of the tank with such a velocity that it clears the deck
sufficiently rendering the
deck surface safe.
Tank vapors can be sent clear of the deck in case of excess pressure or
during cargo loading
mast riser, which is a long tower for safely venting the excess pressure of
the inert gas in the
fixed cone. Pressure build up in the tank causes the moving orifice to lift.
The small gap
between the orifice lip and the fixed cone gives high velocity. The escaping
gases are made
to pass through a flame arrestor and a flame screen. The valve has a cover
that is normally
f. The tell tale hole between the lap welding seams of the doubler plate /
ring to be
checked for leaks in service to ensure that the internal welding is intact
i. All points of high stress and corrosion are to be thoroughly checked viz.
welds,
supports braces, the bottom of the bottle where water/oil is collected. Pay
attention
k. A timing check with the air bottle completely charged and isolated will
give a good
maneuvering
b. Receiver properly isolated, depressurized and notice pasted
drain valve
d. Open the manhole door carefully and ventilate the air bottle
bottle?
finishing prior applying the coat. Apply new coat of the varnish.
MAJOR: The site has to be cleaned and revarnished as above. The air
bottle has to be
derated.
ensures the safe limit of the hoop stress at this reduced thickness of the
shell plating
b. The derating should not violate the starting air requirements for
consecutive starts of
d. The cut in and cut out pressure switches for compressor automation
should be
readjusted
For these reasons the air pressure vessels on board ship are fabricated to
allow for derating
may displace the solution, into tanks incase of vacuum inside cargo tanks
and outside on to
the deck incase of over pressurization inside cargo tanks. Usual set values
of PV breaker are
a. Abnormal rise of pressure in the cargo tanks which occurs when cargo
is loaded with
valves fails to operate properly for the fluctuation of the pressure in cargo
tanks, due
inside tanks
CHECKS:
a. Check the seal liquid periodically and replenish the liquid in case
• “0” points of inner and outer pipes do not coincide when the pressure
inside
b. Clean the flame screen in the cover at the top when the ships makes a
dock-in
CHECKING PROCEDURE:
a. Checking the liquid level of the inner pipe (open the vent cock located at
most top of
the gauge, close the upper gauge cock and open the lower gauge cock)
this is also
b. Checking the liquid level of the outer pipe (close the vent cock, open the
upper gauge
cock also open the lower gauge cock) this is also termed as “smaller range”
Two distinct scales are provided for the liquid gauge one “higher” and
other “lower” the
Disconnect and remove top cover with attached internal stand pipe.
Disconnect and remove
Renew flame screen with shipyard supplied equivalent type mesh. Drain
breaker liquid,
thoroughly clean internal breaker body, and stand pipe. Apply two coats of
shipyard supplied
tar epoxy by hand brushing to all internal surfaces. Level gauges, cocks
and protective
sight glass tubes and cocks for overhauling and cleaning. Upon
completion, re-assemble and
Prove filling and level cocks clear and free. Disconnect and remove PV
Breaker valve.
Dismantle and clean surfaces. Lap valve and disc. Set valve to +0.21kg/cm2
and
10mm. Assuming a four-point support; one foot will be bolted down hard
to the foundation,
while the other three feet will be bolted down so as to permit the feet to
slide.
Holes for the fixed bolts will be reamed in place. The foundation bolts in
way of the sliding
feet must be accurately located with respect to the elongated holes in the
boiler feet to
enable the feet to slide clear of the bolts. The pipe sleeves prevent the
bolts from tightening
normally used to facilitate the sliding action. In some cases, the pipe
sleeves are not used.
Instead, the bolts are tightened only slightly so that the boiler foot can
slide.
FIXED FOOT
BOLT
ELONGATED
HOLE IN
BOILER FEET
SLIDING FEET
OUTLINE OF
BOILER
Lock Nut
Boiler Feet
Steel Liner
Foundation Bolt
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The answer lies above. This is a closely fitted bolt. The holes are initially
drilled to undersize
and are reamed in the assembling place before the bolts are tightened in
place. Accuracy is
required in the machining. These bolts could be of two types one having a
slight taper of
about 1:100 on diameter and the other having a large taper of about 1:15
on diameter.
tightened down and the hydraulic pressure is released the final exact fit in
the bolt hole is
These bolts find place in engine / boiler mountings, coupling shafts etc.
and form a rigid
fixture. On main engine mounting these are situated aft of the engine in
the way of thrust
block. The foundation bolts towards the fore end (either side of the engine
‘P’ ‘S’) are
generally simple foundation bolts which are not fitted bolts. This system of
foundation bolts
offers the rigid seating with provision for thermal expansion towards fore
end.
143. What is the material of main steam piping and explain how it is
supported?
Main steam piping is usually made of seamless low alloy steel. Where
temperatures are
above 455˚C, the most widely used alloy contains 0.5% molybdenum,
1.25% chromium.
Gaskets between the flanges are made of thin stainless steel strips spiral
wound with
There are three types of supporting to carry the weight of main steam
piping.
a. Rod hangers
Horizontal sway braces are often used to resist dynamic forces applied to
the piping due to
At fixed anchor points, the pipe anchor brackets are separated from the
anchor foundation
by insulating material to reduce the heat transfer from the steam piping to
the hull structure.
144. Soon after complete overhauling a generator engine, its lube oil
consumption
a. Check that the lube oil system valves are set back to normal, and that
the concerned
b. Verify dip stick bottom for any blockage which can give erroneous
results
d. Ensure that the piston scraper ring is set correctly, if this ring is boxed
back upside
down, the oil scraping action of the ring is lost and uncontrolled lube oil
enters the
e. Ensure that the cylinder head valves are correctly boxed back.
Misalignment of the
valve spindle with their guide also causes lube oil to enter the combustion
chamber
145. Generator lube oil sump level increases, what are the checks you
would
carry out?
a. Check that the generator lube oil systems valves are correctly
positioned and that the
c. Check the purifier for correct operation and that no water is being
discharged with the
purified oil
d. Change over the generator concerned, isolate it and check the sump for
any
out, like checking the cylinder liner jacket cooling water sealing O-ring etc.,
I. Water side preparation prior entry into the steam drum for internal
inspection
II. Gas side preparation for external tubes inspection also the refractory
condition can
be inspected
The power supply to the boiler control panel should be isolated. The
power supply breakers
for the FD fan; burner pilot fuel oil pump should be switched off and
caution tags put.
a. If the boiler is an exhaust gas boiler, then the main engine should be
isolated from
starting positively. The composite boiler should be isolated on the fuel
side in addition
by manual isolation of the fuel line by a shut off valve and isolating the
power of the
b. Oil fired boiler should be isolated on the fuel side by a manual shut off
valve and
Waterside isolation:
a. The boiler should be taken out of service. With the boiler shut, isolate
the boiler on
fuel/exhaust side electrical side and water side by isolating valves, power
supply
c. When blowing down to sea, open the overboard valve first then the
boiler valve to be
by falling noise, pressure. At this point, care must be taken not to let the
cold
seawater into the boiler. Start closing the boiler blow down valve when the
boiler
pressure is low enough, and when it is down to the desired value, the
valve must be
closed down tightly and the ships side cock closed. This is to be done to
keep out the
seawater ingress positively even though the valves are usually of non-
return type.
d. Allow the boiler to cool down further and loose all its pressure, and
when the boiler
pressure is at atmospheric pressure open the air cock and gauge glass
drains to
e. Either the top door or the bottom door can be opened at this stage but
not both,
while removing bottom door care must be taken against any hot water if
present can
After the boiler has sufficiently cooled the access points can be opened,
the spaces well
a. Open access doors in way of the uptake and front and rear walls and
the burner
b. Hydro-jet all soot deposits on tubes. Allow for collection and disposal of
fresh water
d. Scrape hard deposits on all generating and water wall tubes, sweep and
remove all
a. Remove for access to steam drum and water drum manholes and
headers
of oxygen present, risk, feed system design, economics and any particular
limitations
the following reaction, so that this is complete before the water gets into
the boiler.
How is O2 Scavenged? : 2Na2SO3 + O2 ---------Æ 2Na2SO4
which should be between 8.0~9.5. Sodium sulfite adds some solids to the
feed water,
pressures, decomposition products such as H2S and SO2 can affect steam
purity
b. Hydrazine (N2H4)
reaction products will add no dissolved solids to water. This can be used
as an oxygen
C) temperatures.
(FDA rules)
d. Tannins
measurable solids to the boiler water; is non-volatile and will not hamper
the steam
recommended for use for boiler lay-up. Good corrosion control requires a
high boiler
water pH value since the magnetite film is at its most stable condition
when the pH is
10.5~11.5.
c. Integral controllers: It is also called the reset action control. The rate of
change of
control action)
with a constant error, the control action being derivate becomes zero. C =
-K dθ/dt,
e. Proportional-plus-Integral controllers
f. Proportional-plus-Derivative controllers
g. Proportional-plus-Integral-pus-Derivative controllers
b. Inspect lube oil pipes for damage, and check oil jet nozzles for possible
stoppages or
deformations
c. Examine the rubber track of the guideways for cracks or other damage,
replace the
guideway bits if they have started to be plucked out of the rubber stack
d. Check the teeth of the chain wheels. If abnormal wear is found, take a
measurement
by placing a straight edge over the wear edges and measure the length of
the wear
along the straight edge and the gap between the straight edge and the
wear trough
e. Check the chains for cracks on possibly defective rollers and side plates
f. Check that for each chain link, chain rollers can run freely and that the
chain links can
g. Check the chain wear by measuring the length of 10 chain links and
compare the
result with the value in the data provided by the maker. If the parameter
shows
[Courtesy MANBW]
downwards
d. Tighten the nut C hard against the contact face of the shaft. Tighten the
nut D, lock
e. Measure the distance X, if the chain is worn (i.e. X>165mm) repeat the
procedure
from ‘a’, but tighten the nut B only to a reduced tightening angle 600
g. Repeated tightening of the chain will gradually alter the cam angle in
relation to the
turning both halves at the coupling joint with the chain wheel
to the distorted regions will make possible the movement of atoms into
positions of
equilibrium so that the elastic strains diminish and the locked-up energy
associated with
151. What is the difference between a safety valve and a relief valve?
The terms ‘safety’ and ‘relief’ are synonymous; the safety valve is generally
applied to valves
protecting any vessel, which could explode and endanger life whereas the
relief valve is more
no violent explosion.
Another notable difference between these valves is that the vent of a
safety valve is led to a
valve.
of initial value
180˚C
d. TAN (total acid number): Expresses the total content of organic and
inorganic acids in
the oil. Organic acids are due to oxidation products. TAN = SAN + weak
acid number.
Limits: TAN 2
e. SAN (strong acid number): This expresses the amount of inorganic acids
in the lube
oil. Inorganic acids are usually sulfuric acid from the combustion chamber
or
hydrochloric acid arising from seawater. This will be stated. SAN makes
lube oil
corrosive (especially together with water) and should be zero. Limits: SAN
=0
f. Alkalinity/TBN (total base number): Gives the alkalinity levels in the lube
oil
value
g. Water: Could be fresh water or sea water, will be stated. Limits: Fresh
water: 0.2%
i. Ash: May be used to indicate the amount of additives in the lube oil. It
can also
(lacquer and varnish like constituents) is only soluble in benzene, and not
in pentane
Apart from the primary parameters as stated above, the insolubles are
usually stated as
Silicon, Tin etc., which shows the engine wear and tear empirically.
Electric Motor
Condenser
To Other Evaporators
Evaporator Re-evaporator
Expansion v/v
R educing v/v
D rain
Sensing Line
Drain
Defrosting Circuit
Two kinds of hot gas defrosting systems by pass line are shown here.
A by pass line hot gas defrosting system as above. This can be carried out
for one
Below is another type of hot gas defrosting system which is also called
reverse cycle
defrosting system and is used when all the evaporator coils have to be
defrosted.
Condenser
A/C Compressor
Electric Motor
Evaporator
Drain
Expansion v/v
Check v/v
Expansion v/v
Check v/v
Reservoir
Four
way v/v
Defrost circuit
attraction between the water droplets and the inorganic fibers is greater
than that between
the oil and the fibers. When the water globules are large, enough they will
move with the
ii. Precipitating all scale forming salts into the form of a non-adherent
sludge
c. Control of the sludge formation and prevention of carry over with the
steam
d. Prevention of entry into the boiler of foreign matter such as oil, waste,
mill-scale,
iron oxides, copper particles, sand, weld spatter, etc., by careful use of oil
heating
b. Take the inventory of the drills, estimate the consumption of each drill,
analyze to
viz. IMPA/ISSA
a. Material of the tool and the intended nature of its work, like for light or
heavy
duties
f. Number of flutes
Most commonly used drills on board are jobber drills (drills without a
shank, which are
gripped in the vice) for light duty, tapered shank drills for medium to
heavy duty
157. What checks do you make if a compressor trips on low lube oil
pressure?
the motor
a. Check whether the lube oil pump is rotating with the compressor
b. Check the condition of vanes and the elliptical casing for scoring
damage
the casing
a. Failure of lubrication
boiler?
d. Check the vicinity of the oil burning equipment for any traces of oil
h. Fuel oil pressure, temperature, the fuel oil pump its suction pressure
[Courtesy MANBW]
tackles
supports
exhaust side
as necessary
Some overlap of the timing of starting air valves must be provided so that
one cylinder air
start v/v opens as another closes. It is essential that there is no angular
position of the
c. The cylinder starting air valve should open after TDC to give a positive
turning
The minimum number of cylinders for a two stroke engines is FOUR and
that for a four
starting angle of 115˚. At the end of this angle of a unit in power stroke,
another unit of the
the maximum possible crank angle difference can be 115˚ between units.
A two-stroke engine has a complete cycle angle of 360˚, therefore the
minimum number of
following volumes
Calculation of the CO2 cylinder required as per the regulations for the
volume of the air
reservoir = 375m3
(6849*0.30)/(45.4*0.56) = 81 cylinders
If any hole drilled in the boiler shell exceeds the value 2.5t + 75mm, where
t = thickness of
boiler shell, the vessel should be compensated for the loss of strength
(due to lost material)
the activity of these aerobic bacteria and hence the completeness of the
treatment can be
estimated.
about 20˚C in water, which is well oxygenated and in a container and the
amount of oxygen
A filter is a fine mesh insert in the pipeline of a fluid for the prime purpose
of filtration. It is
tube. As the flow through the tube is laminar, pressure drop across the
tube is proportional
could result in a protruding edge (step) of the lower shell’s mating face to
that of the upper
shell. Such a protruding edge can act as an oil scraper and cause oil
starvation
168. What is microbial infestation of lube oil? What are its causes,
effects?
Suggest remedies.
the oil.
The problems are like tank washing with contaminated seawater, water
ingress from leaks of
seals (as in a stern tube, CPP etc.,), leaking cooling water, microbe infested
fuel oil
a. Slimy appearance of the oil; the slime tends to cling to the crankcase
doors
b. Rust films
c. Honey-colored films on the journals, later associated with corrosion
pitting
i. Additive depletion
l. Stable water content in the oil, which is not resolved by the purifier
such infestation.
Tanks should be provided with drain cocks at the bottom most part to
regularly drain the
tank of water. The tanks should be designed to prevent any pockets where
the flow is
minimal or stagnant. The oil should be stored outside the 15~35˚C range.
This temperature
zone is very conducive for bacterial growth. Preferably, the tank should be
kept at a higher
leakage from the cooling system and the coolers should be kept leak free.
means.
PHYSICAL MEANS:
a. Settling: microbes settle the as they have a higher specific gravity (Sp.gr.
1.05)
tank first say by the use of steam lances before filling with oil for heat
treatment
CHEMICAL MEANS:
c. Using microwaves
adhesive of the film to the metal is required to counter the sliding and
centrifugal
force
e. Antifoaming
faces
g. Oil should be suitable for elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication
Osmosis describes the process whereby a fluid will pass from a more
dense to a less dense
that retains both salt and impurities from seawater while allowing water
molecules to pass.
Osmotic head.
Detergency of lube oil is the property of the lubricant to keep engine parts
clean. In motor oil
combustion.
with detergents.
172. Why are air compressors and diesel generator engines not
provided with
Air compressors and generator engines in a ship usually do not meet any
of the above
criteria and hence are not provided with crankcase oil mist detectors.
space while preventing the loss of live steam. They also remove air and
non-condensable
gases from the steam space. Steam traps are designed to maintain steam
energy efficiency
Once steam has transferred its energy, it becomes hot water and is
removed by the trap
from the steam side as condensate and either returned to the boiler via
condensate return
175. What are the reasons for a lot of deposits in the scavenge space
of a marine
engine?
The usual reasons for a lot deposits in the scavenge space of a marine
engine are
a. Chocking of the scavenge drains
a. Tin based White Metal: Tin-based white metal is an alloy with minimum
88% tin (Sn),
the rest of the alloy composition is antimony (Sb), copper (Cu), cadmium
(Cd) and
small amounts of other elements that are added to improve the fineness
of the grain
Some points are to be taken into consideration for engine operation with
turbocharger out of
operation:
nature of damage.
Turbine inlet and outlet are isolated by fitting blanks and by pass pipe is
fitted to give a
suitable gas path. The compressor side also requires isolation to prevent
loss of scavenge air
due to back flow from the receiver. Cooling water and lubricating oil
systems may also
sealing air.
LIMITATIONS OF OPERATION:
The limits of engine load depend on the actual configuration of the system
and how many
be exceeded
the cylinder
c. Allowance should be given for rate of change of air supply during
acceleration of the
engine
e. Auxiliary air supply should be provided where possible, but this may be
effected by
temperatures
In any case the engine load is to be limited a value specified by the engine
maker for the
drum
c. Cover this tube on the furnace side with heat resisting material
a. Brass plug with stud and tightened by nut at both the ends
Purifier Clarifier
different densities
from a liquid
establish a seal
alteration
or temperature
Interface is not required but is established if
clarifier ring
good
With the main suction of the pump closed, start the pump with discharge
open. Monitor the
condition.
a. Set the pump to draw bilge from each particular well closing other
suction lines valves
c. Repeat the operation for all other suction lines individually, closing
other remaining
lines
The pump does not achieve good vacuum for any well, in this case
The manifold intactness by opening the sea water valve on the suction
side and check it for
the seawater leaking. Repair the line after identifying the location
Identify for the leaks on the suction lines for which the pump does not
achieve good vacuum
This can be done by pressure testing the line by opening the seawater
valve on the pump
suction. The non-return valve on the line has to be dismantled and the
valve put back after
Sampling points for an engine lube oil are clearly mentioned by the maker
of the engine. In
a. Sample of lube oil should be drawn from the inlet to the engine
collecting a sample
oil cool down before securing it with cap/seal. This is essential to prevent
slight
condensation in the bottle
f. The sample should be fully identified with the date, vessel name,
running hours of the
g. Each time the sample should be drawn from the same point
This method determines the flash point of the lube oil sample in a closed
cup. This gives
A portion of the lube oil sample is slowly heated at a constant rate, whilst
continual
The flash point is the lowest point at which the application of the test
flame causes the
vapor above the test point to ignite. For a new oil the flash point should be
above 220˚C,
2. BASE NUMBER
These testers use the chemical reaction of a reagent with the alkaline lube
oil additive
(calcium) to produce a pressure rise. 10ml of oil is mixed with equal
volume of a reagent.
oil and reagent. The testing unit is sealed and thoroughly mixed. The
resultant pressure
3. KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
Onboard testing lube oil for viscosity is by the use of a comparative flow
stick. This
measures the relative flow between two oils, usually a sample of the in-
use lube oil is
measured against a fresh unused sample of the same grade of lube oil.
The flow stick is filled with 3ml of each oil in each reservoir, once both the
oils are at the
same temperature, the flow stick is tilted to cause both oil grades to flow
down the
channels. Once the new oil has reached the reference mark, the position
of used oil in the
a. If the used oil has a low viscosity, due to light fuel dilution. Then oil will
have
b. If the used oil has a higher viscosity, due to oxidation or heavy fuel oil
4. DENSITY
experiment.
5. WATER CONTENT
mixing 5ml of oil with 15ml of a petroleum reagent (paraffin, toluene). The
two liquors
bring all liquids together. If water is present the carbide will produce
acetylene gas, and
the resultant pressure rise will indicate the level of water contamination.
Spindle, valve seat, valve disc and other parts: Monel Metal, Bronze or
stainless steel
c. Water in oil can lead to vapor lock in the line leading to fluctuating
engine RPM,
exhaust system
187. What are actions you would take if a purifier starts overflowing?
Some or all of the following should be checked for in case the purifier
overflowing:
d. Gravity disc oversized for the density of the fuel oil in question
a. Take the fuel oil flow meter readings for a specific time interval usually
for an hour
c. Using the fuel oil sample test results provided by the shore facility,
calculate the
density of the fuel oil at the temperature near the flow meter
d. Calculate the mass of the fuel consumed by multiplying the results in b
and c
e. Calculate the shaft power of the engine during this interval of time, take
an average
value
Express the result in the Units of specific fuel oil consumption: g/Kw-h
b. Engine RPM
f. Obtain the specific gravity of the fuel oil at 15˚C, its sulfur content &
Lower calorific
value
Calculate the average fuel pump index, Pθ = sum of all individual fuel
index/total number of
cylinders.
maverickshippy@yahoo.com
K1 = 0.953, K2 = 0.926
Ne = Engine RPM
hydroxides forming salts, it will turn pink in color. The acid used after this
coloration will first
neutralize the hydroxides forming salts, it will then react with the
carbonate molecules
present forming bicarbonate molecules. Bicarbonate molecules are less
alkaline than
carbonates have been dealt with by the acid. One bicarbonate molecule is
formed from two
alkalinity due to the hydroxides (caustic) present and half the carbonates.
governor?
engine in case of over speeding and or rapid increase of speed then the
governor is called an
over speed governor. These were the obsolete governors and commonly
had fly or bob
weights restrained by spring. When the engine exceeds a predetermined
speed, the weight
Governors designed to maintain the engine speed at the set point are
called constant speed
c. Low compressibility
g. Chemical stability
peak value at an instant of 360˚ after the firing TDC in a cycle of operation
c. A dynamic shear stress at the parting of the two halves of the bearing
housing
Dowel pins with fitted bolts or serrations at the face or both are used to
reduce shear loading
bearing housing.
contributes towards the fatigue life of the material of the bolt. Pretension
must be kept high
Some routine checks on this part are (rejection criteria of the bolt)
a. Check for corrosion by acidic lube oil, discard if any present on shanks
b. Check the length of the bolt against a new or bolt tolerances. If longer,
yielding of
the material should have taken place. Renew the bolt in this circumstance
c. Check for mechanical damage, especially on shanks
f. Discard the bolt when either designated life, over speed failure or piston
seizure has
occurred
194. What are the bunker specifications? What changes would you
make in the
Fuels. In 1987 the first edition of the international standard was published
followed by the
second edition of ISO 8217 was issued in 1996 and this is denoted as ISO
8217 : 1996.
Distillate Fuels
There are four grades of marine distillate fuels – DMX, DMA, DMB AND
DMC. The ‘DM’
denotes ‘Distillate Marine’ and the third letter distinguishes the different
grades.
space. Grade DMA is the equivalent of a gas oil and is also a pure distillate.
Grade DMB is
DMA. Grade DMC relates to a blended diesel oil which contains a residual
component,
normally up to 10 %
Viscosity
Grades DMX and DMA have a specified minimum viscosity to ensure the
fuel has sufficient
lubricity.
Flash Point
The flash points for marine fuels is determined by the closed cup method
corresponding to
the opening of a previously closed vessel. The minimum flash point is 60°C
for all fuels
vessels burning DMA, DMB, and DMC do not have tank heating.
Purchasers should ensure
The cloud point is the temperature at which wax begins to crystallize from
a clear distillate
fuel. These wax crystals will cause rapid filter blockage. This parameter is
only applicable to
Ignition Quality
a special engine test with a variable compression ratio. The higher the
number the easier it
improver which may have been added in the manufacture of the fuel.
Sediment
The sediment test for the DMB is sediment by extraction which defines the
insoluble
residues remaining after extraction of the fuel by toluene. For the blended
diesel grade
DMC, the sediment test specified is the Total Existent Sediment. This is the
combination of
centrifuges.
Catalyst Fines
In distillate fuels the elements vanadium and aluminium, plus silicon for
grade DMC, relate
RESIDUAL FUELS
From table 2, ISO 8217 : 1996, there are fifteen grades of residual fuel
which are
distinguished by three letters and two numbers. The first two letters are
common to all
residual grades, ‘RM’ denotes ‘Residual Marine’, and the third letter refers
to the
characteristic of the fuel. The two numbers are the viscosity of the fuel at
100°C. Grade
RMA relates to a residual fuel which normally does not require tank
heating because of the
defined low pour point. Other residual grades require tank heating as they
may have a
ISO FUEL STANDARD 8217, 1ST REVISION 1996, FOR MARINE RESIDUAL
FUELS
Density
Index (CCAI) or Calculated Ignition Index (CII). The density limit of 991
kg/m³ at 15°C is
the technical limit for the efficient removal of water by a centrifuge set up
as a purifier
operating with a water seal. Three grades (RMK 35, 45, 55) have a density
limit of 1010
kg/m³ which are suitable for vessels with fuel treatment plant capable of
receiving such
densities. The two grades with no density limit (RML 45, 55) are intended
for machinery
installations where the fuel treatment plant does not include centrifuges,
namely a steam
ship.
Viscosity
Carbon residue
Two grades have no defined carbon residue or density limit (RML 45 and
RML 55), a
maximum of 22 per cent m / m applies to Rmh, RMK, 35, 45, and 55, while
a limit of 18
per cent m / m applies to RMG 25. The lower limits for viscosity grades 10,
15 and 25
reflect the use of diluents to cut back heavy residual fuel to produce light
intermediate fuel.
Ash
fuel.
Water
sulfur.
Vanadium
The level of vanadium in residual fuel depends on the source of crude oil
and the refining
Catalyst Fines
The purpose of a control for aluminium and silicon is to limit the amount
of catalyst fines
delivered with the fuel. Globally, the composition of catalyst fines varies
considerably and
can be controlled using limits for aluminium and silicon, considered better
than the
Sediment
a. Start consuming the fuel only after the fuel analysis report from a shore
lab with
recommendations is available
operating the purifiers in parallel / series inline with the analysis report
g. Frequently drain the settling and service tanks to asses the amount of
water in the
fuel and take further steps in line with the findings like increasing /
decreasing
desludging intervals
h. Monitor the line filters/strainers before pumps viz. purifier feed p/p,
booster pump
i. Adjust the back flushing interval of the automatic fuel oil filter based on
the findings
l. Cylinder lubrication, sometimes the scavenge air and JCFW out let
temperatures
m. Low load operation of the engine should be limited incase the fuel
report shows high
CCAI value
n. Exhaust gas economizer soot blowing & cleaning interval may have to
be reduced if
the Conradsen number, CCAI, ash, water content is high. Boiler water
circulating
pinch point
p. Soon after the engine is put to consume new bunkers take the
performance of the
engine with draw cards to ensure good health of the engine. Further
changes in fuel
deviation
largest hole diameter that will not cause a break of the liquid seal in the
bowl or an
The presence of seawater may demand the use of a gravity disc with
larger hole than
the running direction of the engine is not coincident with the setting of the
engine telegraph
lever.
At the camshaft, forward end the shaft is coupled to the camshaft and
carries round with it,
due to the key, a flanged bush and spring plates which cause an
adjustable friction
pressure axially due to the springs and nut. This pressure acts on the
coupling disc which
rotates through an angular travel until the stop pin prevents further
rotation. This causes
position within the sleeve. Oil pressure from the reversing valve can only
pass to the valve
block valve (air) and unlock the air start lever and the fuel control if the
rotation of the
direction interlock is correct. If the stop pin were to break, the fork lever
would swing to
d. Hot gas bypass: involves passing a portion of the discharge gas from the
valve.
199. What are the reasons for engine running on air but failing to run
on fuel?
a. Fuel pump valves are leaking: valve cages leaking, dirt in fuel, governor
gear
b. Fuel system not properly primed: water in fuel, air left in system, leaky
valves,
d. Fuel injection pressure too low: spill valve jammed, priming valves left
open
e. Rotational speed on air too low: starting air pressure too low, starting
air restricted,
200. What are the lube oil properties of a diesel generator engine?
additives
j. Pump ability
l. Anti-rust, corrosive and anti-foam are just some of the other properties
required
Torsion meter uses the principle that when a torque is applied to a shaft
an angular twist θ is
the shaft. Where radius, length, and material of the shaft are constant, θ is
directly
reluctance is less along the plane of stress than across it. Magnetic fields
are induced in a
shaft; the distortion of these fields gives an indication of the torque being
transmitted.
It consists of three rings fitted on to the shaft each of which carries four
electromagnetic
poles. The centre ring acts as a transformer primary with two outer rings
acting as secondary
coils arranged at a phase of 45˚ to the primary but are in line with each
other.
Poles for inducing currents in the shaft coils are held in a stator frame so
that there exists no
contact between this stator and the shaft. A gap of about 3mm is usually
maintained
that when there exists no twist (no torque condition, rpm=0) in the shaft,
the induced
currents oppose each other and neutralize. When torque is applied to the
shaft stress lines
are inclined to the axis. This distortion causes the induced current in the
secondary coils to
increase on one side and decrease on the other side. Thus a resulting
induced voltage is
developed in the secondary which is sensed by the secondary poles in the
stator. The
The signal out put from the instrument is directly calibrated in terms of
torque developed by
following relation,
The safety valve is the sole safety device, which relieves the boiler of a
dangerous excess
pressure. In the majority of designs the oil fired boiler and the exhaust gas
boiler have a
common steam circuit, though separate heat input and flue gas paths. The
oil fired section of
the oil fired boiler has a fuel cut out which is operated by the steam
pressure limiting device,
whereas the exhaust gas boiler has to depend solely on its safety valve to
protect it.
The setting of the safety valve has to be done when the heat input and the
rate of pressure
rise is maximum. The setting of the exhaust gas boiler safety valve to
comply with the
While at sea, with the main engine running at normal service speed and
when all systems
are steady, the oil-fired section of the boiler can be fired to augment
steam production (all
shut off valve etc. are to be followed). With the safety valve on the steam
receiver of the
boiler lightly gagged. The safety valve of the exhaust gas boiler section is
set at slightly
higher pressure. In order to ensure that the economizer (or the exhaust
gas boiler) operates
oil-fired boiler firing is stopped, the steam receiver safety valves gags
removed and all the
characteristics
28. Which part of a ship's boiler has a higher safety valve setting? EGB or
auxiliary?
34. Some times the pressure gauges used in fridge systems also have
temperature readings. What is the use of this?
41. Exhaust temp of one unit is high; what could be the reason?
47. If the interstage relief valve is lifting, what could be the reason?
49. How will you test the working of a compressor safety valve?
51. How will you test the opening pressure of a crank case relief door?
52. How many tie rods will be there? Function of tie rods?
57. Why is the thrust bearing close to the engine and not close to the stern
tube?
61. What is the difference between stuffing box drain oil and scavenge
space drain oil?
63. What is the difference between a PV breaker and PV valve? What are
the settings?
68. What are the strokes in 2 stroke and four stroke engines
71. What is the relation between oil density and gravity disc diameter?
76. Why are 2 springs sometimes used in inlet and exhaust valves?
77. What will you check in springs during o'haul?
94. What was the specific fuel consumption in your last ship?
96. What is the relation between power and rpm of a main diesel engine?
97. What will be the power developed by a main engine if it runs in DD?
98. What is the relation between the ship's speed and engine power?
99. Will the engine develop any power, if it is run when a ship is aground?
100. What is a CPP? How does it function?
101. What is the difference between fuel valve opening pressure and fuel
injection pressure?
106. How will you know, without opening anything, that an engine is 2S or
4S?
108. Why does Sulzer use hydraulic jack bolts for main bearings?
110. Why is LO of different TBN used for M/E cyl oil and Crankcase oil?
111. What are the values of TBN for A/E crankcase oil?
113. If water is found in crank case lo, what could be the cause?
12. Is there any difference between relief valve and safety valve?
27. How do you light a gas-cutting torch and adjust the flame?
30. How do you select the correct current setting for welding?
75. Why do you take Ullages? How do you calculate liquid quantity?
78. Q closing valve operation? Why do you shut the valve again before
opening?
79. Start airline getting hot - what action?
86. Why is a centrifugal pump started with its discharge valve shut?
88. What checks will you make on a bottom end bearing bolt?
94. Shipside valve is leaking into E/R. What will you do?
1. What is KVA?
6. Why is a Megger used for insulation test and not a multi meter?
13. If you press the ACB Close button on an idle generator what will
happen?
16. What is the purpose of the earth fault indication on the switch board?
17. If you get an earth fault alarm what will you do?
33. Why are motor ratings given in KW and that of alternator and
transformer given in KVA?
74. What is dark lamp and bright lamp method for synchronizing? How is
the connection made?
75. Apart from renewing bearings is there any reason for opening up
motors for maintenance?
106. If a motor is wound star and you want to change to delta what should
you do?
100 If the AVR, is defective, when additional loads come on will the
generator be able to take it?
How do you test, reverse power trip, high current trip, preferential trip?
103. Sometimes, when you change the running direction of a E/R blower
(from supply to exhaust) it trips. Why?
108. What is the voltage available from each cell in a lead acid battery?
109. What is the full battery voltage ?
113. How does the air compressor start and stop automatically?
116. Out at sea, if there is a black out during your watch, what action will
you take?
117. After a black out the emergency generator comes on; On restoring
the main supply we are closing the circuit breaker of the main generator
with out bothering about synchronizing. How is this possible?
119. If all your air bottles are at low pressure and there is a blackout how
do you start the generators?
121. Even though the main engine runs at varying speeds, how does the
alternator maintain constant frequency?
123. Why is 440 V used for motors and 110/220 V used for lighting?
5. Uptake fires
8. SOPEP
22. When you blow on a matchstick the fire goes out. In a stove/or a black
smith's hearth blowing air increases the fire.Why?
28. How does a flame screen work? What is the difference between a
flame screen and a flame arrestor?
31. What is the correct position for using a portable foam extinguisher?
37. What is the important first aid for an electrical shock victim?
38. Is there any protection for a CO2 cylinder in case of a fire in the CO2
room itself?
40. How does the CO2 alarm ring when the panel door is opened?
42. What will be your action when you discover smoke coming out of
43. During your watch, if you get a under piston temperature high alarm,
what will you do?
44. During your night duty on a UMS vessel, there is a fire alarm from E/R.
What will be your action in case of
Top
d. Bilges on fire
54. What are the tests done before enclosed space entry?
4. Collision bulkhead
16. What action will you take if there is a thrust bearing high tr alarm?
Steering Gear:
1. What are Steering gear SOLAS regulations?
2. State Follow up and non follow up steering.
3. What are the Safeties of steering gear?
4. What are the Stops of steering gear
5. What is Rudder carrier bearing?
6. Steering gear sluggish operation
7. What is hunting gear? State the functions.
8. Emergency steering procedure, drill interval.
9. Describe 100% and 50% torque.
10. Describe Steering gear arrangement from bridge to steering
flat.
11. Describe Emergency steering procedure?
Bunkering
1. Procedure and calculation. Sampling and reservation procedure as
per rule?
2. FO properties and limit of the elements in FO .BDN content. FO
handling and purification.
3. What is VCF and WCF. Why they necessary?
4. What is ISO 8217?
5. What is Specific fuel consumption?
6. Definition of : flash point, fire point, pour point, cal value, CCAI value,
octane number ,cetene number
Boiler:
1. Difference between boilers
2. Boiler survey types and interval
3. Boiler survey preparation and checks
4. Safety valve types and difference
5. Safety valve setting( both EGB and boiler)
6. Accumulation test ,
7. Back fire, foaming, priming
8. Types of gauge glass and drawing
9. Mountings and boiler safety, alarms and trips
10. Which safety valve set at higher pressure boiler safety valve or
EGB safety valve? Why?
11. Different types of boiler tubes and their details?
12. Boiler tube plug/blank
13. How to detect boiler tube is leaking
14. What is pH. What is the range? Why 14 is the maximum pH
value?
15. What is leap clearance?
16. What are differences between different types of safety valve?
17. What are the safeties of gauge glass?
18. What is acid corrosion and hydrogen corrosion?
19. What is caustic hide out?
20. What is SIMMERING, CHATTERING, FLUTTER?
21. Scale formation in boiler and treatment.
22. Boiler chemicals used and their limits
23. Boiler water test procedure
24. What is soft water? What is hard water?
25. What is coagulant?
26. Details about Soot fire, uptake fire
Turbocharger
1. Types of turbocharger
2. Function of nozzle ring, labyrinth seals, diffuser, and inducer.
3. Turbocharger vibration and noise. Cause and remedial action.
4. What is T/C surging? State cause and remedial action.
5. Describe T/C cut off procedure. Why u may need to that? What other
pre-caution u need to take?
6. Sate Solid wash procedure.
ELECTRTOTECNOLOGY
1. What is a battery, how and where it supplies current on board a
ship?
2. What are the factors for battery & room maintenance?
3. Name the machinery of using 440 V, 220 V, 110 Volt and 24 V
current.
4. What is single phasing, why it is occurred, what are the effects and
preventive measure
5. What are the Switch Board Safety Devices?
6. What is Synchroscope?
7. How many methods to synchronize?
8. What is stroboscopic effect?
9. Describe Emergency Generator regulation ,starting procedure
and its maintenance:
10. Difference between Synchronous Motor and Induction Motor
11. Remedial action when generator fails to excite.
12. What is ur action When Electrical Machine is flooded with SW?
13. Short, open and grounded circuits,
14. What is dash pot, SCR, Transistor, DIODE, Transducer,
TRSNSDUCER, Rectifier
15. Describe Brushless alternator and excitation system
16. Describe Static excitation system
17. Describe A/C motor working principle.
18. Describe Motor safeties and their working principle
19. Describe Auto transformer with drawing and details
20. What is Earth fault and detection system
21. Describe Insulated and earthed neutral system, their
advantage and disadvantage.
22. DOL and Star-delta system of motor starting.
23. What is word leonard system? Describe with aid of sketch.
E. K. MOTOR
1. Describe the types of crankshaft. Stress on crankshaft. Slippage of
crankshaft cause and action to be taken.
2. How to take crank shaft deflection? How u will evaluate the
readings?
3. How to extract liner? How u will understand the liner life time is
nearing to an end? Name the materials of liner.
4. Describe the Liner lubrication system? What is Alfa lubrication
system?
5. Describe x-head lubrication system.
6. How to run engine with one unit cut off?
7. How to run engine with one unit hanging?
8. Chain drives inspection and how to adjust chain elongation. What is
the maximum limit of chain elongation?
9. Types of Engine vibration? What are the types of stress on engine?
What is critical speed? What is barred range of speed? What is
vibration damper? How vibration damper works? What is bracing
and why they are fitted?
10. What are forces act on bed plate?
11. Tightness checking procedure of tie rod? How to remove
broken tie rod from engine?
12. How timing is adjusted in hydraulic type exhaust valve?
13. How liner is lubricated in 4 stroke and 2 stroke engines?
14. Describe main engine starting and reversing procedure. What
is crash manoeuvring? What is lost motion and gain motion?
15. What is speed droop? How to adjust speed droop? What is
speed sensing and load sensing governor? What is governor
booster?
16. What is isochronous governor? What is load sensing governor?
17. How many types of fuel pump used in ship, draw and
describe. How to check fuel pump timing of each type. Working
principle of each type fuel pump
18. What is erosion plug of fuel pump? How you will check plunger
and barrel during overhauling? What is puncture valve? What is fuel
pump lead?
19. What is VIT? Difference between VIT & SUPER VIT?
20. How to take main bearing clearance, big end bearing
clearance, cross head bearing clearance?
21. How to take thrust bearing clearance? How thrust bearing
lubrication is achieved?
22. Difference between thin sell and thick shell bearing?
23. Hoe to calculate Main engine performance? How many types
of indicator cards and how to evaluate?
24. Describe propeller curve.
25. What is your action in case of grounding?
26. What is the cause of scavenge fire? What are the actions to be
taken?
27. Describe crankcase fire, cause and action to be taken.
28. Describe starting air line explosion, its cause and action to be
taken.
29. What pressure maintained in crankcase?
30. What is your action in case of OMD alarm?
31. What are the safety devices in Crank Case
32. What are the safeties of main engine?
33. Main engine is not starting what is ur action?
34. What is dead spot of engine?
35. During manoeuvring u noticed one of the starting air valve is
leaking, what is ur action?
36. During manoeuvring u noticed one of the exhaust valve is
badly noisy, what is ur action.
37. Engine turns on air but fails in fuel what are the reasons?
38. Engine fails to turns on air what are the reasons?
39. All unit exhaust temperature high. What may be the reasons?
40. One unit temperature high what may be the reasons?
41. How to take A/E performance?
42. After overhauling A/E leakage is found from shaft seal. What is
the reason?
43. A/E LO consumption has been increased, what are the
reasons?
LUBRICATION:
1. How many types of lubrication?
2. Definition: TAN, TBN , SAN. Viscosity,
3. What is microbial degradation? What is the remedial action?
4. What is grease?
5. What is the difference between cylinder and crankcase LO?
6. Details about Onboard LO testing procedure
REFRIGERATION:
1. What are GWP and ODP?
2. What is TEV? What is equalizing?
3. How to recharge refrigerant? How to record if needed?
4. How to detect leakage?
5. What is sub cooling .what is super heat.
Metallurgy:
1. Describe normalizing, annealing and nitriding, case hardening,
fatigue failure, creep, yield point,
2. What is welding, brazing, soldering
3. What is TIG,MIG
4. What is white metal?