READINGS IN THE
thesis, dissertations, interviews,
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Definition of History
-inquiry or knowledge acquired by
investigation, study of the past
-branch of knowledge dealing with past
events having a continuous, systematic
narrative of past events as relating to
particular people, country, period,
usually written as a chronological
account
Primary Sources
-provides and contains direct or first
and evidence about an event, object,
person, or work of art
-provides compelling and direct
evidence of human activity
-things created or in use during the
period which is being studied
-actual records that have survived from
the past
Examples:
Autobiography, memoirs, eyewitness
accounts, diary, fossils, relics, letters,
photograph, speeches, videos, legal
documents, ornaments, clothing, tools
Secondary Sources
-sources of historical data which are
created later or after the historical
event which is being studied and
provided by the people who are not
present on that event
-describes, discuss, interpret, comment
upon, analyze, evaluate, summarize,
and process primary source
-usually created by historians and
scholastic writers based on their
interpretations of the primary sources
Examples:
Biography, encyclopedia, textbooks,
scholarly journals, movies, news
reports, news articles, transcriptions,
almanacs, dictionaries
Internal criticisms
-looks within the data itself to try to
determine the truth and facts and its
reasonable interpretations
-includes looking at the apparent or
possible motives of the person
providing the data
-indicates the accuracy and
trustworthiness of the materials to
which historical data will be based
External Criticisms
-applies experimental science to certify
the authenticity of the material that
holds the data in which historical
information will be based
-entails such physical and technical
test as dating of paper where a
document is written on
-involves knowledge of when certain
things are possible or impossible to
exist
-evaluates the authenticity of data
6 Cs to Guide us in Effectively
Analyzing Primary Sources
1. Content- identify main idea a
certain document is trying to
convey
2. Citation- identifying the creator
of the document, time it is
created
3. Communication- biases of the
author. Biases-prejudice or a
tendency to see something in a
way
4. Content- what is going on in the
world when the document is
created
5. Connections- recognizing primary
sources to prior knowledge
6. Conclusions- contributions of the
primary source to our
understanding of history
CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL
ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PRIMARY
SOURCES GUIDE QUESTIONS
o What is the main idea of the
document? (Content)
o Who was the author/creator?
(Citation)
o What is the idea the author trying to
convey? (Communication)
o What was happening when the
document was written? (Context)
o What is your newly acquired
knowledge? (Connection)
o How did it contribute to history?
(Conclusion)
Point of View
-perspective of the author toward a
particular person or issue, shaped over
a period due to their experiences,
beliefs, ideology, etc.
Life of Early Filipinos
Origins and Life of Early Filipinos
Reasons Filipinos have a Poor
Knowledge of their Past:
-propagation of Christianity in the
Philippines
-early Filipinos prefer verbal
communication
-lack of interest in understanding
culture
-Filipinos had different priorities
Origins of the Philippines
1. Land Bridges Theory
- Philippines was believed to be a
part of Mainland Asia
- About 250,000 years ago, bodies
of water surrounding the
Philippines were 156 ft lower
than its present level
- The bridges were between Borneo
and Papa New Guinea and
between Taiwan and Batanes
2. Continental Drift Theory
- Alfred Wegener theorized that
some 300M years ago, the earth’s
current continents were part of a
super continent- Pangea
- If the continents were to be put
together, it would appear as one
- Philippines was separated due to
geological changes
3. Plate Tectonics Theory
- Outer shell of the earth is
composed of thin plates that
relatively move to each other
- These plates emerged after
drifting of the diff. continents
- Movements and collisions created
different present landforms,
including Philippines
4. Volcanic Theory
- About 225M years ago, Earth
was ravaged by violent
earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions
- Different lands were formed and
emerged, thus the establishment
of the Philippine Island
- Elevation of Baguio City is the
evidence of this theory
Early Filipino Ancestors:
Wave Migration Theory
-early settlers in the Philippines
migrated from the different parts of the
world who populated the Philippines
some thousands of years ago
-proves the diversity of cultures and
traditions passed by our ancestors
Core Population Theory
-Filipino ancestors settled within the
archipelago, they migrated outside the
country spreading our culture
Tabon Man: early settlers in the
Philippines who lived 25,000 years ago
in the island of Palawan
1.Aetas/ Negritos
-Nomadic people, first settlers in the
Philippines, living by hunting and
gathering wild plants
-Came from Mainland Asia about
25,000 years ago
-Very small people, have dark skin,
kinky hair, thick nose, and lips
2.Indonesians
-First sea dwellers that migrated in the
Philippines about 5000 years ago
-Came from South Asia travelling in
groups using boats, arriving in the
mountains and lowlands
-More advanced, lived-in permanent
home and used fires practically, lived
by hunting, fishing, and small farming
-Particularly painted their bodies
3.Malays
-Came after Indonesians 2000 years
ago
-Arrived in boats (balangays) from
Southeast Asia
-medium in height, brown skin with
dark eyes, flat nose and have straight
black hair
-Drove the Indonesian to forests and
mountain and they lived in lowlands
-Lived in larger villages, had
government, arts and sciences and an
advanced agriculture, mining, and
trading
EARLY CLOTHING
-mostly lived near bodies of water and
were along coastal areas or near rivers,
bays, or lakes
Reasons: food from water
resources, water system for agriculture,
means of transpo, strategic defense
against enemies or wild animals
1.Caves
-caves were the safest place to settle
-later, they moved in plains for farming
and coastal areas for fishing
2.Nipa Huts
-made of nipa leaves, wood and
bamboo having a square shape and
about 1 meter above ground
-the most common type of house used
3.Tree Houses
-used to provide safety from attacking
enemies and wild animals
-ladder or ropes are used to access this
4.Houses on Stilts
-near coastal areas connected by a
pathway
-commonly used by merchants
EARLY CLOTHING
MALE:
Bahag- strip of cloth wrapped
around the waist and between the legs
Putong- Cloth wrapped in the
head (Red-killed a lot of people in war,
Weaved-killed people not less than 7)
Kangan- A sleeveless coat (Red-
datu and Maharlika, Blue- average
male)
FEMALE:
Baro- upper clothing
Saya- lower covering
LIVELIHOOD
1.Agriculture
Methods:
Kaingin- preparing the land for
farming by burning a specific area of
land
Wetland farming- rice was
planted in areas where dikes were built
to collect water
2.Boat-making
Birey- made for 50-100 people
Biroco- made for more than 100
people
3.Hunting and Gathering
-Men were trained to hunt animals,
women were taught to gather
vegetables and fruits to do household
-Food was divided among the members
of tribe
-Biggest part is given to the leader and
his family
4.Barter Trading
-trading with other Filipinos and
nationalities
-Chinese, Arabs, and Indians were the
main client of Filipino traders
-Common products being traded were
yellow wax, cotton, pearls,
tortoiseshells, betel-nuts, cocoanuts,
vegetables and abaka
-Early Filipinos used gold coins
(Pilocintos) as means of exchange
SOCIAL CLASSES
1.Datu
-tribe leader and chieftain
-Known as Lakan or Gat in Tagalog
regions
-Served as the religious leader, can
declare war, and made important tribal
decision-making
-Dayang-dayang, wives of the datu
2.Maharlika (Tumao)
-Noble and free people
-Travelled with the chieftain
-Merchants in nature
-Assigned to meet foreign traders
3.Timawa (Timagua)
-Soldiers, rowers of boat and datu’s
-Could live in other barangays as a
privilege
4.Alipin (Oripun)
-Lowest status in the society
3 Types:
Horo-han- served their masters
as warriors
Namamahay (Freeman)- can
acquire house and have a family
Saguiguilid- considered as a
possession (war prisoners)
POLITICAL SYSTEM
Barangay
-standard unit of government
-consisted of 30-100 families
-ruled by a chieftain
Powers and Functions of a Datu
-implementing laws and
regulations
-ensuring peace and order
-giving protection to his subjects
-act as judge during trials
Trial by Ordeal
-an ancient judicial practice by which
the quilt or innocence was determined
by subjecting them to a painful
experience. Survival is the proof of
innocence
Taxation
-Chieftain’s family, Maharlika, and
timawa are exempted
-People pay taxes to the chieftain in
exchange of protection
-Non-payment of taxes was punishable
War Declaration
-before declaring war against other
tribes, the datu and the katalonan were
the people making decisions
SYSTEM OF WRITING
Baybayin- most common system of
writing widely used by the Tagalogs
-means “to spell”
-commonly taught to the children
of the Datu and maharlikas
-mainly used for trading
Other System of Writing in the -cleaning the house
Philippines
-gathering food and firewood
Kurdita- Northern part of Luzon
-fetching water
Kulitan- Central Luzon mainly in
-killing enemy tribes
Pampanga
-dowry-giving a part of wealth to
Basahan- Southern part of Luzon
each family
Karuno’o and Buhid- Mindoro
RELIGIOUS BELIEF
Tagbanwa- Palawan Island
Babaylan
Badit- Central Visayas
-believed as being able to
Kirim- central Mindanao communicate with the gods and
goddesses
Jawi- used in southwest part of
Mindanao Katalonan- priestess of highest
order
ARTS
Mambabarang- priestess of
Death mask
lowest rank
-buried with the dead to go along with
Priestesses were believed to cure
them to the spirit world
diseases and can incur maladies
-those who wore gold and covered with
Gods and Goddesses
tattoos are recognized by the ancestors
and deities Bathala- supreme god
-designed or decorated depending on Amaniklable- god of sea
social status
Idiyanale- goddess of labor
Kinnari
Ikapati- god of agriculture
-excavated in Surigao at around 1981
Lakapati- fertility deity
-gold artifact that symbolizes the
Mapulon- god of weather
feminine beauty
Mayari- goddess of moon
-half woman, half bird, and a religious
significance for it encapsulates grace Tala- goddess of stars
and accomplishment
Hanan- goddess of morning
Jewelry
Dumakulem- guardian of mountains
-the Filipino upper-class society,
Anitun Tabu- goddess of wind and rain
warriors, common people, and slaves
wore gold even to their grave Anagolay- goddess of lost things
-intricacy depends on social status Apolaki- God of sun and warriors
-part of their everyday clothes Diyan masalanta- goddess of love
Courting and Marriages Sitan- keeper of bad souls
-man must serve the family of the Mangagauay- plague bringer
woman for several years before
marrying the woman Manisilat-goddesses of broken home
Mankukulam- disease and fire bringer
Hukloban- shapeshifting diety
1896 Philippine Revolution
Reasons why Filipinos Revolted
against the Spaniards
-The people’s desire to regain their lost
freedom and happiness: upon arrival of
the Spaniards, Filipinos were subjected
to slavery
-Spanish Military Oppression:
injustices and torture from Spanish
government
-Bandala and Polo y Servicios: obliged
to pay excessive taxes and subjected to
forced labor
-Religious Persecution: forced to
abandon their ancestor’s beliefs and
practices
-Enconmienda System: agricultural
lands were taken and exploited by the
Spanish Colonial Government and the
Church
-Great Discrimination: Filipinos were
classed as the lowest class of people in
the society, changing social class
established by our ancestors
Results of colonization
Filipinos:
Became lazy
Not fund of working anymore
Depended solely on the Catholic
Church
Developed the sense of inferiority and
passivity
Developed colonial mentality
Created their addiction to gambling
THE UPRISING OF FILIPINOS
Tagalog Revolt (1574)
-initiated by Rajah Sulayman, Rajah
Matanda, and Lakan Dula in Tondo
Manila
Pampanga Revolt (1585)
-plot to burn and destroy Intramuros
due to exploitation of agricultural lands
Igorot Revolt (1601)
-socio-economic and religious war
conducted by the Igorot of the
Cordilleras
Dagohoy Revolt (1744)
-revolt considered to be the longest
revolt recorded in the Philippine
history- 85 years
Pule Revolt (1840)
-religious uprising led by Apolinario de
la Cruz (Hermano Pule)
THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION OF
1896
Katipunan was established on July 7,
1892, in Tondo, Manila
Founders: Gat Andres Bonifacio.
Deodato Arellano, Teodoro Plata,
Ladislao Diwa, Valentin Diaz, Jose
Dizon
KATAASTAASANG, KAGALANG-
GALANGANG KATIPUNAN NG MGA
ANAK NG BAYAN
Brief History:
*July 7, 1892- Jose Rizal was arrested
and exiled in Dapitan
*Night after the capture, Bonifacio, and
his comrades gathred in Azcarrga St.,
manila to discuss the establishment of
Katipunan
*La Liga Filipina was disbanded
establishing 2 Civic groups: KKK and
Cuerpo de Compromisario
*Katipunan was considered as 1st secret
society established in the Philippines
Aims of Katipunan:
-United uprising against the Spaniards
-Filipino Solidarity and brotherhood
-The return of Philippine independence
through revolution
-Establishment of a new Republic
-Socio-economic and civic development
of Filipinos
Establishment of Organization:
Deodato Arrelano-voted to be the first
supremo of the Katipunan (1892)
Ramon Basa- in his presidency,
Woman Auxiliary Corps and Cavite
council was established (1893)
Gregoria de Jesus and Mariana Dizon-
governed the auxiliary corps
Andres Bonifacio- became the 3rd
Supremo of the Katipunan
-common people and professionals
were recruited (400K members)
-able to establish standard rules and
laws followed by the Katipunan which
was formulated by Emilio Jacinto
(Kartilla)
-aimed for the destruction of
Intramuros
Members:
-majority of them hailed from
Batangas, Laguna, Cavite, Rizal,
Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva
Ecija
-auxiliary members came from Ilocos
Sur, Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan, and the
Bicol Region
-members were divided into three
grades. System adapted from Masonic
Rites:
Katipon- 1st degree or lowest
(Z.LL.B.) (Anak ng Bayan
Kawal- second degree and the
strong soldiers of Katipunan (A.N.B.)
(GOMBURZA)
Bayani- highest ranking official
(K.K.K. Z.LL.B.) (Rizal)
-members swore their oath by blood
compact
Events in the Revolution:
August 19, 1896- certain copy of the
Kartilla was handed by Teodoro Pateno
to Father Mariano Gill, a Spanish friar
August 20, 1896- arrested hundreds of
suspected members of the Katipunan
(Suffocated to death)
Cry of Balintawak
August 21-23, 1896- katipuneros
gathered in the residence of Melchora
Aquino in Pugadlawin, Balintawak
August 26, 1896- Bonifacio angrily
stopped talking and said, enough is
enough! He then tore his Cedula
signifying the start of revolution
Battle of Pinaglabanan
August 30, 1896- 1000 katipuneros
attacked San Juan del Monte, Bulacan,
attacking Spaniards main supply
warehouse (El Polvorin)
-Katipunan’s weapon choice:
bolo, handmade guns, bamboo sticks
and amulets were easily dominated by
the Spanish artillery leaving 153 dead
soldiers behind
-To ease the tension, Governor-
general Ramon Blanco offered pardon
to the katipuneros who will surrender
but most Katipuneros still fought
Conflict in the Katipunan:
Because of the differences in the
Katipunan, the group was divided into
2 factions:
Magdalo- led by Baldomero
Aguinaldo in Kawit, Cavite
-controlled most of the
Tagalog and South Luzon regions
Magdiwang- faction of the
Katipunan Stationed in Manila led by
Mariano Alvarez
-controlled most of manila
and some parts of Luzon
Tejeros Convention
March 22, 1897, a meeting was
called for the Magdalo and magdiwang
at San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite
The aim of the meeting was to
plan a strategic attack against the
Spanish infantry, decide what type of
government should be followed, and to
pacify the tension between 2 factions
 Turned out to be election of the The Pact of Biak-na-Bato
next leader of Katipunan
-considered as the 1st establishment of
146 votes for Aguinaldo, 80 for Filipino government in the Philippines
Bonifacio, and 30 for Mariano Trias on December 15, 1897, making Emilio
Aguinaldo as the 1st president of the
Daniel Tirona questioned the
Philippines
qualifications of Bonifacio as part of the
Katipunan Conditions:
Naic Military Agreement- -Spanish will recognize the newly found
convention established by Bonifacio government in 3 years if Aguinaldo will
declaring the Tejeros Convention null be exiled to Hongkong and the
and void Katipunan will surrender all their
weapons
Battle of Limbon
-Spanish will pay 800,000 Mexican
April 27, 1897- a skirmish between
pesos as war preparations
Bonifacio and troops of Aguinaldo took
place in Limbon, Cavite -December 27, 1897- Aguinaldo went to
Hongkong after receiving the partial
On his way to Montalban, Rizal,
payment
Bonifacio’s troop were ambushed by
the troop of Severino de las Alas -Some Filipino generals did not believe
the sincerity of the Spanish, refusing to
Andres and his brother Procorpio were
surrender their arms
wounded when arrested and charged of
treason and sedition- sentenced to Things taught by the Revolution:
death
-personal interest can lead to disunity
Ciriaco Bonifacio was killed, and
-social responsiveness and civic
Gregoria de Jesus was imprisoned
responsibility are very important
May 10, 1897- Andres and Procorpio
-Filipinos fought for their beliefs
were killed near Mt. Buntis in
Maragondon, Cavite on their way to -values of patriotism and valor were
trial prevalent among the Filipinos
The Aftermath: -love for our country should always be
practiced
After Bonifacio’s death, disunity among
the Katipunan was prevalent
Supporters of Bonifacio were
massacred or forced to swear an
allegiance to the new president
February 15, 1897- Governor-general
Polavieja launched and all out war in
Cavite. Captures city of Silang
February 25, 1897- Dasmarinas, Cavite
was also pacified by General Antonio
Zabala
The fall of Katipunan was within the
reach of the Spaniards