BDwbU

†mŠiRMr I f‚-gÐj
The Solar System and the Earth
3

f~wgKv : gnvwe‡k¦i gnvKv‡k MÖn, DcMÖn, bÿÎ, a~g‡KZz, bxnvwiKv, Qvqvc_, M¨vjvw· I Dév BZ¨vw`‡K †R¨vwZ®‹
e‡j| †h mKj †R¨vwZ‡®‹i wbR¯^ Av‡jv Av‡Q Zv‡`i‡K bÿÎ e‡j| †hgb - m~h|© Av‡jvKwenxb †R¨vwZ®‹‡K MÖn
e‡j| †hgb-c„w_ex, m~‡h©i Av‡jv‡Z Av‡jvwKZ nq| MÖnmg~‡ni Pvwiw`‡K N~Yv©qgvb wbR¯^ Av‡jvKwenxb †R¨vwZ®‹‡K
DcMÖn e‡j| †hgb- Pvu`, c„w_exi GKgvÎ DcMÖn| gnvKv‡k KLbI KLbI †Kvb †R¨vwZ®‹ wKQz w`‡bi Rb¨ †`Lv
hvq Avevi A`„k¨ n‡q hvq| Gme †R¨vwZ®‹ †K a~g‡KZz e‡j| †hgb- n¨vwji a~g‡KZz 1986 mv‡j GKevi †`Lv
wM‡qwQj Avevi †`Lv hv‡e 2061 mv‡j| my`~i AvKv‡k ¯^ív‡jvwKZ †g‡Ni gZ Av¯ÍiY‡K bxnvwiKv e‡j| G¸‡jv
Avm‡j nvjKv M¨v‡mi AwZKvq wcÐ| GKwU bxnvwiKvi gv‡S †KvwU †KvwU bÿÎ _vK‡Z cv‡i| †gNgy³ iv‡Zi
AvKv‡k †KvwU †KvwU bÿ·K DËi `wÿ‡Y we¯Í…Z `xßgvb c‡_i gZ †`Lvq e‡j G‡K Qvqvc_ e‡j| gnvk~‡Y¨i
†KvwU †KvwU bÿÎ, a~wjKYv I wekvj ev®úKzÛmn bxnvwiKvi GK GKwU `j‡K ejv nq M¨vjvw·| GKwUgvÎ
M¨vjvw·‡ZB cÖvq wÎk nvRvi †KvwU bÿÎ i‡q‡Q e‡j weÁvbxiv Abygvb K‡i‡Qb| weÁvbxiv wek¦åþv‡Û K‡qK
nvRvi †KvwU M¨vjvw·i Avwe®‹vi Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Qb| Av‡jvP¨ BDwb‡U †mŠiRMr Ges MÖnmg~n, c„w_ex I Gi
AvK…wZ, Aÿ‡iLv I `ªvwNgv‡iLv, ¯’vbxq mgq, cÖgvY mgq Ges AvšÍRv©wZK ZvwiL †iLv, c„w_exi AvwýK MwZ I
evwl©K MwZi KviY I djvdj Ges †Rvqvi-fvUv we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 6 w`b

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV-3.1 : †mŠiRMr Ges MÖnmg~n
cvV-3.2 : c„w_ex I Gi AvK…wZ
cvV-3.3 : Aÿ‡iLv I `ªvwNgv‡iLv
cvV-3.4 : ¯’vbxq mgq, cÖgvY mgq Ges AvšÍRv©wZK ZvwiL †iLv
cvV-3.5 : c„w_exi AvwýK MwZ I evwl©K MwZ
cvV-3.6 : †Rvqvi-fvUv
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq

cvV-3.1 †mŠiRMr Ges MÖnmg~n

The Solar System and the Plannets

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV Aa¨qb †k‡l AvcwbÑ
• †mŠiRMr Gi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
• †mŠiRM‡Zi MÖnmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã †mŠiRMr eya, ïµ, c„w_ex, g½j, e„n¯úwZ, kwb, BD‡ibvm, †bcPzb |

†mŠiRMr Ges MÖnmg~n

gnvKv‡ki AmsL¨ †R¨vwZ®‹ wb‡q †h RM‡Zi m„wó n‡q‡Q Zv‡K wek¦RMr ev wek¦åþvÛ e‡j| m~h©
wek¦RM‡Zi †KvwU †KvwU bÿ‡Îi g‡a¨ GKwU D¾¡jZg bÿÎ| ms‡ÿ‡c m~h© I Gi PZyw`©‡K N~Yb© iZ
†R¨vwZ®‹gÛjx‡K GK‡Î †mŠiRMr (Solar System) e‡j| gnvKv‡k m~h‡© K †K›`ª K‡i wbw`©ó MwZ‡Z, wbw`©ó `~i‡Z¡,
GKB mgZ‡j GKBw`‡K Dce„ËvKvi Kÿc‡_ N~bY©iZ mKj MÖn, DcMÖn, MÖnvYycyÄ, ayg‡KZz I Dévwc‡Ûi mgš^‡q
†mŠiRMZ MwVZ n‡q‡Q| †mŠiRM‡Z †gvU 8wU MÖn (h_v: eya, ïµ, c„w_ex, g½j, e„n¯úwZ, kwb, BD‡ibvm,
†bcPzb), D‡jøL¨ †h, cø‡y Uv MÖn‡K eZ©gv‡b MÖn wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq bv, KviY cø‡y Uv MÖ‡ni mv‡_ MÖ‡ni ˆewk‡ó¨i wgj
†bB (wPÎ- 3.1.1)|
eya
BD‡ibvm wPÎ
c„„w_ex
cø‡y Uv m~h© wPÎ bs e„n¯úwZ
ïµ wPÎ MÖnvYycyÄ
†bcPzb
bs

g½j
kwb MÖnvbyycyÄ ejq
wPÎ-3.1.1 †mŠiRM‡Zi MÖn DcMÖn mg~n
m~h© (Sun) : †mŠiRM‡Zi †K‡›`ª Aew¯’Z gvSvwi AvqZ‡bi bÿÎ m~h|© c„w_exi e¨vm cÖvq 13,000 wK‡jvwgUvi Ges
m~‡h©i e¨vm cÖvq 14,00000 wK‡jvwgUvi| m~‡h©i AvqZb c„w_ex A‡cÿv cÖvq 13 jÿ ¸Y eo| c„w_ix †_‡K Gi Mo
`~iZ¡ cÖvq 150 wgwjqb wK‡jvwgUvi| m~h© Zvi wbR¯^ M¨vjvw·i PZzw© `‡K e„ËvKvi c‡_ 20 †KvwU eQ‡i GKevi
cÖ`wÿY K‡i Ges wbR Kÿc‡_ cÖvq 25 w`‡b GKevi AveZ©b K‡i| m~‡h©i †K›`ªfv‡M ZvcgvÎv 8 wgwjqb †_‡K 40
wgwjqb wWMÖx †mjwmqvm Ges c„ô‡`‡ki ZvcgvÎv cÖvq 5,700 wWMÖx †mjwmqvm| m~‡h©i wewKiYK…Z Zv‡ci gvÎ 200
†KvwU fv‡Mi 1 fvM c„w_ex‡Z Av‡m| hvi `iæY f~-c„‡ô Dw™¢` I cÖvYx †eu‡P _v‡K|
eya (Mercury) : m~‡h©i wbKUZg MÖn eya| Gi e¨vm 4,850 wK‡jvwgUvi| m~h© †_‡K ey‡ai Mo `~iZ¡ cÖvq 58 †KvwU
wK‡jvwgUvi| m~‡h©i Pviw`‡K GKevi Ny‡i Avm‡Z ey‡ai mgq jv‡M cÖvq 88 w`b| w`‡bi †ejvq ey‡ai ZvcgvÎv _v‡K
cÖvq 4000 †mjwmqv‡mi Ges iv‡Z ZvcgvÎv wngvs‡Ki bx‡P _v‡K| ey‡a evqygÛj, cvwb, †PŠ¤^KZ¡ I RxeRš‘ †bB|
ey‡ai †Kv‡bv DcMÖnI †bB|

BDwbU 03 c„ôv 44
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

ïµ (Venus) : m~‡h©i Pvwiw`‡K Ny‡i Avm‡Z i mgq jv‡M 225 w`b| m~h© †_‡K Gi Mo `~iZ¡ cÖvq 10.8 †KvwU
wK‡jvwgUvi| †fvi iv‡Z c~e© AvKv‡k ïµ MÖn‡K ejv nq ïKZviv| mܨv‡ejvq cwðg AvKv‡k G‡K ejv nq
mܨvZviv| ïµ MÖ‡niI †Kv‡bv DcMÖn †bB|
c„w_ex (Earth) : c„w_ex‡K ejv nq Av`k© MÖn| KviY GKgvÎ c„w_ex MÖ‡nB Dw™¢` I cÖvYxi emev‡mi Dc‡hvMx
cwi‡ek i‡q‡Q| m~h© †_‡K c„w_exi Mo `~iZ¡ cÖvq 15 †KvwU wK‡jvwgUvi| Gi e¨vm cÖvq 13 nvRvi wK‡jvwgUvi|
c„w_ex m~h‡© K cÖ`wÿY Ki‡Z mgq jv‡M 365 w`b 5 NÈv 48 wgwbU 46 †m‡KÛ| c„w_exi GKgvÎ DcMÖn Pvu`|
Pvu` (Moon) : c„w_ex †_‡K Pvu‡`i Mo `~iZ¡ 3,81,500 wK‡jvwgUvi| Pvu` c„w_exi Pviw`‡K wbR Kÿc‡_ 29 w`‡b
GKevi Ave©Zb K‡i| Pvu‡`i e¨vm 3,475 wK‡jvwgUvi| 1969 mv‡ji 21 †k RyjvB me©c_Ö g gvbyl Pvu‡` AeZiY
K‡ib| Pvu‡` cvwb, evqy, Dw™¢` ev cÖvYx †bB| Pvu‡` eû mgZjf~wg, cvnvo ce©Z I e„n`vKvi M‡Z©i DcwifvM †`Lv
hvq| Pvu‡`i me‡P‡q eo MnŸiwUi bvg †K¬wfDm| Pvu‡`i AvKvk w`‡b-iv‡Z GKB iKg Kv‡jv| Pvu‡`i wbR¯^ Av‡jv
†bB| m~‡h©i Av‡jv‡Z Puv` Av‡jvwKZ nq| Pvu‡`i †h c„‡ô m~hv©‡jvK c‡o †m c„‡ôi ZvcgvÎv 1000 †mjwmqvm Gi
Ic‡i Ges AÜKvi c„‡ôi ZvcgvÎv wngv‡¼i 1500 †mjwmqv‡mi bx‡P|
g½j (Mars) : m~h© †_‡K g½‡ji Mo `~iZ¡ 22.8 †KvwU wK‡jvwgUvi| Gi e¨vm 6,787 wK‡jvwgUvi| m~‡h©i
PZz©w`‡K GKevi cÖ`wÿY Ki‡Z g½‡ji mgq jv‡M cÖvq 687 w`b| wW‡gvm Ges †dv‡evm bvgK g½‡ji `ywU DcMÖn
i‡q‡Q| e„ËvKvi Kÿc‡_ wW‡gvm cÖwZ 30 NÈv 17 wgwbU 55 †m‡KÛ Ges †dvem 7 NÈv 39 wgwbU 14 †m‡K‡Û
g½j‡K GKevi AveZ©b K‡i| g½‡j i‡q‡Q †mŠiRM‡Zi e„nËg Av‡MœqwMwi wbKm Awjw¤úKv| g½‡ji evqygÛ‡j
Aw·‡Rb, bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, Kve©b WvB A·vBW, AvM©b cÖf…wZ M¨vm i‡q‡Q| g½‡ji AvKvk bxj, gvwU jvj I ky®‹|
g½‡ji ZvcgvÎv 200 †mjwmqvm Gi AwaK nq bv| ZvcgvÎv iv‡Z wngv‡¼i eû wb‡P †b‡g hvq|
e„n¯úwZ (Jupiter) : †mŠiRM‡Zi e„nËg MÖn e‡j G‡K MÖnivR ejv nq| c„w_exi Zzjbvq e„n¯úwZ cÖvq 1300 ¸Y
eo| m~h© †_‡K Mo `~iZ¡ 77 †KvwU wK‡jvwgUvi| e„n¯úwZi m~‡h©i Pvwiw`‡K GKevi AveZ©b Ki‡Z mgq jv‡M cÖvq
12 eQi| e„n¯úwZi DcMÖ‡ni msL¨v 16wU| e„n¯úwZi evqygÛ‡j nvB‡Wªv‡Rb, A¨v‡gvwbqv, wg‡_b Ges wnwjqvg
i‡q‡Q|
kwb (Saturn) : m~h© †_‡K kwbi Mo `~iZ¡ 143 †KvwU wK‡jvwgUvi| m~‡h©i Pvwiw`‡K GKevi AveZ©b Ki‡Z kwbi
mgq jv‡M 29 eQi| Gi e¨vm cÖvq 1,20,000 wK‡jvwgUvi|
cø‡y Uv (Pluto) : cø‡y Uv †mŠiRM‡Zi beg MÖn| m~h© †_‡K Gi Mo `~iZ¡ cÖvq 590 †KvwU wK‡jvwgUvi| Gi e¨vm cÖvq
6,000 wK‡jvwgUvi| m~‡h©i Pvwiw`‡K GKevi cÖ`wÿY Ki‡Z cø‡y Uvi mgq cÖ‡qvRb nq 284 eQi|
BD‡ibvm (Uranus) : `~i‡Z¡i w`K †_‡K †mŠiRM‡Zi mßg MÖn I Z…Zxq e„nËg MÖn| GwU †mŠiRM‡Zi GKgvÎ
MÖn hvi bvg MÖxK cyivb †_‡K †bqv n‡q‡Q| m~h© †_‡K BD‡ibvm Gi Mo `~iZ¡ 290 †KvwU wK‡jvwgUvi| BD‡ibvm
Gi MÖ‡ni msL¨v 5wU Ges DcMÖ‡ni msL¨v 27wU| 84 eQ‡i GwU m~‡h©i PZzw`©‡K wbR Kÿc‡_ Ny‡i| G MÖn‡iI kwbi
gZ ejq i‡q‡Q| Z‡e ejq¸‡jv D¾¡j bq|
†bcPzb (Naptune) : `~i‡Z¡i w`K †_‡K †bcPzb †mŠiRM‡Zi Aóg MÖn| m~h© †_‡K Mo `~iZ¡ 451 wK‡jvwgUvi|
Gi e¨vq cÖvq 48,000 wK‡jvwgUvi| GwU 165 eQ‡i GKevi m~‡h©i Pvwi`w‡K wbR Kÿc‡_ Ny‡i| †bcPz‡bi Gi
MÖ‡ni msL¨v 2wU Ges DcMÖ‡ni msL¨v 14wU|
MÖnvYycyÄ (Asteroids) : g½j I e„n¯úwZi ga¨eZx© As‡k m~‡h©i Pvwiw`‡K AmsL¨ ÿz`ª ÿz`ª MÖn AveZ©b Ki‡Q|
G¸‡jv‡K GK‡Î MÖnvYycyÄ e‡j| G‡`i e¨vm 1.6 wK‡jvwgUvi †_‡K 805 wK‡jvwgUvi ch©šÍ nq|
a~g‡KZz (Comet) : a~g‡KZz m~‡h©i Pvwicv‡k Dce„ËvKv‡i Nyi‡Q| a~g‡KZz m~‡h©i wbKUeZx© n‡j cÖ_‡g †g‡Ni
AvKv‡i †`Lv hvq Ges µgk D¾¡j †K›`ªwe›`y ev gv_v Ges †K›`ª †_‡K D¾¡j SvUvi g‡Zv `xN© ev®úcy”Q ev †jR
†ei n‡q Av‡m| A_v©r a~g‡KZzi `ywU Ask gv_v I †jR| a~g‡KZzi cy”Q ev †jR‡K Kzqvkvi Avei‡Yi g‡Zv g‡b nq
hv wgwjqb wK‡jvwgUvi `xN© n‡Z cv‡i| m~‡h©i Pvwiw`‡K GKevi cÖ`wÿY Ki‡Z n¨vwji a~g‡KZzi mgq jv‡M 75
eQi| me©‡kl 1986 mv‡j n¨vwji a~g‡KZz c„w_ex †_‡K †`Lv wM‡q‡Q| c~Yivq †`Lv hv‡e 2061 mv‡j|

BDwbU 03 c„ôv 45
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq

Dév (Meteor) : †gNgy³ iv‡Zi AvKv‡k gv‡S gv‡S †`Lv hvq †Kv‡bv GKwU Zviv QzU‡Z QzU‡Z wb‡f †Mj ev
GBgvÎ ZvivwU L‡m coj| G¸‡jv‡K Dév e‡j| A‡bK¸‡jv Dév GK mv‡_ QzU‡Z _vK‡j Zv‡K Dév So e‡j|
1999 mv‡ji 18 B b‡f¤^i c„w_ex †_‡K Dév So †`Lv wM‡qwQj|
wkÿv_x©iv c„w_ex †_‡K MÖn DcMÖnmg~‡ni `~i‡Z¡i ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki‡eb|
wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvims‡ÿc
m~h‡© K †K›`ª K‡i MÖn, DcMÖn, AmsL¨ MÖnvYycyÄ I Dév wb‡q m„wó n‡q‡Q †mŠiRMr| †h mKj †R¨vwZ‡¯‹i wbR¯^
Zvc I Av‡jv Av‡Q Zv‡K ejv nq bÿÎ, †hgb- myh|© hv‡`i Zvc I Av‡jv †bB Zv‡`i ejv nq MÖn| †mŠiRM‡Z
MÖ‡ni msL¨v †gvU 12 wU| me‡P‡q eo MÖn e„n¯úwZ Ges †QvU MÖn eya| †h mKj †R¨vwZ®‹ MÖ‡ni PZzw© `‡K
cwiågY K‡i Zv‡`i‡K ejv nq DcMÖn| Pvu` c„w_exi GKgvÎ DcMÖn| mev©waK DcMÖn i‡q‡Q kwb MÖ‡ni|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.1
√) wPý w`b|
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√
1| †mŠiRM‡Zi MÖ‡ni msL¨v KqwU?
(K) 5wU (L) 6wU
(M) 7wU (N) 8wU
2| †mŠiRM‡Zi me‡P‡q eo MÖn †KvbwU?
(K) eya (L) kyµ
(M) e„n¯úwZ (N) g½j
3| †mŠiRM‡Zi Av`k© MÖn †KvbwU?
(K) e„n¯úwZ (L) eya
(M) kyµ (N) c„w_ex

BDwbU 03 c„ôv 46
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-3.2 c„w_ex I Gi AvK…wZ

The Earth and Its Shape
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV Aa¨qb †k‡l AvcwbÑ
• c„w_exi AvK…wZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
• c„w_exi AvqZb, e¨vm, e¨vmva© I cwiwa wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã c„w_ex|

c„w_ex I Gi AvK…wZ
c„w_exi AvK…wZ eËz©jvKvi (Spherical)| DËi I `wÿY †giæ AwZ mvgvb¨ Pvcv I welye‡iLv eivei wKQzUv
ùxZ| †R¨vwZ©we` Biv‡Uvm‡_wbm wLªóc~e© 250 mv‡j R¨vwgwZK c×wZ‡Z c„w_exi eËzj © vKvi cÖgvY †`b| wb‡¤œ
c„w_exi eËz©jvKvi cÖgv‡Yi KwZcq D`nviY Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv| h_v-
K. GKB w`‡K hvÎv : c„w_exi †h †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó ¯’vb †_‡K RvnvR ev D‡ovRvnvR K‡i hvÎv ïiæ Ki‡j Ges w`K
cwieZ©b bv K‡i GKB w`‡K AMÖmi n‡j †`Lv hvq, †h ¯’vb n‡Z hvÎv ïiæƒ K‡iwQj wVK †mB GKB ¯’v‡b cÖZ¨veZ©b
K‡i‡Q (wPÎ-3.2.1)| Giƒc cixÿv K‡i g¨vwMjvb, †WªK I KzK cÖgyL bvweKMY wm×všÍ w`‡q‡Qb c„w_ex eËzj
© vKvi|

wPÎ 3.2.1 †cø‡bi GKB w`‡K hvÎv wPÎ 3.2.2 P›`ª MÖn‡Yi mgq P‡š¿i Dci c„w_exi Qvqv
L. P›`ª MÖn‡Yi Qwe : P›`ª MÖn‡Yi mgq c„w_ex P›`ª I m~h© GKB mij‡iLvq Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges c„w_exi Ae¯’vb _v‡K
P›`ª I m~‡h©i ga¨eZx© ¯’v‡b| GB mgq c„w_exi †h Qvqv P‡›`ªi Dci c‡o Zv eËzj© vKvi †`Lvq (wPÎ-3.2.2)
M. w`MšÍ †iLvi mvnv‡h¨ : c„w_exi †h †Kv‡bv Dš§y³ ¯’v‡b `vwo‡q Pvwiw`‡K ZvKv‡j g‡b nq, AvKvk I f~-c„ô GKwU
e„ËvKvi †iLvq wg‡k †M‡Q| G‡K e‡j w`MšÍ‡iLv| f~-c„ô †_‡K h‡Zv Dc‡ii w`‡K DVv nq, w`MšÍ‡iLvi cwiwaI
GKB nv‡i evo‡Z _v‡K (wPÎ-3.3.3)| w`MšÍ‡iLvi AvKviI e„ËvKvi|

wPÎ 3.3.3 wewfbœ D”PZv †_‡K e„ËvKvi w`MšÍ †iLv wPÎ 3.3.4 mgy`c
ª „‡ôi Rvnv‡Ri mvnv‡h¨ c„w_exi †MvjKZ¡ cixÿv

BDwbU 03 c„ôv 47
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq

N. mgy‡`ª Pjgvb Rvnv‡Ri Qwe : Mfxi mgy`ª n‡Z Zx‡ii w`‡K Avm‡Z _vKv †Kv‡bv Rvnv‡Ri m¤ú~Y© Ask †`Lv hvq
bv| cÖ_‡g Rvnv‡Ri gv¯‘j, c‡i †PvO, †WK, Qv` I (wPÎ- 3.3.4) Zx‡ii KvQvKvwQ Avm‡j m¤ú~Y© RvnvRwU †`Lv
hvq| c„w_ex mgZj n‡j A‡bK `~i †_‡K I m¤ú~Y© RvnvRwU †`Lv †hZ|
O. m~‡hv©`q I m~hv©‡¯Íi mgq : c„w_exi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b m~‡hv©`q I m~hv©‡¯Íi mgq GKB iKg bq| KviY c„w_ex
eËz©jvKvi| (wPÎ- 3.3.5) mvaviYZ c~e©w`‡Ki †`kmg~‡n cÖ_‡g m~‡hv©`q I m~hv© ¯Í nq Ges cieZx©‡Z cwð‡gi
†`k¸‡jv‡Z m~‡hv©`q I m~h©v¯Í nq|

wPÎ 3.3.5 c„w_exi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b m~‡h©v`q I m~h©v‡¯Íi mg‡qi wfbœZv wPÎ 3.3.6 †mŠiRM‡Zi eËz©jvKvi MÖn-DcMÖn

P. K…wÎg DcMÖ‡ni mvnv‡h¨ : mv¤úªwZK mg‡q gnvKv‡k ¯’vwcZ K…wÎg DcMÖn mg~n (Satellites) †_‡K cÖvß
Av‡jvKwP‡Î †`Lv hvq †h, †mŠiRM‡Zi Ab¨vb¨ MÖn, DcMÖ‡ni b¨vq c„w_exi AvK…wZ I eËz©jvKvi (wPÎ- 3.3.6) |
c„w_exi cwiwa, e¨vm I AvqZb
cwiwa n‡jv e„‡Ëi Pvwiw`‡K cwigvY| c„w_exi cwiwa n‡jv
c„w_exi ga¨fv‡M Aew¯’Z wbiÿ‡iLvi (00 Aÿvsk) cwiwa|
c„w_exi †K›`ª we›`y‡K †Q` K‡i †h †iLv c„w_exi †h †Kv‡bv
`yÕwU cÖvšÍ‡K ¯úk© K‡i Zv‡K c„w_exi e¨vm ejv nq| c„w_exi c„w_exi e¨vm
e¨vmva© n‡jv, Ggb GKwU †iLv †hwU c„w_exi †K›`ª we›`y
†_‡K †h †Kv‡bv GKwU cÖvšÍ ¯úk© K‡i (wPÎ- 3.3.7)|
c„w_ex wbR A‡ÿ cÖ`wÿY Ki‡Z mgq jv‡M 24 NÈv ev
1440 wgwbU ev 1 w`b| d‡j GKB RvqMvq 24 NÈv ev
1440 wgwbU ci m~h© I‡V| c„w_exi `ywU ¯’v‡bi g‡a¨ m~h©
IVvi mg‡qi cv_©K¨ †_‡K c„w_exi cwiwa ev wbiÿ‡iLvi
ˆ`N¨ wbY©q Kiv hvq| c„w_exi e¨vmva©
Biv‡Uvmw_wb‡mi MvwYwZK wnmve Abyhvqx c„w_exi cwiwa
cÖvq 25,000 gvBj, wbiÿxq e¨vm 7,927 gvBj I
†giæ‡`kxq e¨vm 7,900 gvBj| c„w_exi †giæ †`kxq e¨vm
wbiÿxq e¨v‡mi PvB‡Z 27 gvBj Kg KviY c„w_ex GKwU
wPÎ 3.3.7 c„w_exi e¨vm I e¨vmva©
AwfMZ †MvjK|
c„w_exi cwiwa wbY©q Kivi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g wbiÿ‡iLvi Dci `ywU ¯’v‡bi ga¨Kvi m~h© DVvi cv_©K¨ Ges ¯’vb `ywUi
ga¨Kvi `~iZ¡ wbY©q Kiv nq| G †_‡K KZUzKz `~ieZx© ¯’v‡bi ga¨Kvi m~h© DVvi mg‡qi cv_©K¨ 1 wgwbU Zv wbY©q Kiv

BDwbU 03 c„ôv 48
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

nq| GB `~iZ¡‡K 1,440 wgwbU ev 24 NÈv Øviv ¸Y K‡i c„w_exi cwiwa wbY©q Kiv hvq| MwYwZK m~Î Abymv‡i,
†Mvj‡Ki cwiwa‡K cvB (π) ev Gi gvb 3.14 Øviv fvM Ki‡j c„w_exi e¨vm wbY©q Kiv hvq| D`vniY `wÿY
Av‡gwiKv gnv‡`‡ki GKwU †`‡k wbiÿ‡iLvi Dc‡i `ywU kn‡ii GKwU‡Z AciwUi †P‡q 8 wgwbU ci m~h© I‡V|
kni `ywUi ga¨Kvi `~iZ¡ 138.5 gvBj n‡j c„w_exi cwiwa KZ wK‡jvwgUvi? (1 gvBj = 1.61 wK‡jvwgUvi)
mgvavb :
8wgwbU e¨eav‡b m~h© I‡V 138.5 gvBj `~i‡Z¡
1 ,, ,, ,, ,, 138.5 ÷ 8 ,, ,,
138.5 × 1440
∴ 1440 ,, ,, ,, ,,
8
= 24,940 gvBj `~i‡Z¡

∴ c„w_exi cwiwa = 24,930 gvBj ev 2500 gvBj cÖvq

= (24,930 × 1.61) wK‡jvwgUvi
= 40,137 wK. wg.
A_v©r c„w_exi cwiwa 40,137 wK‡jvwgUvi
c„w_exi AvqZb wbY©q Ki‡Z cÖ_‡gB c„w_exi cwiwa I e¨vm wbY©q Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| weÁvbx‡`i g‡Z, c„w_exi cwiwa
cÖvq 40,000 wK‡jvwgUvi ev 25,000 gvBj Ges c„w_exi Mo e¨vm cÖvq 12,800 wK‡jvwgUvi|
c„w_exi AvqZb
MvwYwZK wnmvi Abyhvqx c„w_exi c~e-© cwð‡g wbiÿxq e¨vm 12,757 wK‡jvwgUvi| DËi-`wÿ‡Y †giæ e¨vm
12,714 wK‡jvwgUvi| c„w_exi e¨vm 12,735.5 wK. wg| mij wnmv‡e c„w_exi e¨vm‡K 12,800 wK‡jvwgUvi aiv
nq|
c„w_exi Mo e¨vmva© 6400 wK‡jvwgUvi|
m~Îvbymv‡i, †Mvj‡Ki AvqZb = 4 × π × (e¨vmva©)2
2
∴ c„w_exi cwiwa = 4 × π × (e¨vmva©)
= 4 × 3.14 × (6400)2 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi [π= 3.14]
= 4 × 3.14 × 4,09,60,000 ÷ 7 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi
= 36,044,80,000 ÷ 7
= 51,49,25,714.3 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi
A_v©r c„w_ex c„‡ôi AvqZb 51 †KvwU 49 jÿ 25 nvRvi 714.3 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi|

wkÿv_©xi KvR wkÿv_x©iv c„w_ex ‡h GKwU AwfMZ †MvjK GwU e¨vL¨v Ki‡eb|

mvims‡ÿc
c„w_exi AvKvi eËz©jvKvi| ïaygvÎ DËi-`wÿ‡Y mvgvb¨ Pvcv Ges wbiÿ‡iLv eivei ùxZ| c„w_exi AvqZb
51,49,25,714.3 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi, c„w_exi cwiwa 40,137 wK‡jvwgUvi Ges c„w_exi Mo e¨vm 12,800
wK‡jvwgUvi|

BDwbU 03 c„ôv 49
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.2

√) wPý w`b
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√
1| c„w_exi Mo e¨vm KZ?
(K) 1280 wK‡jvwgUvi L) 12800 wK‡jvwgUvi (M) 12700 wK‡jvwgUvi (N) 12000 wK‡jvwgUvi
2| c„w_ex-
i. GKwU AwfMZ †MvjK ii. c„w_ex m~‡h©i Pvwiw`‡K 24 NÈvq GKevi AveZ©b K‡i|
iii. c„w_ex m~h© †_‡K Zvc I Av‡jv cvq|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i, ii I iii (N) iii
3| f~-c„ô †_‡K µgk Dc‡ii w`‡K w`MšÍ †iLv †Kgb nq?
(K) †e‡o hvq (L) K‡g hvq
(M) GKB iKg _v‡K (N) mij †iLvq cwiYZ nq

BDwbU 03 c„ôv 50
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-3.3 Aÿ‡iLv I `ªvwNgv †iLv

Latitude and Longitude

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV Aa¨qb †k‡l AvcwbÑ
• Aÿ‡iLv I `ªvwNgv‡iLvi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
• Aÿ‡iLv I `ªvwNgv‡iLv wbY©q c×wZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã Aÿ‡iLv I `ªvwNgv †iLv |

Aÿ‡iLv I `ªvwNgv‡iLv
Aÿ‡iLv I `ªvwNgv‡iLvi mvnv‡h¨ c„w_ex c„‡ôi †h †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi mwVK mgq I Ae¯’vb wbY©q Kiv nq|
Aÿ‡iLv (Latitude)
c„w_exi `yB †giæ n‡Z mgvb `~i‡Z¡ (c„w_exi gvSLv‡b) c~e-© cwð‡g c„w_ex‡K wN‡i _vKv KwíZ e„ˇK ejv nq
wbiÿ‡iLv ev welye‡iLv e‡j| wbiÿ‡iLvi mgvšÍiv‡j Dˇi I `wÿ‡Y KZK¸‡jv †iLv Kíbv Kiv nq| GB
†iLv¸‡jv‡K Aÿ‡iLv ev mgvÿ‡iLv e‡j| Aÿ‡iLvmg~‡ni `~iZ¡ me©Î mgvb (wPÎ- 3.3.1)| wbi‡ÿ‡iLv †_‡K
Dˇi ev `wÿ‡Y †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi †KŠwYK `~i‡Z¡i gvb‡K wWwMÖ‡Z cÖKvk Ki‡j Zv‡K Aÿvsk e‡j (wPÎ- 3.3.3)|
wbiÿ‡iLv ev welye‡iLvi gvb 00| wbiÿ‡iLv ‡_‡K 900 DËi Aÿvsk‡K ejv nq my‡giæ Ges 900 `wÿY
Aÿvsk‡K ejv nq Kz‡giæ| GQvov 23.50 DËi Aÿvsk‡K ejv nq h_vµv‡g- KK©UµvwšÍ Ges 23.50 `wÿY
Aÿvs‡k ejv nq gKiµvwšÍ| 66.50 DËi I `wÿY Aÿvsk‡K ejv nq h_vµ‡g my‡giæ e„Ë Ges Kz‡giæ e„Ë|
welye‡iLv ev wbiÿ‡iLv‡K ejv nq gnve„Ë| mvaviYfv‡e, 00-300 ch©šÍ Aÿvsk‡K wb¤œ Aÿvsk 300-600
Aÿvsk‡K ejv nq ga¨ Aÿvsk Ges 600-900 ch©šÍ Aÿvsk‡K ejv nq D”P Aÿvsk (wPÎ- 3.3.2)|

Aÿ‡iLv

wPÎ 3.3.1 Aÿ‡iLvmg~n wPÎ 3.3.2 c„w_exi Aÿ I †giæØq wPÎ 3.3.3 Aÿvsk

Aÿvsk wbY©q Kivi c×wZ

cÖavbZ `yBwU c×wZ‡Z Aÿvsk wbY©q Kiv hvq| h_v-
1| aªæeZvivi Ae¯’vb : AvKv‡k aªæeZvivi mvnv‡h¨ w`‡bi †ejvq wKsev `wÿY †Mvjv‡a© Aÿvsk wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e bq|
DËi †Mvjv‡a©i †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b aªæeZviv hZ wWwMÖ ‡Kv‡Y Ae¯’vb K‡i †mB gvbB D³ ¯’v‡bi Aÿvsk|
2| m~‡h©i Ae¯’vb : AvKv‡k m~‡h©i Ae¯’vb Abyhvqx †m·U¨v›U bvgK hš¿ e¨envi K‡i Aÿvsk wbY©q Kiv hvq|
Aÿvsk wbY©‡qi m~ÎwU n‡jv-
†Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi Aÿvsk = 900 ga¨v‡ý m~‡h©i DbœwZ ± welyej¤^|

BDwbU 03 c„ôv 51
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq

m~h© †hw`b †h Aÿvs‡ki Dci j¤^fv‡e wKiY †`q †mwUB H w`b D³ ¯’v‡bi welye j¤^| welye j¤^ 23.50 DËi
Aÿvsk †_‡K 23.50 `wÿY Aÿvs‡ki g‡a¨ mxgve× _v‡K|
`ªvwNgv †iLv (Longitude)
f~-c„‡ôi DËi I `wÿY †giæ‡K mshy³ K‡i DËi-`wÿ‡Y cÖmvwiZ A‡bK¸‡jv †iLv Kíbv Kiv
nq hv wbiÿ‡iLv‡K †Q` K‡i‡Q| G †iLv¸‡jv‡K `ªvwNgv †iLv (Longitude) ev ga¨‡iLv e‡j
(wPÎ- 3.3.4)|
g~j `ªvwNgv †iLv wPÎ 3.3.4 `ªvwNgv †iLv
jÛb kn‡ii wbK‡U Aew¯’Z MÖxwbP bvgK ¯’v‡bi Dci w`‡q †h `ªvwNgv †iLv Kíbv Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡K g~j `ªvwNgv †iLv
e‡j| g~j `ªvwNgv †iLv n‡Z c~e© ev cwð‡g Aew¯’Z †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi †KŠwYK `~iZ¡‡K †mB ¯’v‡bi `ªvwNgv ejv nq|
wbi‡ÿ‡iLvi mv‡_ †h †Kv‡bv GKwU `ªvwNgv †iLvi †Q`we›`y I g~j `ªvwNgv †iLvi †Q`we›`y `ywU‡K c„w_exi †K‡›`ªi
mv‡_ GKwU †iLv Øviv †hvM Ki‡j †h †KvY Drcbœ nq Zv‡K H †iLvi `ªvwNgv e‡j| g~j `ªvwNgv †iLvi `ªvwNgvi gvb
00 aiv nq| g~j `ªvwNgv †iLv n‡Z 10 ci ci c~e© w`‡K 180 wU Ges cwðg w`‡K 180wU `ªvwNgv‡iLv A¼b Kiv
hvq (3.3.5, 3.3.6, 3.3.7)|

g~j ga¨‡iLv
(1800 c~e© I cwðg)

c„w_exi g~j ga¨‡iLv

wPÎ 3.3.5 `ªvwNgv †iLv (0-900) wPÎ 3.3.6 `ªvwNgv †iLv (90-1800) wPÎ 3.3.7 g~j `ªvwNgv †iLv
0

c„w_ex c~e© †_‡K cwðg w`‡K Nyi‡Q Ges GB AveZ©‡b mgq jv‡M 24 NÈv ev 1,440 wgwbU| wbiÿ‡iLv c„w_exi
†K‡›`ª †gvU 3600 ‡KvY Drcbœ K‡i| A_v©r 3600 Nyi‡Z mgq jv‡M 24 NÈv| 10 Nyi‡Z mgq cÖ‡qvRb nq gvÎ 4
wgwbU| GB wn‡m‡e 150 `ªvwNgvšÍ‡i mg‡qi e¨eavb nq 1 NÈv|
`ªvwNgv wbY©q
1| †h‡nZy 10 `ªvwNgvi cv_©‡K¨i Rb¨ `ywU ¯’v‡bi ¯’vbxq mg‡qi cv_©K¨ nq 4 wgwbU| G Kvi‡Y ¯’vb `ywUi mg‡qi
cv_©K¨ hv nq Zv‡K 4 w`‡q fvM K‡i `ªvwNgv wbY©q Kiv hvq|
2| †h †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi mgq MÖxwb‡Pi mgq A‡cÿv AwaK n‡j eyS‡Z n‡e ¯’vbwU MÖxwb‡Pi c~e© w`‡K Aew¯’Z Ges Kg
n‡j ¯’vbwU MÖxwb‡Pi cwð‡g Aew¯’Z| MÖxwb‡Pi `ªvwNgv‡K 00 a‡i mg‡qi cv_©K¨ Abyhvqx Ab¨vb¨ ¯’v‡bi `ªvwNgv
wbY©q Kiv hvq| µ‡bvwgUvi bvgK Nwo MÖxwbP mgq Abymv‡i P‡j| ZvB GB Nwo †`‡L †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi ¯’vbxq
mg‡qi mv‡_ MÖxwbP mg‡qi cv_©K¨ wbY©q Kiv hvq|

wkÿv_©xi KvR wkÿv_©xiv Aÿvsk Ges `ªvwNgvsk wbY©q c×wZ Abykxjb Ki‡eb|

BDwbU 03 c„ôv 52
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

mvims‡ÿc
c„w_exi DËi †giæ I `wÿY †giæ n‡Z mgvb `~i‡Z¡ wVK ga¨Lv‡b c~e-© cwð‡g c„w_ex‡K wN‡i c~Y© e„‡Ëi gZ GKwU
†iLv Kíbv Kiv nq, Gi bvg wbiÿ‡iLv ev welye †iLv| wbiÿ‡iLv †_‡K Dˇi ev `wÿ‡Y †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi †KŠwYK
`~iZ¡‡K Aÿvsk e‡j| c„w_exi †Kv‡bv ¯’vb KZUv c~‡e© ev cwð‡g Zv wbY©q Kivi Rb¨ f~-c„‡ô `yB †giæ‡K mshy³
K‡i DËi-`wÿ‡Y cÖmvwiZ A‡bK¸‡jv †iLv Kíbv Kiv n‡q‡Q hv wbiÿ‡iLv‡K wewfbœ we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i‡Q| GB
†iLv¸‡jv‡K `ªvwNgv‡iLv e‡j Ges †Q`we›`y‡Z †h †Kvb Drcbœ K‡i Zv‡K `ªvwNgvsk e‡j| jÛb kn‡ii wbK‡U
Aew¯’Z MÖxwbP bvgK ¯’v‡bi Dci w`‡q †h `ªvwNgv †iLv Kíbv Kiv nq Zv‡K g~j `ªvwNgv †iLv e‡j| g~j `ªvwNgv
†iLv n‡Z c~e© ev cwð‡g Aew¯’Z †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi †KŠwYK `~iZ¡‡K †mB ¯’v‡bi `ªvwNgv e‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.3

√) wPý w`b|
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√
1| †m·U¨vÈ bvgK h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ wK cwigvc Kiv nq?
(K) mgq (L) DòZv
(M) Aÿvsk (N) `ªvwNgvsk
2| c„w_exi `yB †giæ n‡Z mgvb `~i‡Z¡ c~e-© cwð‡g c~Y© e„‡Ëi gZ c„w_ex‡K †eób K‡i †h †iLv Kíbv Kiv nq
Zv‡K wK e‡j?
(K) †giæ‡iLv (L) g~j ga¨‡iLv
(M) wbiÿ‡iLv (N) AvšÍRv©wZK ZvwiL †iLv
3| g~j `ªvwNgv †iLv †Kvb ¯’v‡bi Dci w`‡q wM‡q‡Q?
(K) †UvwKI (L) c¨vwim
(M) wMÖbxP (N) evsjv‡`k

BDwbU 03 c„ôv 53
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq

cvV-3.4 ¯’vbxq mgq, cÖgvY mgq Ges AvšÍRv© wZK ZvwiL †iLv
Local Time, Standard Time and International Date Line

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV Aa¨qb †k‡l AvcwbÑ
• ¯’vbxq mgq, cÖgvY mgq Ges AvšÍRv©wZK ZvwiL †iLv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã ¯’vbxq mgq, cÖgvY mgq Ges AvšÍR©vwZK ZvwiL †iLv |

¯’vbxq mgq
AvKv‡k m~‡h©i Ae¯’vb †`‡L †h mgq MYbv Kiv nq Zv‡K ¯’vbxq mgq e‡j| m~hi© wk¥ †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b
j¤^fv‡e wKiY w`‡j A_ev m~h© hLb wVK gv_vi Dc‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i Zv‡K e‡j `ycyi ev ga¨vý (wPÎ- 3.4.1)|
ga¨v‡ýi mgq AvKv‡k DËi †_‡K `wÿ‡Y †h †iLv Kíbv Kiv nq Zv‡K ejv nq ga¨vý Kvjxb †iLv (Meridian)|
ga¨vý‡K j¨vwUb fvlvq †gwiwWm (Meridies) e‡j| †gwiwWm ‡_‡K
Bs‡iRx kã Meridian G‡m‡Q| †h mgq m~h© GB ga¨wPý †iLvi c~e©
w`‡K _v‡K Zv‡K e‡j c~ev©ý ev Anti Meridan ev G.Gg (A.M) A_v©r
c~e© ga¨vý Ges m~h© GB ga¨wPý †iLvi cwðg w`‡K _vK‡j Zv‡K e‡j
(Post-Meridian) ev wc. Gg (P.M)| G Kvi‡Y ga¨v‡ýi (12 Uvi ci)
ci †_‡K ivZ 12 Uv ch©šÍ mgq‡K Acivý ev wc. Gg (P.M) Ges ivZ
12 Uv †_‡K `ycyi 12 Uv ch©šÍ mgq‡K c~ev©ý ev G. Gg (A.M) e‡j|
†h‡nZz 100 `ªvwNgvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ mg‡qi cv_©K¨ nq 4 wgwbU ZvB †h †Kvb
wPÎ 3.4.1 ¯’vbxq mgq
¯’v‡bi ¯’vbxq mgq wb¤œiƒ‡c wbY©q Kiv hvq| h_v-

D`nviY : 1 XvKv I †ev¤^vB Gi `ªvwNgv h_vµ‡g 90026© c~e© Ges 70050© c~e|© XvKvq hLb ga¨vý, ZLb †ev¤^vB
Gi ¯’vbxq mgq KZ?
mgvavb : XvKv I †ev¤^vB Gi `ªvwNgvi cv_©K¨=90026© -70050©=19036© [ 60 wgwb‡U 1 wWwMÖ †KvY nq A_v©r
60©=10
AZGe, 19036 `ªvwNgvi Rb¨ mg‡qi cv_©K¨ = 19 × 4 wgwbU +36 × 4 †m‡KÛ [1wgwbU `ªvwNgvi cv_©‡K¨i Rb¨
mg‡qi e¨eavb 4 †m‡KÛ]
= 76 wgwbU + 144 †m‡KÛ
= 78 wgwbU, 24 †m‡KÛ
= 1 NÈv 18 wgwbU 24 †m‡KÛ
†h‡nZz †ev¤^vB XvKvi cwð‡g Aew¯’Z G Kvi‡Y XvKvi †P‡q †ev¤^vB Gi mgq Kg n‡e|
myZivs, XvKvi mgq hLb ga¨vý ev `ycyi 12 Uv ZLb †ev¤^vB Gi ¯’vbxq mgq-
12 NÈv Ñ 1 NÈv 18 wgwbU 24 †m‡KÛ
= 10 NÈv 41 wgwbU 36 †m‡KÛ (cyev©ý)
cÖgvY mgq
†h †Kv‡bv †`‡ki GK cÖv‡šÍi ¯’vbxq mg‡qi mv‡_ Aci cÖv‡šÍi ¯’vbxq mg‡qi A‡cÿv wfbœ nq| G Kvi‡Y cÖ‡Z¨K
†`‡k †Kv‡bv ga¨eZx© ¯’vb ev kn‡ii ¯’vbxq mgq‡K H †`‡ki mKj A‡ji wbw`©ó mgq wnmv‡e wbav©iY Kiv nq

BDwbU 03 c„ôv 54
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Ges GB wbw`©ó mgq Abyhvqx ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wefvMmg~n (†iwWI, †Uwjwfkb, WvK, †ij I wegvb)mn Ab¨vb¨ mKj
wefv‡Mi KvRKg© cwiPvjbv Kiv nq|
MvwYwZKfv‡e, †h †Kv‡bv e„nr A‡ji ev †h †Kv‡bv †`‡ki `ªvwNgv †iLvi wfwˇZ `ªvwNgv †iLvi wbKUeZx© ¯’v‡bi
¯’vbxq mgq‡K H e„nr A‡ji ev †`‡ki wbw`©ó mgq wnmv‡e wbav©iY Kiv nq| BnvB cÖgvY mgq| †hgb-
evsjv‡`‡ki 900 `ªvwNgvq †h ¯’vbxq mgq i‡q‡Q ZvB evsjv‡`‡ki cÖgvY mgq | evsjv‡`‡ki cÖgvY mgq MÖxwbP
mgq n‡Z 6 NÈv GwM‡q Av‡Q KviY evsjv‡`k MÖxwb‡Pi c~ew© `‡K Aew¯’Z| D‡jøL¨ †h †Kvb †`‡ki ga¨fv‡Mi
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ¯’v‡bi ¯’vbxq mgq‡K H †`‡ki Rb¨ cÖgvY mgq wnmv‡e wbav©iY Kiv nq| 900 `ªvwNgv‡iLv evsjv‡`k‡K
cÖvq ga¨fv‡M j¤^fv‡e wef³ K‡i‡Q| Avevi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †`‡ki GKvwaK cÖgvY mgq wbw`©ó i‡q‡Q| †hgb- MÖxwbP
mgq, ga¨ BD‡ivcxq mgq Ges c~e© BD‡ivcxq mgq| BD‡iv‡ci cwðgvÂjxq †`k¸‡jv MÖvwbP mgq AbymiY K‡i|
hy³iv‡R¨i MÖxwbP kn‡i Aew¯’Z ivRKxq gvbgw›`‡ii `ªvwNgv 00| GB wfwˇZ MÖxwbP cÖvgY mgq wba©viY Kiv nq|
MÖxwbP cÖgvY mg‡qi ev MvwbwZK wbqg AbymiY K‡i wewfbœ †`‡ki cÖgvY mgq wba©viY Kiv hvq|
AvšÍR©vwZK ZvwiL †iLv
(International Date Line)
c~‡e©B D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, cÖwZ wWwMÖ `ªvwNgvi cv_©‡K¨i Rb¨
mg‡qi e¨eavb nq 4 wgwbU| GBfv‡e c„w_exi wewfbœ ¯’v‡bi mgq
wba©viY Kivi mgq 1800 wWwMÖ c~e© `ªvwNgv 1800 cwðg `ªvwNgv †iLvq
Pig Amyweav nq| †hgb-MÖxwbP †_‡K `ywU wegvb GKB mg‡q c~e© I
cwðg w`‡K hvÎv Ki‡j 1800 cwðg `ªvwNgv I 1800 c~e© `ªvwNgv
†iLvq Df‡qi g‡a¨ mg‡qi e¨eavb n‡e 1800 × 4 wg. + 1800 × 4
wg =1440 wg.= 24 NÈv ev 1w`b| A_v©r Df‡qi K¨v‡jÛ‡i
Zvwi‡Li cv_©K¨ n‡e 1 w`b| ZvB 1800 cwðg `ªvwNgv‡iLvq hLb
iweevi ZLb 1800 c~e© `ªvwNgv †iLvq †mvgevi| †h‡nZz GB ¯’vb
`ywUi Ae¯’vb GKB ZvB hyw³ msMZfv‡e ZvwiL wfbœ wfbœ bv n‡q
GKB nIqv DwPZ wQj| GB Amyweav `yi Kivi Rb¨ MÖxwbP †_‡K 1800 c~e© wPÎ 3.4.1 AvšÍR©vwZK ZvwiL †iLv
ev cwð‡g ¯’jfvM‡K Gwo‡q AvuKvevuKv c‡_ cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡ii Dci w`‡q
1800 c~e© I cwðg `ªvwNgv †iLv eivei GKwU †iLv Kíbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB †iLvwU‡K AvšÍRv© wZK ZvwiL †iLv e‡j|
G †iLvwU AwZµ‡gi mgq c~e©w`‡K MgbKvix e¨w³‡K Zvi Nwoi ZvwiL GKw`b ev 24 NÈv wcwQ‡q w`‡Z nq Ges
cwðgMvgx e¨w³‡K Zvi Nwoi ZvwiL 1 w`b ev 24 NÈv evwo‡q w`‡Z nq|
wkÿv_©xi KvR wkÿv_x©iv ¯’vbxq mgq, cÖgvY mgq Ges AvšÍRv© wZK ZvwiL‡iLv m¤ú©‡K
`jMZfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb|
mvims‡ÿc
AvKv‡k m~‡h©i Ae¯’vb †`‡L †h mgq MYbv Kiv nq Zv‡K ¯’vbxq mgq e‡j| m~h© hLb †h ¯’v‡b wVK gv_vi Dc‡i
Ae¯’vb K‡i †mB mgq‡K †m ¯’v‡bi ga¨vý ev †ejv 12 Uv aiv nq| `ycyi 12Uv n‡Z ivwÎ 12 Uv ch©šÍ mgq‡K
Acivý ejv nq| ivwÎ 12 Uvi ci n‡Z cieZx© `ycyi 12 Uv ch©šÍ mgq‡K c~ev©ý ev (Ante-Meridian) ev
(A.M) ejv nq| Aciw`‡K `ycyi 12 Uv ev ga¨vý 12 Uv †_‡K ivwÎ 12 Uv ch©šÍ mgq‡K Acivý ev Post-
Meridian ev P.M. ejv nq|
†Kv‡bv †`‡ki ev A‡ji ga¨eZx© `ªvwNgv †iLvi wfwˇZ ga¨eZx© †Kv‡bv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ¯’v‡bi ¯’vbxq mgq‡K †m
†`‡ki Rb¨ ev †mB e„nr GjvKvi Rb¨ H †`‡ki ev GjvKvi cÖgvY mgq e‡j|
c„w_exi DËi †giæ n‡Z `wÿY †giæ ch©šÍ †h 1800 `ªvwNgv †iLvwU AvuKvevuKvfv‡e Rjfv‡Mi Dci w`‡q Kíbv Kiv
n‡q‡Q Zv‡K AvšÍR©vwZK ZvwiL †iLv e‡j| GB †iLv AwZµ‡gi mgq c~e© w`‡K MgbKvix e¨w³ Nwoi KvuUv 24
NÈv ev 1 w`b wcwQ‡q †`b Ges cwðgMvgx e¨w³ Zvui Nwoi KvuUv 1 w`b ev 24 NÈv evwo‡q †`b|

BDwbU 03 c„ôv 55
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.4

√) wPý w`b
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√
1| ga¨vý (Meridies) kãwU G‡m‡Q kã †_‡K?
(K) MÖxK (L) Aviex
(M) j¨vwUb (N) Rvgv©b
2| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖgvY mgq MÖxwb‡Pi mgq A‡cÿv KZ NÈv AMÖMvgx
(K) 6 NÈv (L) 12 NÈv
(M) 15 NÈv (N) 8 NÈv
3| AvšÍR©vwZK ZvwiL †iLv †Kvb Rjfv‡Mi Dci w`‡q Kíbv Kiv n‡q‡Q?
(K) fviZ gnvmvMi (L) cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMi
(M) DËi gnvmvMi (N) AvUjvwÈK gnvmvMi
0
4| cÖwZ 1 `ªvwNgv‡iLvi cv_©‡K¨i Rb¨ mg‡qi e¨eavb nq-
(K) 5 wgwbU (L) 4 wgwbU
(M) 3 wgwbU (N) 2 wgwbU

BDwbU 03 c„ôv 56
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-3.5 c„w_exi AvwýK MwZ I evwl©K MwZ

Diurnal and Annual Motion of the Earth

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV Aa¨qb †k‡l AvcwbÑ
• AvwýK MwZ I evwl©K MwZi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
• AvwýK MwZ I evwl©K MwZi KviY I djvdj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã AvwýK MwZ I evwl©K MwZ|

c„w_exi AvwýK MwZ

c„w_ex m~h‡© K †K›`ª K‡i wbR A‡ÿ 23 NÈv 56 wgwbU 4 †m‡KÛ ev 24 NÈv mg‡q AbeiZ cwðg †_‡K
c~e© w`‡K AveZ©b Ki‡Q| GB mgq‡K †mŠiw`b Ges AveZ©b‡K AvwýK MwZ ev ˆ`wbK MwZ ejv nq| AvwýK MwZi
g~j KviY n‡jv-c„w_exi AveZ©b Ges c„w_exi AvK…wZ | D‡jøL¨, c„w_exi AvK…wZ eËzj
© vKvi n‡jI Dfq †giæ‡Z
wKQzUv Pvcv I wbiÿ‡iLv eivei wKQzUv ùxZ| wbiÿ‡iLv eivei c„w_exi e¨vm mev©‡cÿv AwaK nIqvq GB A‡j
AvwýK MwZi †eMI mev©‡cÿv AwaK| GB †eM cÖwZ NÈvq cÖvq 1700 wK‡jvwgUvi (wPÎ- 3.5.1)| AvwýK MwZ‡eM
µgk Kg‡Z Kg‡Z `yB †giæi wbKUeZx© ¯’v‡b cÖvq w¯ÍwgZ n‡q hvq|

AvwýK MwZi djvdj

wPÎ 3.5.1 c„w_exi AvwýZ MwZ wPÎ 3.5.2 †d‡i‡ji †KvwiIwjq m~Îvbymv‡i wPÎ 3.5.3 w`evivwÎi msNUb
mgy`‡ª ¯ªvZ I evqycÖev‡ni w`K cwieZ©b

1. w`ev-ivwÎi msNUb : c„w_ex m~h‡© K †K›`ª K‡i wbR A‡ÿ cwðg n‡Z c~e© w`‡K AveZ©‡bi `iæb AvwýK MwZ ev
w`ev-ivwÎ msNwUZ nq| AveZ©biZ c„w_exi †h (wPÎ- 3.5.3)As‡k m~‡h©i Av‡jv c‡o †mB Ask Av‡jvwKZ nq
A_©vr †mB As‡k w`b Ges Aci As‡k AÜKviv”Qbœ ev ivZ _v‡K|
2. †Rvqvi-fvUv : wbw`©ó mg‡qi e¨eav‡b AvwýK MwZi Rb¨ mgy‡`ª cÖwZw`b `yBevi †Rvqvi I `yBevi fvUv nq|
3. evq~cÖevn I mgy`‡ª ¯ªv‡Zi m„wó : †d‡i‡ji †KvwiIwjm m~Îvbymv‡i, AvwýK MwZi Kvi‡Y evqyceÖ vn I mgy`‡ª ¯ªvZ
DËi †Mvjv‡a© Wvbw`‡K I `wÿY †Mvjv‡a© evg w`‡K †eu‡K cÖevwnZ nq (wPÎ- 3.5.2)|
evwl©K MwZ
c„w_ex Avcb A‡ÿi Pvwiw`‡K 24 NÈvq GKevi AveZ©b Kivi cvkvcvwk c„w_ex m~h‡© K †K›`ª K‡i I wbw`©ó Kÿc‡_
m~‡h©i Pvwiw`‡K 365 w`b 5 NÈv 48 wgwbU 46 †m‡KÛ GKevi AveZ©b K‡i| c„w_exi GBiƒc AveZ©b †K evwl©K
MwZ e‡j| Ges AveZ©‡bi mgq‡K †mŠieQi e‡j| 365 w`‡b GK eQi MYbv Kiv nq e‡j cÖwZ Pvi eQ‡i GKw`b
evwo‡q 366 w`‡b eQi MYbv Kiv nq| †mB eQi †deªæqvwi gvm 28 w`‡bi cwie‡Z© 29 w`‡b aiv nq| Giƒc

BDwbU 03 c„ôv 57
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq

eQi‡K Awael© (Leap Year) e‡j| c„w_exi GB Kÿc‡_i ˆ`N¨© 93 †KvwU 80 jÿ wK‡jvwgUvi| c„w_ex m~h‡© K
cwiåg‡bi mgq 3iv Rvbyqvwi c„w_ex m~‡h©i wbKUZg Ae¯’v‡b (14 †KvwU 70 jÿ wK.wg) Ges 4 RyjvB mevwa©K
`~ieZx© Ae¯’v‡b (15 †KvwU 10 jÿ wK.wg) _v‡K| c„w_exi GBiƒc Ae¯’vb‡K h_vµ‡g Abymyi (Perihilion) I
Acmyi (Aphelion) e‡j| evwl©K MwZi Mo †eM cÖwZ NÈvq 1,07,000 wK‡jvwgUvi|
evwl©K MwZi KviY
evwl©K MwZi KviYmg~n wb¤œiƒc :
1. c„w_exi AvKvi AwfMZ †Mvj‡Ki b¨vq
2. m~h‡© K cwiåg‡Yi Rb¨ c„w_exi Kÿc_wU Dce„ËvKvi
3. c„w_ex wbR Kÿc‡_ (Orbit) 66.50 †Kv‡Y †n‡j Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| Ges
4. c„w_ex wbR A‡ÿ (Axis) 23.50 †Kv‡Y ‡n‡j Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| (wPÎ bZzb eB 2.54, Correction)|
evwl©K MwZi djvdj
evwl©K MwZi cÖavb `ywU djvdj n‡jv w`ev-ivwÎi n«vm e„w× Ges FZz cwieZ©b| c„w_ex m~h‡© K †h Kÿc‡_ cwieågY
K‡i Zvi ˆ`N©¨ 93 †KvwU 80 jÿ wK‡jvwgUvi| GB Kÿc‡_ cwiåg‡Yi mgq Rvbyqvwi gv‡m m~h© c„w_exi wbKUZg
Ae¯’v‡b (14 †KvwU 70 jÿ wK‡jvwgUvi `~iZ¡) _v‡K Ges 4 RyjvB `~ieZx© Ae¯’v‡b (15 †KvwU 20 jÿ wK‡jvwgUvi
`~iæZ¡) _v‡K| c„w_ex Ges m~‡h©i GBiƒc Ae¯’vb‡K h_vµ‡g Abymyi (Perihelion) I Acmyi (Aphelion) e‡j|
(wPÎ ) m~‡h©i PZz©w`‡K c„w_exi cwiåg‡Yi mgq c„w_ex 21 †k Ryb Zvwi‡L c„w_exi Kÿc‡_i Ggb GK ¯’v‡b G‡m
†cŠu‡Q, hLb DËi †giæ m~‡h©i w`‡K mev©‡cÿv †ewk (23.50) Sz‡u K _v‡K A_v©r KK©UµvwšÍ †iLvq m~h© j¤^fv‡e wKiY
†`q| wecixZµ‡g GB mg‡q `wÿY †giæ ev gKiµvwšÍ‡Z c„w_ex m~h© n‡Z me‡P‡q †ewk `~iæ‡Z¡ _v‡K| hvi `iæY
†`Lv hvq, 21 †k Ryb DËi †Mvjv‡a© w`b me‡P‡q eo Ges ivwÎ me‡P‡q †QvU nq Aciw`‡K `wÿY †Mvjv‡a©, w`b
me‡P‡q †QvU Ges ivwÎ me‡P‡q eo nq| GB mgq DËi †Mvjv‡a© MÖx®§Kvj Ges `wÿY †Mvjv‡a© GKB Zvwi‡L A_v©r
21 †k Ryb Zvwi‡L 66.50 DËi Aÿ‡iLv n‡Z DËi †giæ ch©šÍ ¯’vbwU‡Z 24 NÈvB w`b _v‡K Ges 66.50 `wÿY
Aÿ‡iLv n‡Z `wÿY †giæ ch©šÍ ¯’vbwU‡Z 24 NÈvB ivwÎ _v‡K (wPÎ- 3.5.4)|

wPÎ 3.5.4 c„w_exi cwiåg‡Yi Rb¨ w`evivwki n«vm-e„w× I FZz cwieZ©b

BDwbU 03 c„ôv 58
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

21 †k Ry‡bi ci c„w_ex wbRKÿc‡_ cwiåg‡Yi mgq µgk DËi †giæ‡Z c„w_ex m~h© n‡Z `~‡i †h‡Z _v‡K Ges
`wÿY‡giæ‡Z c„w_ex m~‡h©i wbKU Avm‡Z _v‡K| A_v©r DËi †Mvjv‡a© ax‡i ax‡i w`b †QvU n‡Z _v‡K ivwÎ eo n‡Z
_v‡K Ges `wÿY †Mvjv‡a© DËi †Mvjv‡a©i wecixZ Ae¯’v nq| A_©vr `wÿY ‡Mvjv‡a© w`b eo _v‡K Ges ivZ †QvU
n‡Z _v‡K| Gfv‡e c„w_ex m~‡h©i PZzw`©‡K cwiåg‡Yi mgq 23 †k †m‡Þ¤^i Dfq †giæ‡Z (DËi I `wÿY †giæ) m~h©
n‡Z c„w_exi `~iZ¡ mgvb _v‡K| d‡j c„w_exi me©Î 23 †k †m‡Þ¤^i w`b ivwÎ mgvb _v‡K| DËi †Mvjv‡a©i b¨vq
GKB Kvi‡Y `wÿY †Mvjv‡a© 22 †k wW‡m¤^i 66.50 `wÿY Aÿvsk n‡Z `wÿY †giæ ch©šÍ 24 NÈvB w`b nq Ges
66.50 DËi Aÿvsk n‡Z DËi †giæ ch©šÍ 24 NÈvB ivwÎ nq| c„w_exi GBiƒc cwiåg‡Yi mgq 21 †k gvP© Zvwi‡L
c~Yivq 23 †k †m‡Þ¤^‡ii b¨vq c„w_exi Kÿc‡_i Ggb GK ¯’v‡b G‡m †cŠu‡Q hLb Dfq †giæ m~h© n‡Z mgvb `~‡i
Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges c„w_exi me©Î w`bivwÎ mgvb nq (wPÎ- 3.5.5)|

wPÎ 3.5.5 c„w_exi cwiåg‡Yi Rb¨ ÿz`ªZg I `xN©Zg w`bivwÎ

21 †k †m‡Þ¤^i n‡Z 21 †k gvP© ch©šÍ Qq gvm `wÿY †giæ‡Z AweiZ w`b Ges DËi †giæ‡Z AweiZ ivwÎ _v‡K|
GB mg‡q DËi †Mvjv‡a© emšÍ Kvj Ges `wÿY †Mvjv‡a© kirKvj _v‡K (wPÎ) ZLb me‡P‡q eo w`‡bi cwigvY nq
14 NÈv Ges eo iv‡Zi cwigvY nq 10 NÈv| f~-c„‡ôi †h †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi w`ev-ivwÎi n«vm-e„w× Ges m~h© iwk¥i
cZb †Kv‡Yi cv_©‡K¨i Rb¨ eQ‡ii wewfbœ mg‡q Dfq †giæ‡Z DòZvi ev ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨ N‡U| G¸‡jvi g~j
KviY AvwýK MwZ I evwl©K MwZ|

wkÿv_©xi KvR wkÿv_x©iv `jMZfv‡e w`ev-ivwÎi n«vm-e„w×i mv‡_ evwl©K MwZi m¤úK©
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb|

mvims‡ÿc
AvwýK MwZi d‡j w`ev-ivwÎ msNwUZ nq Ges evwl©K MwZi d‡j w`ev-ivwÎi n«vm-e„w× Ges FZz cwieZ©b nq|
23.50 DËi I 23.50 `wÿY Aÿvs‡k m~h© me©`v j¤^fv‡e wKiY †`q Ges 23.50 DËi I 23.50 `wÿY Aÿvsk
n‡Z DËi †giæ I `wÿY †giæ ch©šÍ m~h© KL‡bv j¤^fv‡e wKiY †`q bv| 21 †k gvP© Ges 23 †k †m‡Þ¤^i Dfq
†Mvjv‡a© w`b Ges ivwÎ mgvb _v‡K| 21 †k gvP© DËi †Mvjv‡a© emšÍKvj Ges `wÿY †Mvjv‡a© kirKvj _v‡K| 21
†k Ryb DËi †Mvjv‡a© w`b me‡P‡q eo Ges ivwÎ me‡P‡q †QvU nq| GKB Zvwi‡L `wÿY †Mvjv‡a© wecixZ Ae¯’v
nq| 22 †k wW‡m¤^i `wÿY †Mvjv‡a© w`b me‡P‡q †QvU Ges ivwÎ eo nq Ges DËi †Mvjv‡a© wecixZ Ae¯’v
weivR K‡i| G¸‡jvi g~j KviY n‡jv AvwýK MwZ I evwl©K MwZ|

BDwbU 03 c„ôv 59
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.5

√) wPý w`b
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√
1| †Kvb Zvwi‡L DËi †Mvjv‡a© w`b me‡P‡q eo Ges ivwÎ me‡P‡q †QvU nq?
(K) 22 †k wW‡m¤^i (L) 21 †k gvP©
(M) 21 †k Ryb (N) 23 †k †m‡Þ¤^i
2| me‡P‡q eo w`‡bi cwigvY KZ?
(K) 10 NÈv (L) 12 NÈv
(M) 14 NÈv (N) 16 NÈv

BDwbU 03 c„ôv 60
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-3.6 †Rvqvi fvUv

Tide and Ebb
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV Aa¨qb †k‡l AvcwbÑ
• †Rvqvi-fvUvi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb,
• †Rvqvi-fvUvi KviY ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
• †Rvqvi-fvUvi †kÖwYwefvM e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã †Rvqvi fvUv, gyL¨ †Rvqvi, †MŠY †Rvqvi, fiv KUvj, giv KUvj |

†Rvqvi-fvUv
mgy‡`ªi cvwb wbw`©ó mgq AšÍi GK ¯’v‡b dz‡j I‡V Ges GK ¯’v‡b †b‡g hvq| cvwbi GBiƒc dz‡j IVv‡K
†Rvqvi (Tide or high tide) Ges †b‡g hvIqv‡K fvUv (Ebb or low tide) e‡j| GK ¯’v‡b cÖwZw`b `yBevi †Rvqvi
I `yBevi fvUv nq| †Rvqvi fvUvi ga¨Kvi e¨eavb cÖvq 12 NÈv 13 wgwbU| †Rvqvi-fvUvi w¯’wZKvj 6 NÈv 6
wgwbU 30 ‡m‡KÛ| mgy‡`ªi †gvnbv †_‡K b`x¸‡jvi †¯ªv‡Zi wecix‡Z DRv‡b K‡qK wK‡jvwgUvi ch©šÍ †Rvqvi-fvUv
AwaK nq| mvaviYZ mgy‡`ªi ga¨fvM A‡cÿv DcK~‡ji Kv‡Q AMfxi As‡k †Rvqv‡ii cvwbi D”PZv AwaK _v‡K|
†Rvqvi-fvUvi KviY : †Rvqvi-fvUvi cÖavb `ywU KviY n‡jv-
(K) gnvKl© kw³i cÖfve Ges (L) †K›`ªvwZM/ewng©yLx kw³|
gnvKl© kw³i cÖfve (The Force of Gravitational Attraction) : gnvwe‡k¦i me c`v_© GKwU AciwU‡K AvKl©Y
K‡i| G AvKl©Y‡K gnvKl© kw³ e‡j| G Kvi‡Y c„w_ex me©`v m~‡h©i Pviw`‡K Ges P›`ª me©`v c„w_exi Pviw`‡K
Nyi‡Q| gnvKl© kw³ wb¤œ m~Îvbyhvqx KvR K‡i|
M M
F = G d1 2 2
GLv‡b, F = gnvKl© kw³
G = gnvKl©xq aªæeK
d = `~iZ¡
M1 = c„w_exi fi/AvqZb
M2 = P‡›`ªi fi/AvqZb
†K›`ªvwZM/ewngyL© x kw³ (Certrifugal Force) : †K›`ªvwZM kw³ n‡jv, †K›`ª †_‡K Pviw`‡K wbwÿß nIqvi cÖeYZv|
c„w_ex Zvi wbR Kÿc‡_ AveZ©b Ki‡Q| d‡j c„ô n‡Z cvwb I evqy wQU‡K †h‡Z Pvq| Gfv‡e wQU‡K covi
cÖeYZv‡K †K›`ªvwZM kw³ e‡j| †Rvqvi fvUvi m„wói †ÿ‡Î †K›`ªvwZM kw³ GKwU cÖavb kw³| c„w_ex wbR Kÿ c‡_
N~Y‡© bi mgq wb‡¤œv³ m~Îvbyhvqx †K›`ªvwZM kw³ KvR K‡i| h_v:
MV2
Fc = r
GLv‡b, Fc = †K›`ªvwegyLx kw³/‡K›`ªvwZM kw³
M = c„w_exi fi
V = c„w_exi MwZ‡eM
r = c„w_exi e¨vmva©
†Rvqvi-fvUvi †kÖwYwefvM (Classification of Tides) : †Rvqvi-fvUv‡K wb¤œwjwLZ PviwU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q ; h_v :
1. gyL¨ †Rvqvi
2. †MŠY †Rvqvi
3. fiv KUvj
4. giv KUvj|

BDwbU 03 c„ôv 61
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq

gyL¨ †Rvqvi (Primary Tide) : cÖavbZ P‡›`ªi AvKl©‡YB †Rvqvi-fvUv msNwUZ nq| P›`ª c„w_exi Pviw`‡K me©`v
Nyi‡Q| AveZ©bKv‡j c„w_exi †h Ask P‡›`ªi wbKUeZ©x †mLv‡b P‡›`ªi AvKl©Y me©v‡cÿv †ewk nq| d‡j Pviw`K n‡Z
cvwb G‡m P‡›`ªi w`‡K dz‡j I‡V Ges †Rvqvi nq| Giƒ‡c m„ó †Rvqvi‡K gyL¨ †Rvqvi ev cÖZ¨ÿ †Rvqvi ev Primary
Tide e‡j|
†MŠY †Rvqvi (Seconday Tide) : c„w_exi †h cv‡k P›`ª AvKl©Y K‡i Zvi wecixZ w`‡K c„w_ex‡K P‡›`ªi AvKl©Y
kw³i cÖfve A‡cÿvK…Z Kg| Avevi cvwbi wb‡¤œi
KwVb ¯’jfvM hv c„w_exi mv‡_ `„pfv‡e Ave×| d‡j
Zvi Ici P‡›`ªi AvKl©Y †K›`ª ¯’‡ji AvKl©‡YiB
mgvb Ges wecixZ w`‡Ki Rjivwk A‡cÿv ¯’jfvM
P‡›`ªi w`‡K †ewk AvK…ó nq| GB mgq P‡›`ªi
wecixZ w`‡Ki Rjivwki Ici gnvKl©Y kw³i
cÖfve K‡g hvq Ges †K›`ªvwZM kw³i m„wó nq|
G‡Z Pviw`K n‡Z cvwb H ¯’v‡b G‡m †Rvqv‡ii m„wó wPÎ 3.6.1 †Rvqvi fvUv (g~L¨ †Rvqvi I †MŠY †Rvqvi)
K‡i| Gfv‡e P‡›`ªi wecixZ w`‡K †h †Rvqvi nq Zv‡K †MŠY †Rvqvi ev c‡ivÿ †Rvqvi ev Secondary Tide e‡j
(wPÎ- 3.6.1)|
fiv KUvj ev †ZR KUvj (Spring Tide) : Agvem¨vq P›`ª I m~h© c„w_exi GKB w`‡K mgvšÍivjfv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i
(wPÎ- 3.6.2) Ges Df‡qi wgwjZ kw³‡Z AvKl©Y cÖej nq Ges cvwb †ewk dz‡j I‡V| GB ai‡bi †Rvqvi‡K fiv
KUvj ev †ZR KUvj (Spring Tide) e‡j| Aciw`‡K c~wY©gv wZw_‡Z c„w_exi GKw`‡K m~h© Ges Ab¨w`‡K P›`ª GKB
mgvšÍiv‡j Ae¯’vb K‡i (wPÎ- 3.6.3) Ges P‡›`ªi AvKl©‡Y †hLv‡b gyL¨ †Rvqvi nq, †mLv‡bB m~‡h©i AvKl©‡Y †MŠY
†Rvqvi nq| Avevi P‡›`ªi wecixZ w`‡K †hLv‡b Zvi AvKl©‡Y †MŠY †Rvqvi nq| A_©vr c~wY©gv wZw_‡Z Dfq wecixZ
¯’v‡bB †Rvqv‡ii †eM me©vwaK nq| G‡KI fiv KUvj ev †ZR KUvj (Spring Tide) e‡j|

wPÎ 3.6.2 Agvem¨v wZw_‡Z fiv KUvj wPÎ 3.6.3 c~wY©gv wZw_‡Z fiv KUvj

giv KUvj (Neap Tide) t Aógx I GKwesk wZw_‡Z P›`ª I &

m~h© mgvšÍivj bv †_‡K DfqB c„w_exi mv‡_ GK mg‡Kv‡Y
†_‡K c„w_ex‡K AvKl©Y K‡i (wPÎ- 3.6.4)| ZLb P‡›`ªi
AvKl©‡Y †hLv‡b †Rvqvi nq m~‡h©i AvKl©‡Y †mLv‡b fvUv nq|
m~‡h©i AvKl©‡Yi Kvi‡Y P‡›`ªi w`‡K cvwb AwaK ùxZ n‡Z
cv‡i bv| GB ai‡bi †Rvqvi‡K giv †Rvqvi ev giv KUvj
(Neap Tide) e‡j| wPÎ 3.6.4 giv KUvj

wPÎ 3.6.4 giv KUvj

BDwbU 03 c„ôv 62
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

wkÿv_©xi KvR mgy`ª DcK~jeZ©x †`kmg~‡n †Rvqvi-fvUvi cÖfvemg~‡ni ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
gnvKl© kw³ Ges †K›`ªªvwZM kw³i Kvi‡Y mgy‡`ªi cvwb wbw`©ó mgq e¨eav‡b GKB RvqMvq dz‡j I‡V Avevi Ab¨
mgq †b‡g hvq| mgy‡`ªi cvwbi GBiƒc dz‡j IVv‡K †Rvqvi Ges †b‡g hvIqv‡K fvUv e‡j| †Rvqvi-fvUv‡K cÖavb
PviwU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v- gyL¨ †Rvqvi, †MŠY †Rvqvi, fiv KUvj I giv KUvj|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.6

√) wPý w`b
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√
1| fiv KUvj (Spring Tide) KLb nq?
(K) Agvem¨v I c~wY©gv wZw_‡Z (L) N~wY©S‡oi mgq
(M) el©vi mgq (N) eb¨vi mgq
2| †Kvb mg‡q P›`ª, m~h© I c„w_ex mg‡Kv‡Y Ae¯’vb K‡i?
(K) fiv KUv‡ji mgq (L) giv KUv‡ji mgq
(M) gyL¨ †Rvqv‡ii mgq (N) c~wY©gvi mgq

DËigvjv :
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 3.1 t 1| N 2| M 3| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 3.2 t 1| L 2| M 3| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 3.3 t 1| M 2| M 3| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 3.4 t 1| M 2| K 3| L 4| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 3.5 t 1| M 2| M

BDwbU 03 c„ôv 63
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
KvVv‡gve× (m„Rbkxj) cÖkœ
1| wb‡¤œi wPÎwU jÿ Kiæb Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b |

(K) Dc‡ii wPÎwU Kx‡mi? 1

(L) †Rvqvi-fvUvi KviY Kx? 2
(M) m~Î D‡jøLc~e©K †Rvqvi-fvUvi KviYmg~n e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 3
(N) P›`ª I m~‡h©i Ae¯’v‡bi Rb¨ †Rvqvi-fvUv‡K PviwU †kÖwY‡Z wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q- we‡kølY Kiæb| 4

BDwbU 03 c„ôv 64