MATERIAL FOR

PAVEMENT

Mohamad raduan b kabit

Bituminous Material
zThe bituminous material used in highway
construction are either asphalts or tar. All bituminous
material consists primarily of bitumen, have strong
adhesive properties, and have colors ranging from
dark brown to black.
zToday, bituminous is used for:
• Asphalt concrete.
• Roofing.
• Plastics.
• Sealants.
• Corrosion inhibitors.
Source of Asphaltic Material
z Three primary sources of bituminous
materials:
z Natural asphalts: geologic deposits of lake,
rock and sand asphalt.
z • Tar: distillation of coal.
z • Petroleum asphalts: derived from distillation
of
z petroleum crude (transportation/energy
fuels).
Natural Asphalt ( Asphalt
Cement )
zAsphalt Cement :
zAsphalt cement is a sticky black-brown bituminous
material that is used to bond aggregate together in
a solid cohesive mass of concrete.
zDesirable properties of asphalt cement:
• Sufficient ductility at low temperatures.
• High elasticity at high temperatures.
• Low temperature susceptibility.
• Low paraffin content.
• Good adhesion and cohesion.
• Resistance to aging.
z Natural asphalt cement are deposited in geologic strata:
• Asphalt lakes:
• Island of Trinidad.
• Bermudez Lake, Venezuela.
• Asphalt rock:
• Utah (Gilsonite).
• Asphalt sands:
• Syncrude Fort McMurray, Alberta.
• “LaBrea Tar Pits”, Los Angeles, California.

z Natural asphalts are typically consistent in their properties:

• Insoluble differ substantially between sources.
• Solubility test accurately determines source.
Tar ( Road Tar )
z Tar are obtained from the destructive of such
organic material as coal. The ASTM has classified
road tars into three general categories based on
method of production:
z Gashouse coal: product in manufacturing of
illuminating gas from bituminous coals
z Cake-oven tars” product in coke oven in
manufacture of coke from bituminous coal
z Water –gas tars: cracking oil vapors at high
temperature in manufacturing of carbureted water
gas.
Petroleum Asphalt
z Residual (waste product) from the distillation of
petroleum crude oil, rock asphalt, and sand asphalt
(extraction of transportation and energy fuels).
z Decayed animal matter that was buried in sediment
before microorganisms could break them down.
z Soluble in petroleum products.
z Most asphalt cement used today in North America is
derived from petroleum distillation.
z Petroleum asphalt cement types:
• Neat:
• Straight refined.
• Air blown.
• Modified:
• Cutback: asphalt cement softened “cut” with
petroleum solvents.
• Emulsified: mixture of asphalt, water, and
emulsifying agent.
• Polymer modified.
• Mineral modified .
z Petroleum asphalt properties depend on:
• Refining operations.
• Chemical makeup (crude source).
TEST FOR ASPHALTIC MATERIALS
Tests for Asphaltic Material
z Several tests are conducted on asphaltic
material to determine both their consistency
and their quality to ascertain whether material
used in highway construction meet the
prescribed specification
Consistency Test
z The property generally used to describe the
consistency of asphalt materials in the liquid
state is the viscosity, which can determined
by conducting either the saybolt furol
viscosity test or kinematics viscosity test.
Saybolt furol viscosity test

z This test method covers the empirical

procedures for determining the Saybolt Furol
viscosities of bituminous materials at
specified temperatures between 77 and
122°F (25 and 50°C). The values stated in
inch-pound units are to be regarded as the
standard. See figure 3.1
Figure: Saybolt Furol Viscometer
Kinematics Viscosity Test
z This test method specifies a procedure for
the determination of the kinematic viscosity,
of liquid petroleum products, both transparent
and opaque, by measuring the time for a
volume of liquid to flow under gravity through
a calibrated glass capillary viscometer. The
dynamic viscosity, n, can be obtained by
multiplying the kinematics viscosity, p , by the
density, v , of the liquid. See figure
Penetration Test
z The penetration test gives an empirical
measurement of the consistency of material
in term of the distance a standard needle sink
into the material under a prescribed loading
and time. Detail of the penetration test are
given in ASSTHO designation T49 and ASTM
test Test D5. (see figure)
Figure: Standard Penetration Test Equipment
Ring and ball Softening point
Test
z This test is used to measure the susceptibility of
blown asphalt to temperature changes by
determining the temperature at which the material
will be adequately softened to allow a standard ball
to sink through it. (See figure)
z This test method covers the determination of the
softening point of bitumen in the range from 30 to
157°C (86 to 315°F) using the ring-and-ball
apparatus immersed in distilled water (30 to 80°C),
USP glycerin (above 80 to 157°C), or ethylene
glycol (30 to 110°C).
Figure: Ring and Ball Softening Point Test
Durability Test
z When a asphaltic material are used in the construction of
roadway pavement, they are subjected to changes in
temperature and other weather condition over a period of
time.
z One test used to evaluated the susceptibility
characteristics of asphaltic materials to changes in
temperature and other atmospheric factors is the thin
film oven test
Thin Film Oven Test ( TFO )
z This is actually not a test but a procedure that
measures the changes that take place in a
asphalt during the hot mix process by
subjecting the asphaltic material to hardening
conditions similar to those in a normal hot mix
plant operation.
Test Method TFO
z Determines the effect on asphaltic materials of
heating in an oven under prescribed conditions.
z The results are reported in terms of change in
sample mass and/or changes in selected
properties such as viscosity, penetration and
ductility as evidenced by test data taken before
and after the oven cycle.
Rate of curing
z Test for curing rate of cutback are based on
inherent factors, which can be controlled
these test compare different asphaltic
material on the assumption that external
factors are held constant.
Marshall and Hveem Test
z Marshall Test
z In order for a flexible asphaltic concrete
pavement to perform properly, it must be stable
under loading.
z This stability is achieved in pavement design by
compacting the pavement so that the
aggregates distribute the load by point-to-point
contract.
z The Marshall test and other tests forstability
measure directly the performance of the
asphaltic concrete under load. The
performance of the pavement in service can
thus be predicted
z The Marshall test for asphalt paving mixtures
may be used for laboratory design and field
control of mixtures containing asphalt cement
and aggregates not exceeding an inch in
maximum size.
z Principal feature of the test are density-voids
analysis and stability-flow tests on specimens
of compacted asphalt paving mixtures.
z The Marshall test has been standardized and
has been designated ASTM D 1559.
z The optimum asphalt content of the paving
mix is determined and is usually that which
yields optimum of adequate stability,
maximum unit weight and median limits for
percent air voids (usually for surface mix
uses).
Hveem Test
z The Hveem method of mix design is a laboratory
procedure based on two properties of the compacted
specimen: cohesion and friction.
z Density and voids of the compacted specimen are
established before measuring the friction with the
stabilometer.
z The stabilometer is a type of test in which vertical loads
are applied and resulting lateral pressures are
measured.
z The optimum asphalt content for the design mix should
be the highest asphalt content the mix will accommodate
without reducing stability or void content below minimum
values.
ASPHALT CONCRETE
Asphalt Concrete
z Asphalt concrete is a uniformly mixed combination
of asphalt cement, coarse aggregate, fine
aggregate, and other material, depending on the
type of asphalt concrete.The different type of
asphaltic concretes commonly used in pavement
construction are hot-mix,hot-laid,cold-mix.
z Hot-mix, hot-laid is produced by properly blending
asphalt cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate,
and filler ( dust ) at temperatures ranging from about
175°F to 325°F, depending on the type of asphalt
cement used. Asphalt concrete aggregate are
usually categorized as crushed rock, sand, and filler.
Cold Mix asphalt
z Cold Mix asphalt is specifically designed to be used
over a period of time, it is produced at 100 degrees
Celsius and can be stockpiled for up to three
months.

Cold Mix Asphalt

Job-mix formula
z Having determined a suitable mix of aggregates, the
next step to determine the optimum percentage of
asphalt that should be used in the asphalt concrete
mixture.
z These determined proportions are usually referred
to as the job-mix formula.
z Two commonly used methods to determine the
optimum asphalt content are the Marshall method
and Hveem method. The Marshall method is
described here since it is more widely used.
Unbound Granular Material
z Unbound granular materials are generally
used in road pavements as base course and
sub-base layers. These materials play an
equally important role in the pavement
structure as those used for the surfacing and
foundations.
Lower sub-base
z Shall be inorganic Soil, sand, gravel,
weathered pr fragmented rock , or a mixture
of any of these material, essentially free from
vegetative and other organic matter and
expensive clay mineral with minimum particle
size of 75 mm or less, and shall have CBR
value not less that 95% of the maximum dry
density.
Subbase
z Shall be a natural or prepared aggregate
comprising crushed rock, weathered or
fragmented rock, gravel or crushed gravel,
sand, or a mixture of any these material.
Gravel Surfacing:
z Shall be a natural or prepared soil-aggregate
mixture comprising gravel and sand size
particles together with a small proportion of
plastic fines.
Crushed Aggregate Road base:
z Shall be crushed rock, or crushed gravel, or
mixture of crushed and natural aggregate,
which is hard, durable, clean, and free from
clay and other deleterious material.
Questions - ?