French

Baroque &
Rococo
Architecture
Nguyen Minh Hoang
I. FRENCH BAROQUE
ARCHITECTURE
 The Baroque was a time in history that came
after the Renaissance and was defined by its
elaborated and highly ornamented expressions,
combining different arts to create stunning effects.

This style first appeared in Italy by the beginning

of the seventeenth century

In France, the Baroque period is seen

between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,
DEFINATION mainly during the reigns of Louis XIII, Louis XIV
and Louis XV
TIME, HISTORYBACKGROUND AND FORMATION

French Baroque architecture, sometimes called French classicism, was a style of architecture during the
reigns of Louis XIII (1610–43), Louis XIV (1643–1715) and Louis XV (1715–74)
Haussmann's renovation of Paris
Haussmann's renovation of Paris was a vast public
works program commissioned by Emperor Napoléon
III and directed by his prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugène
Haussmann, between 1853 and 1870

Georges Eugène Haussmann The most famous and recognizable feature of

Haussmann's renovation of Paris are the Haussmann
apartment buildings which line the boulevards of Paris.
Street blocks were designed as homogeneous architectural
wholes. He treated buildings not as independent
structures, but as pieces of a unified urban landscape
Napoleon III
 CHARECTERISTIC
In terms of how buildings were designed, there
are some general characteristics that we see in French
Baroque constructions.
Symmetrycontinues to be the rule for all
compositions, with a general layout of three wings, in
which more hierarchy was given to the one in the
middle and a secondary role to the ones on each side

Facades are very rhythmical and there is an abundant

use of columns, sometimes just as decoratio
Curved lines are used both in the exteriors and
interiors to give a sense of movement, dynamism and
create interesting perspectives.
CONTRUCTIONS

Versailles (1661-1690)
The Château de Dampierre
(1675-1683)
CONTRUCTIONS

Palais du Luxembourg Château de Maisons-Laffitte (1642)

in Paris (1615-20)

Les Invalides (1676)

II. ROCOCO
 Rococo, also known as ‘late Baroque’, was an extreme,
decorative development of Baroque architecture that emerged in
the 18th century as a reaction against grandeur and symmetry.
It was a more fluid and florid elaborate style, comprising
ornate, asymmetric designs and pastel shades.

DEFINATION
 TIME, HISTORYBACKGROUND AND FORMATION

It originated in Paris, in response to the ponderous, It was soon adopted as a style across France and
strict Baroque Architecture that had risen to prominence other countries such as Germany and Austria. However,
with buildings such as the Palace of Versailles and the by the end of the 18th century, Rococo had largely been
official art of Louis XIV’s reign. replaced by the Neoclassical style.
 Although there are many similarities between
Rococo and Baroque architecture, the
designapproach tends to be more playful, light and
with an exuberant use of curves.
One of the principal differences between the
styles is with regard to symmetry; Rococo
emphasising the asymmetry of forms.
CHARECTERISTIC

The colours of Rococo are predominantly

pale, such as light pastel, ivory white and gold,
with frequent use of mirrors to enhance the sense
of open space.
French furniture from the period often
displays curving forms, naturalistic shell and floral
ornament, and playful use of gilt-bronze and
porcelain decoration
 Czapski Palace, Warsaw.
CONSTRUCTION WORKS

Salons of the Hotel de Soubise,

Paris.
Salon de Monsieur le Prince,
Chantilly.

Charlottenburg Palace, Berlin

ROMANTICISM IN ARCHITECTURE
19th Century
CONTENT :
I. Romanticism started when ? V. Main Article :
II. What is romanticism ? Gothic Revival Architecture :

1/ Define 1/ Define

2/ Romanticism in art 2/ History : Gothic Revival Style 1830 – 1860

3/ Romanticism as a mind-set 3/ Gothic Engineering

4/ Gothic Architectural Structure
III. What is romanticism in architecture
5/ / Characteristics
IV. Historical background and formation
1/ Gothic Revival Style
I. ROMANTICISM STARTED WHEN ?

Romanticism (also known as the Romantic era) was

an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual
movement that originated in Europe toward the end
of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its
peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850.
 II. WHAT IS ROMANTICISM ?
Romanticism was an artistic, literary, musical
and intellectual movement that originated in Europe
toward the end of the 18th century, and in most areas
was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800
to 1850.

As the elaborate age of Baroque and Rococo

drew to a close, appreciation for classical restraint
resurfaced. This trend was accelerated by the
excavation of numerous ancient ruins, both Roman
(e.g. Pompeii) and Greek (e.g. Athens), which
rekindled interest in antiquity and expanded classical
architectural vocabulary.
 Romanticism in art
Nature was also a source of inspiration in
the visual arts of the Romantic Movement.
Romantic artists depicted nature to be not
only beautiful, but powerful, unpredictable
and destructive.
Romanticism as a mind-set
Romanticism may be best understood not
as a movement, but as a mind-set.
The artists, poets and musicians of the
Romantic period were united by their
determination to use their art to convey
emotion or provoke an emotional response
from audiences.
 III. WHAT IS ROMANTICISM IN ARCHITECTURE

Romanticism in architecture is an umbrella term that

covers many of the European 19th century 'revivalist' and
Eastern influenced styles; Neoclassical/Greek Revival,
Gothic Revival, Baroque Revival, Romanesque Revival
and Indo-Saracenic are some examples.

As an architectural movement, it came about as a

reaction against the increasing rationalism creeping
into intellectual discourse during the late 18th century,
during the 'age of enlightenment' and was also opposed
to the excesses and over-elaborate Baroque and
Rococo styles.

In particular, later on, it was the medieval,

Gothic, nostalgia that was most celebrated as a kind of
Brithish Museum, London artistic 'nationalism' and its less rigid, more 'religious'
and more 'nature-inspired' aspects and motifs
IV. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Romantic architecture takes its cue from the movement called
Romanticism, which first developed in England during the late
18th century and the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century.

Romanticism spread from Europe to the United States, and is

best known in literature, seen in the writings of François-René
Chateaubriand and Jean-Jacques Rousseau in France, William
Blake and William Wordsworth in England, Johann Wolfgang von
Goethe and J. C. Friedrich von Schiller in Germany, and Ralph
AND FORMATION

Waldo Emerson and Edgar Allan Poe in the United States.

In architecture, Romanticism often evokes past styles, such

as the Gothic style, seen in the mid-19th-century Gothic Revival.

Other types of Romantic architecture are illustrated in a

variety of styles considered "exotic" due to their displacement
into a "foreign" setting in a more fanciful, less accurate format.
Gothic Revival Style
The Oriental Revival of the early 1800s can be
attributed to increased trade with India and China in
the later years of the 18th century.

The most famous example of this fanciful, Indian-

inspired style is seen in the Royal Pavilion in
Brighton, England, built by John Nash in 1815-1822
as a seaside home for King George IV when he was
the prince regent.

The building features a series of onion domes along

the roof, with minarets flanking the central dome
while the roofline features exotic-styled pointed
crenellations capped by balls. The front porch is
partially covered with a latticework screen with
Royal Pavilion in Brighton, England
Moorish horseshoe arches and pseudo-Gothic
bifurcated windows.
 In America, these ideas can be seen in the most
ornate Italianate style house in the United States, which is
the famous "Breakers House" built overlooking the ocean
in Newport, Rhode Island.

Designed by Richard Morris Hunt in the 1890s for

Cornelius Vanderbilt, this 70-room mansion features a
three-part stone façade where porticoes open at both the
ground level and the upper story to allow views of the
Breakers House, Newport, Rhode
surrounding countryside.
Island
 The Swiss chalet-style home, also
considered a vacation home, became
popular in both Europe and the United
States

This type of home, originating in

the Alps, was more economically
amenable to the middle-class than the
more "exotic" Indian style, and
therefore it found favor during the first
several decades of the 20th century,
primarily in the mountain regions of the
United States.

The Swiss Chalet-style Home

 Finally, the Octagon House,
with its eight-sided shape, was
introduced during this era as well,
and several hundred of them, built on
the East Coast and in the Midwest
during the 1850s and 1860s, survive
today.

Octagon House
V. MAIN ARTICLE :
Gothic Revival Architecture
DEFINE :
Gothic Revival (also referred to as
Victorian Gothic, neo-Gothic, or Gothick) is
an architectural movement popular in the
Western world that began in the late 1740s in
England. Its momentum grew in the early 19th
century, when increasingly serious and learned
admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive
medieval Gothic architecture, in contrast to
the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time.
Gothic Revival draws features from the
original Gothic style, including decorative
patterns, finials, lancet windows, hood moulds
and label stops.
 The rise of Evangelicalism in the eighteenth and
early nineteenth centuries saw in England a reaction
in the High church movement which sought to
emphasise the continuity between the established
church and the pre-Reformation Catholic church
Architecture, in the form of the Gothic Revival,
became one of the main weapons in the High church's
Gothic Revival Style 1830 – 1860

armoury.
The Gothic Revival was also paralleled and
supported by "medievalism", which had its roots in
antiquarian concerns with survivals and curiosities.

Gothic Revival also took on political connotations;

HISTORY :

with the "rational" and "radical" Neoclassical style being

seen as associated with republicanism and liberalism.

The Gothic Revival style is part of the mid-19th

century picturesque and romantic movement in
architecture, reflecting the public's taste for buildings
inspired by medieval design.
 Medieval man considered himself an imperfect
reflection of the divine light of God, and Gothic
architecture was the ideal expression of this view.

New techniques of construction, such as pointed

arches and flying buttresses, permitted buildings
to soar to amazing new heights, dwarfing anyone
who stepped inside.

Diagram of a Medieval Cathedral

CONSTRUCTIONS :
Western Architecture: Gothic Revival, c. 1730–c. 1930
 The architectural movement most commonly
associated with Romanticism is the Gothic Revival, a term
first used in England.
Many Neogothic buildings feature castellation:
crenellated walls and towers in imitation of medieval
castles (see Castle). Indeed, heavily castellated Neogothic
buildings are often referred to as "castles", even though
they never served a defensive purpose.
Among them was Strawberry Hill (demolished), the
most famous early work of Gothic Revival.

Strawberry Hill
 Westminster Palace

Gothic Revival flourished throughout the West,

especially in Britain and the United States. The two Fonthill Abbey
favoured building materials were stone and brick. The
foremost Gothic Revival monument of Britain Another early example of the tendency toward
is Westminster Palace ornamentation and decoration was Fonthill Abbey
 The later style, archaeologically
more correct, inspired such structures as
Renwick’s St. Patrick’s Cathedral (New
York City, 1859–79) and was to dominate
public building.
In Britain,

Royal Pavillion in Brighton Houses of Parliament in London

 Basilica of Sacré - Coeur

Hameau de la Reine

The Palais Garnier

In France
 The most commonly identifiable feature of the
Gothic Revival style is the pointed arch, used for
windows, doors, and decorative elements like
porches, dormers, or roof gables.
Gothic Revival style buildings often have

CHARACTERISTICS :
porches with decorative turned posts or slender
columns, with flattened arches or side brackets
connecting the posts.

The Gothic Revival style was also popular

for churches, where high style elements such as
castle-like towers, parapets, and tracery windows
were common, as well as the pointed Gothic
arched windows and entries.
ECLECTICISM

19th AND EARLY 20th CENTURY

CONTENT

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY

CHARACYERISTICS
1. Eclecticism in arts
2. Eclecticism in architecture
3. Eclectic interior design

CONSTRUCTIONS
INTRODUCTION

A mixture of elements from previous

historical styles to create something that
is new and original’

the mixture usually chosen based on its

suitability to the project and overall
aesthetic value.
HISTORY

The term is also used of the many architects of the 19th

and early 20th centuries.

Europe
• Eclectic architecture first appeared in various
countries: France, England and Germany,…
• The École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, the graduates
of architectural school went on to become pioneers
of the movement.
North America
• The end of the 19th century saw a profound
shift in American Architecture.
• At a time of increasing prosperity, many
eclectic buildings were commissioned in large
cities around the country.

Spread
• Some of the most extreme examples of
eclectic design could be seen on board ocean
liners
• The lavish interiors were crafted with a mix of
traditional styles
CHARACTERISTICS

Eclecticism was characterized by revival and mixing of

previous styles. It included:
Chippendale Styles, Hepplewhite Styles, Sheraton
Styles, Biedermeier Styles, Louis Phillipe Styles, Victorian
Styles, Regency Styles and Second Empire Styles.

Johan Joachim Winckelmann is presumed to the term

“eclectic” into the world.
Eclecticism in art

Eclecticism is a kind of mixed style in the fine

arts.

The combination of elements from different

historical styles in architecture, painting and
the graphic and decorative arts.

Lady Cockburn and Her Three Eldest Sons (1775)

Joshua Reynoilds
Eclectic Architecture

Use of forms of various historical styles (Gothic,

Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, etc.)

‘Freedom of choice’ of architectural and

ornamental motifs.

It tended towards the creation of large urban

ensembles in the “Russian” or “European” style.

Main Eclectic Architects

Daniel Burnham Richard Morris Hunt
Alexander Jackson Davis Charles Follen McKim
Antonio Gaudi William Mead
Josef Hlavka Richard Norman Shaw
Stanford White
Eclectic Interior design

• Charming, unique, irregular, creative

atmosphere.
• Combination of Line, mass, texture, color
and form are basic principle to create an
harmonious eclectic interior space.
• Two or more styles are used in the same
room.
• Using Furniture and accessories from
different design styles and periods
• Balance in proportional size.
• Neutral colors.
CONSTRUCTIONS

The church of the Sagrada Familia in Barcelona

Antonio Gaudi
Residence of bukovinian
and dalmatian
metropolitans
Josef Hlavka, 1882
The Aston Webb building
6. 19th century developments glass and iron architecture

The eclectic century: 19th century

This most self-confident of centuries

takes what it likes from these many
sources, mixes and matches them,
develops and distorts them to create
magnificent buildings. The effect is
of its time, but the ingredients are
not. Only one feature of 19th-
century architecture is entirely new
in the west - the use of cast iron.
* Glass, iron and prefabrication: 1837-1851
- The public first becomes aware of the glorious potential
of cast-iron architecture in the 1840s, when extraordinary
conservatories are erected at Chatsworth and in Kew
Gardens. But the technology derives from factory
construction in the 1790s.
ARTS & CRAFTS
Phạm Thành Long
The Arts and Crafts movement
An international trend in the decorative and fine arts
that began in Britain and flourished in Europe and
North America between about 1880 and 1920

Stood for traditional craftsmanship using simple

forms, and often used medieval, romantic, or folk
styles of decoration

Advocated economic and social reform and was

essentially anti-industrial

Strong influence on the arts in Europe until it was

displaced by Modernism in the 1930s
 Origins and influences

A style that urged for a return to craftsmanship and which

rebelled against industrialisation

Design reform began with Exhibition organizers

Henry Cole (1808–1882),
Owen Jones (1809–1874)
Matthew Digby Wyatt (1820–1877),
Richard Redgrave (1804–1888)
All deprecated excessive ornament and impractical or badly
made things
 "Utility have precedence over ornamentation.”

“The architect, the upholsterer, the paper-

stainer, the weaver, the calico-printer, and the
potter" produced "novelty without beauty, or
beauty without intelligence."
“Ornament must be secondary to the thing
decorated"

From these criticisms of manufactured goods emerged several

publications which set out what the writers considered to be the correct
principles of design

Particularly influential, liberally distributed as a student prize and

running into nine reprints by 1910
Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin (1812 – 1852)
An English architect, designer, artist and critic

Some of the ideas of the movement were anticipated by A. W. N. Pugin (1812–1852), a

leader in the Gothic revival in architecture.

He advocated truth to material, structure, and function, as did the Arts and Crafts artists. The Nature of Gothic
John Ruskin (8 February 1819 – 20 January 1900) was the
leading English art critic of the Victorian era, as well as an art
patron, draughtsman, watercolourist, a prominent social thinker
and philanthropist

“The sort of mechanized production and division of labour that

had been created in the industrial revolution to be servile
labour“

“A healthy and moral society required independent workers

who designed the things that they made”

“ Factory-made works to be dishonest " John Ruskin

Pugin's house "The Grange" in Ramsgate, 1843.
Its simplified Gothic style, adapted to domestic
building, helped shape the architecture of the
Arts and Crafts Movement.
 William Morris
“Wage Holy warfare against the age" 1834-1896

William Morris, the main influence

on the Arts and Crafts Movement
The towering figure in late 19th
century design and the main
influence on the Arts and Crafts
movement

Ruskin had argued that the separation of the intellectual act of

design from the manual act of physical creation was both
socially and aesthetically damaging

"without dignified, creative human occupation people became

disconnected from life"
In 1861, Morris began making
furniture and decorative objects
commercially, modeling his designs
on medieval styles and using bold
forms and strong colors. His patterns
were based on flora and fauna, and his
products were inspired by the
vernacular or domestic traditions of
the British countryside. Some were
deliberately left unfinished in order to
display the beauty of the materials
and the work of the craftsman, thus
creating a rustic appearance. Morris
strove to unite all the arts within the
decoration of the home, emphasizing
nature and simplicity of form
William Morris's Red House in London, designed by
Philip Webb and completed in 1860; one of the most
significant buildings of the Arts and Crafts Movement

The weaving shed in Morris & Co's

factory at Merton, which opened in the
1880s
Morris's designs quickly became
popular, attracting interest when his
company's work was exhibited at the
1862 International Exhibition in
London.
His work became popular with the
middle and upper classes, despite his
wish to create a democratic art
By the end of the 19th century, A&C
design in houses and domestic
interiors was the dominant style in
Britain, copied in products made by
conventional industrial methods.
 Development

By the end of the nineteenth century, Arts and Crafts ideals had
influenced architecture, painting, sculpture, graphics, illustration,
book making and photography, domestic design and the decorative
arts, including furniture and woodwork, stained glass, leatherwork,
lacemaking, embroidery, rug making and weaving, jewelry and
metalwork, enameling and ceramics. By 1910, there was a fashion
for "Arts and Crafts" and all things hand-made. There was a
proliferation of amateur handicrafts of variable quality and of
incompetent imitators who caused the public to regard Arts and
Crafts as "something less, instead of more, competent and fit for
purpose than an ordinary mass produced article.
 ART
AND
CRAFT
IN
OVER
THE
WORLD
 House at 1333 Alvarado Terrace,
Los Angeles
The Robert Owen Museum,
Newtown, by Frank Shayler

Arts and Crafts Tudor Home in

the Buena Park Historic District,
Uptown, Chicago
 Architecture
Arts and Crafts movement

Many of the leaders of

the Arts and Crafts
movement were
trained as architects
(e.g. William Morris,
A. H. Mackmurdo, C.
R. Ashbee, W. R.
Lethaby)

Red House, in Bexleyheath, London, designed for Morris in 1859 by

architect Philip Webb, exemplifies the early Arts and Crafts style, with its well-
proportioned solid forms, wide porches, steep roof, pointed window arches,
And it was on brick fireplaces and wooden fittings. Webb rejected classical and other revivals
building that the of historical styles based on grand buildings, and based his design on
movement had its British vernacular architecture, expressing the texture of ordinary materials,
most visible and such as stone and tiles, with an asymmetrical and picturesque building
lasting influence. composition.
 Features of Art & Craft styles

Basic material
Art & Craft is an interior design style that rejects the ornate, artificial
designs, ignoring the qualities of the materials used. The principle of this
style is to emphasize the natural qualities. Furniture used in this space is
natural wood designed mainly in the classic style, the decoration is made
mostly by hand with accompanying materials such as leather or copper.

Simple form
The Art & Craft style uses lots of details and colors but overall it is still a
natural, flat and simple style, detail and color. This style has no splendid
decoration, does not need to be too flashy but still shows its own unique
characteristics. The Art & Craft style mainly shows home furnishings, useful
and neatly decorated in indoor spaces.
 Color
The colors used for this space are cream yellow, saffron, olive
green, blue, red, these colors are all artistic colors when
designing. However, you need to pay attention to how to
combine colors so as to have harmony, adhere to the principle of
using in space, the appropriate color ratio to not turn the space
into a chameleon.

Natural texture
Art & Craft prefers to use as realistic texture as possible.
Models, wallpaper and tiles reflecting the idea of nature with the
shape of fruit trees and nature must all be expressed truthfully
and accurately. At the same time, this style is also expressed
locally with the main inspiration for the Art & Craft movement
 Art Nouveau (New Art) is an international school,
an art style, architecture, applied art (especially
decorative art) popular in the late nineteenth and
early twentieth centuries (1890). –1905)
As a contrast to the nineteenth-century academic
school, Art nouveau is special because of its
texture, especially by its patterns, stylization, or
the use of curves.
Art Nouveau, although not developed after 1914,
played a very important role in the development of
abstract art.
Frank Lloyd Wright was born on June 8, 1867 - April 9, 1959 - American architect, interior
designer, writer and educator, who designed more than 1,000 structures and 532 buildings.
architecture

Frank Lloyd Wright’s Prairie School style homes are also based on principles of the Arts
& Crafts movement

Open plans, emphasis on natural

materials and connection to the
environment, forms inspired by
nature, and lots of wood built-ins
 Examples of homes whose designs were inspired by Arts and Crafts style architects

Stotfold is a 1907 Arts &

Crafts house in Mavelstone Road
in the London Borough of
Bromley. It became a Grade
II listed building in 1993 for
being "of special architectural or
historic interest considered to be
of national importance and
therefore worth protecting".
Stoneywell is a National Trust property in Ulverscroft, a
dispersed settlement in Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire.
Stoneywell is the largest of a small group of cottages designed
in the Arts and Crafts style by Ernest Gimson

Standen is an Arts and Crafts house located to the south

of East Grinstead, West Sussex, England. The house and its
surrounding gardens belong to the National Trust and are open
to the public
 The Caledonian
Estate is a Grade II
listed, early
Edwardian estate to
wards the northern
of
the CaledonianRoad
in Islington, London.

The Caledonian Estate is a Grade II listed, early Edwardian estate towards the
northern end of the Caledonian Road in Islington, London. It is situated next
to Pentonville Prison. The Estate was built on the site of the classical Caledonian
Asylum from which the Road took its name.