Applied Surface Science 259 (2012) 764–768

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Applied Surface Science

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apsusc

Preparation and anti-icing of superhydrophobic PVDF coating on a wind turbine

blade
Chaoyi Peng a,∗ , Suli Xing a , Zhiqing Yuan a,b,∗∗ , Jiayu Xiao a,∗ ∗ ∗ , Chunqi Wang a , Jingcheng Zeng a
a
Department of Materials Engineering and Applied Chemistry, College of Aerospace and Materials Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410073,
People’s Republic of China
b
School of Packaging & Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, Hunan, 412007, People’s Republic of China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: A novel and simple method was developed to prepare a porous superhydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride
Received 14 April 2012 (PVDF) coating on a wind turbine blade. The water contact angle and sliding angle of the superhydrophobic
Received in revised form 20 July 2012 PVDF coating were 156 ± 1.9◦ and 2◦ , respectively. The superhydrophobic PVDF coating showed excellent
Accepted 22 July 2012
anti-icing property. The present work will provide a new way to fabricate anti-icing coating on wind
Available online 31 July 2012
turbine blades and other outdoor equipments.
© 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Anti-icing
Superhydrophobic
PVDF
Coating
Wind turbine blade

1. Introduction
Recently, the natural energy resources such as coal and
petroleum have decreased continuously due to the large consume
in industry and daily life. In order to solve the energy crisis, wind
power projects have been paid much attention [1]. In wind power
generator system, wind turbine blades are the important compo-
nent to obtain wind energy. However, the wind turbine blades
exposed to cold climates are often found to experience icing phe-
nomena [2]. If the ice formed on the wind turbine blades cannot
be eliminated in time, it may cause serious problems [3,4]. In order
to assure the maximum reliability of the wind turbine blades and
decrease the economic loss caused by icing, two main strategies
have been developed to reduce or eliminate the ice accumula-
tion on wind turbine blades [5]. The two main strategies are: (i)
active deicing methods such as thermal, electrical or mechanical
∗ Corresponding author at: Department of Materials Engineering and Applied
Chemistry, College of Aerospace and Materials Engineering, National University of
Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410073, People’s Republic of China.
∗∗ Corresponding author at: School of Packaging & Materials Engineering, Hunan
University of Technology, Zhuzhou, Hunan, 412007, People’s Republic of China.
Tel.: +86 731 22182170; fax: +86 731 22182088.
∗ ∗ ∗Corresponding author at: Department of Materials Engineering and Applied
Chemistry, College of Aerospace and Materials Engineering, National University of
Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410073, People’s Republic of China.
E-mail addresses: pengchaoyi2012@163.com (C. Peng), byxy2001@163.com
(Z. Yuan), jiayuxiao@tom.com (J. Xiao).
techniques, and (ii) passive methods which protect exposed sur-
faces with anti-icing coatings to significantly reduce or eliminate
ice adhesion strength. The active techniques, such as thermal and
mechanical methods, are currently used widely but energy hun-
gry and expensive to make and operate [6,7]. On the contrary, the
passive techniques such as anti-icing coatings are cheaper and envi-
ronmentally friendly, which do not need external energy to deice or
prevent ice accumulation [8,9]. Thus, developing anti-icing coating
for wind turbine blades is perfectly desirable.
In general, icing in the atmosphere is usually occurred when a
surface contacts with the super-cooled water in the environment
with low temperature. The first step of this process, the surface
wetted by super-cooled water, plays a crucial role to determine the
feasibility of icing, where the preexisting “surface/air” interface is
substituted by a “surface/water” interface [1,10,11]. Thus, wetting
characteristic of a solid surface is believed an important influence
factor for the ice formation, and decreasing wetting or increasing
the phobicity of a solid surface is an efficient way for retarding
icing [11]. Recently, inspired by the lotus effect, superhydrophobic
surfaces with water contact angle greater than 150◦ have attracted
much attention due to their great potential industrial and biological
applications [12–24]. Water droplets on the superhydrophobic sur-
faces usually form spherical droplets and reduce the contact areas
between the solid and the water droplets, and a very small tilting
angle will make the droplets quickly roll off the superhydrophobic
surfaces, showing excellent non-wettable character. Thus, super-
hydrophobic surfaces or coatings could be ideal potential anti-icing

0169-4332/$ – see front matter © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.07.118
 C. Peng et al. / Applied Surface Science 259 (2012) 764–768
materials for protecting the outdoor equipments in cold seasons or
winter [25,26]. However, to take advantage of the role of super-
hydrophobic coatings for anti-icing on the wind turbine blade, the
preparations of superhydrophobic coatings are crucial. Although
many clever methods, such as the solution method [18], sol–gel
method [27–29], plasma fluorination method [30–32], electrospin-
ning method [33], and other methods [34–38], have been reported
to prepare superhydrophobic surfaces or coatings on different
substrates. However, up till now, only Karmouch and Ross [39]
reported the preparation of superhydrophobic coating on wind tur-
bine blade by deposition of silica nanoparticles embedded in epoxy.
Thus, it is important and necessary to develop more new and facile
methods of fabricating superhydrophobic coating on wind turbine
blades. Herein, a novel and simple method was developed to pre-
pare a porous superhydrophobic PVDF coating on a wind turbine
blade made by glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin composites. Com-
pared with the methods mentioned above, our method is simpler.
It should be noted that the present method is very suitable for large
scale preparation of superhydrophobic coating. Moreover, expen-
sive apparatus or complicated controlling conditions are also not
necessary. In addition, the superhydrophobic coating on the wind
turbine blade showed excellent anti-icing.
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
Commercial-grade polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, obtained
from Zhuzhou Rifeng Chemical Industry Company of China) and
analytical grade NH4 HCO3 powder (obtained from Changsha Hui-
hong Chemical Plant of China) were used without any further
treatment. Wind turbine blade was prepared by a common mold
pressing technology using glass fiber (obtained from Taishan Glass
Fibre Company of China) and Bisphenol A epoxy resin (E-51 type,
obtained from Yueyang Balin Huaxing Petroleum Chemical Corpo-
ration of China).
2.2. Fabrication of superhydrophobic coating on wind turbine
blade
First, 10 g PVDF was solved in 100 mL N,N-dimethylformamide
to form uniform solution. Then, 2 g NH4 HCO3 powder was dis-
persed in the PVDF solution. After stirring the solution for 30 min,
the PVDF solution was coated onto the wind turbine blade. Finally,
the wind turbine blade coated with PVDF solution was dried at
80 ◦ C for 48 h, and then a porous superhydrophobic PVDF coating
was obtained on the wind turbine blade.
2.3. Characterization
The water contact angle (CA) of the superhydrophobic PVDF
coating was measured on a dataphysics OCA20 contact-angle sys-
tem by sessile drop method with about 5 ␮L droplet. The sliding
angle was measured by tilting the sample stage from 0 to higher
angles and then putting a droplet on the sample using a micro-
gauge. When the droplet rolled off the surface, the angle of the
sample stage was the sliding angle. Each of the reported water con-
tact angle and sliding angle value was obtained by averaging five
measurement results on different areas of the samples. The sur-
face morphologies of the samples were determined by scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) using a FEI Quanta 200 Environmental
Scanning Electron Microscope.
765
2.4. Anti-icing test
The anti-icing test was performed in a climatic chamber with
a working temperature of −10 ◦ C. The samples were fixed on the
sample stage placed 30 cm above the bottom of the chamber. The
super-cooled water droplets with a temperature of near 0 ◦ C were
sprayed onto the sample surfaces through sprinklers with the pore
diameter of 1 mm. The height of the sprinklers to the sample surface
was 20 cm. In order to evaluate the anti-icing and ice accumulation
of the samples, the samples were weighed on an electronic balance
every 1 min interval. Before spraying super-cooled water droplets,
the samples were placed in the system for 30 min at a temperature
of −10 ◦ C to make them as cold as the natural outdoor environment
in ice storm.
3. Results and discussion
Before coating, the surface of wind turbine blade is hydrophilic,
and its water contact angle is about 80 ± 2◦ (shown in Fig. 1a). Fig. 1b
shows the FTIR spectra of wind turbine blade surface. To increase
the water contact angle of the wind turbine blade with hydrophilic
surface, it is necessary to modify the wind turbine blade surface
with proper hydrophobic materials. As we all know, PVDF is an
important hydrophobic material, and it has been used widely in
many fields due to its excellent weathering resistance, chemical
corrosion resistance, and oxidation resistance. Thus, PVDF could be
a proper material for the outer coating of the wind turbine blade.
So, we added 10 g PVDF into 100 mL N,N-dimethylformamide to
form uniform pure PVDF solution, and then the pure PVDF solution
was coated onto the wind turbine blade and dried for 48 h at 80 ◦ C.
Fig. 2a is the SEM image of the pure PVDF coating on the wind tur-
bine blade. From Fig. 2a, we know that the surface of pure PVDF
coating on the wind turbine blade is smooth, and the water con-
tact angle is about 102 ± 1.7◦ (shown in Fig. 2b) indicating that the
pure PVDF coating can enhance the hydrophobicity of the wind tur-
bine blade, but it is far away from superhydrophobicity. Thus, we
should adjust the preparation process of the coating. According to
previous literatures, rough surface microstructure is necessary for a
superhydrophobic surface [40–44]. In order to obtain rough PVDF
coating on the wind turbine blade, we added 2 g NH4 HCO3 pow-
der into the PVDF solution, and then the PVDF–NH4 HCO3 solution
was coated onto the wind turbine blade. Interestingly, after dry-
ing for 48 h at 80 ◦ C, a superhydrophobic PVDF coating with water
contact angle of 156 ± 1.9◦ (shown in Fig. 3a) was obtained. Fig. 3b
is the FTIR spectra of the superhydrophobic PVDF coating on the
wind turbine blade surface. Compared with Figs. 1b and 3b, we
know that the surface chemical composition of the wind blade has
been changed after coating. Hydrophobic CF2 group, which has
low surface tension and can reduce the surface energy and adjust
wettability [45], appear on the wind blade surface after coating.
Fig. 3c is the SEM image of the superhydrophobic PVDF coating.
From Fig. 3c, we know that the superhydrophobic PVDF coating is
a rough porous surface, and a lot of pores with the diameters rang-
ing from 1 to 5 ␮m can be observed on the superhydrophobic PVDF
coating. Theoretically, air can be trapped in these pores. Thereby,
the rough superhydrophobic PVDF coating can be considered as a
composite comprised of the air trapped in the pores and the PVDF,
it can be described by the Cassie–Baxter model [46] shown in Eq.
(1):
cos r = f1 cos  − f2 (1)
Here, f1 and f2 are the fractions of solid surface and air in compos-
ite surface, respectively (i.e., f1 + f2 = 1), while  is the equilibrium
contact angle on a flat solid surface. This equation predicts that
increasing the fraction of air (f2 ) will increase the contact angle of
766 C. Peng et al. / Applied Surface Science 259 (2012) 764–768
Fig. 1. (a) The shape of water droplet on the surface of wind turbine blade before coating, (b) the FTIR spectra of wind turbine blade surface before coating.
the PVDF coating; otherwise the contact angle of the PVDF coating
will decrease if f1 (the fraction of solid surface) increase. Accord-
ing to the water contact angle data on the smooth PVDF coating and
rough superhydrophobic PVDF coating, f2 value calculated by Eq. (1)
is about 0.88. This means that air occupies about the 88% of contact
areas when the porous rough PVDF coating contacts with the water
droplet. From the above analysis, we consider that the cooperation
effect of the porous surface microstructure and hydrophobic CF2
group of PVDF coating result in the superhydrophobic property.
Except for the water contact angle, sliding angle is another
important criterion for a superhydrophobic surface. Thus, we
also measured the water sliding angle of the superhydrophobic
PVDF coating. Interestingly, the water sliding angle of the super-
hydrophobic PVDF coating is only 2◦ , which is similar to the
wettability of the natural lotus leaf. For the low sliding angle of
the porous superhydrophobic PVDF coating, we can explain the
possible reason according to the viewpoint of Öner et al. [47,48]
and Miwa et al. [49]. Öner et al. [47,48] argued that the struc-
ture (shape, length, continuity of contact, amount of contact)
of the three-phase (solid–liquid–air) contact line was important
for sliding angle: discontinuous, unstable and contorted contact
line was necessary to form a superhydrophobic surface with low
sliding angle. Miwa et al. [49] believed that the surface struc-
ture that could trap air was important for the preparation of
low-sliding-angle surface. According to the SEM image of the rough
porous PVDF coating (shown in Fig. 3c), the three-phase contact line
is discontinuous on the surface and the porous surface microstruc-
ture can trap air, suggesting that the as-prepared porous PVDF
coating may have a low sliding angle and water droplets can slide
easily on the surface.
For the porous superhydrophobic PVDF coating, we can
explain the possible formation process as follows: NH4 HCO3
has a low decomposing temperature (about 60 ◦ C). When the
PVDF–NH4 HCO3 coating was dried at 80 ◦ C, the NH4 HCO3 was
continuously decomposed as NH3 , H2 O, and CO2 . The continuous
volatilization of NH3 , H2 O, and CO2 resulted in the formation of
many pores on the PVDF coating.
In previous literatures [50–54] there are some reports about
superhydrophobic PVDF surface. For example, Wang et al. [51] pre-
pared a superhydrophobic surface by electrospinning PVDF mixed
with epoxy-siloxane modified SiO2 nanoparticles. Basu and Paran-
thaman [50] obtained a superhydrophobic surface by embedding
hydrophobically modified fumed silica (HMFS) particles in PVDF
matrix. Wu et al. [52] fabricated a superhydrophobic porous coating
of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/polyvinylidene fluoride
(PVDF) via phase-separation method. Zheng et al. [54] fabricated a
superhydrophobic PVDF film by alkali treatment enhancing chem-
ical bath deposition. Zha et al. [53] prepared a superhydrophobic
PVDF/graphene porous materials by the diffusion of non-solvent
(methanol or water) into PVDF/graphene suspension. However,
compared with the previous literatures, our preparation method
is not only novel but also simpler and easier. Furthermore, our
 C. Peng et al. / Applied Surface Science 259 (2012) 764–768 767

Fig. 2. (a) SEM image of pure PVDF coating on the wind turbine blade; (b) the shape
of water droplet on the surface of pure PVDF coating.

method is very suitable for large scale preparation of superhy-

drophobic coating. In addition, expensive apparatus or complicated
controlling conditions are also not necessary.
To know the anti-icing, the porous superhydrophobic PVDF
coating on the wind turbine blade was investigated in a cli-
matic chamber. For comparison, the anti-icing of the uncoated
hydrophilic wind turbine blade was also studied in the same exper-
imental conditions. We first horizontally fixed the samples on the
stage of the climatic chamber with a work temperature of −10 ◦ C
for 30 min to make them as cold as the natural environment in
ice storm, then the ice accumulations on the samples were stud-
ied by spraying super-cooled water droplets with diameter about
1 mm via sprinklers above the samples 20 cm. On the uncoated
hydrophilic wind blade surface, it was quickly covered by many
water droplets at the first minute of spraying, and a whole ice film
appeared only after 2 min of spraying. Interestingly, the sprayed Fig. 3. (a) The shape of water droplet on the surface of superhydrophobic PVDF
water droplets quickly rolled off the superhydrophobic PVDF coat- coating; (b) the FTIR spectra of superhydrophobic PVDF coating on the wind turbine
ing, and no ice crystal or ice cake appeared on the superhydrophobic blade. (c) SEM image of the superhydrophobic PVDF coating.

PVDF coating even after 60 min of spraying. The increased weight

caused by icing on the tested samples is shown in Fig. 4. The
weight of the uncoated hydrophilic wind blade surface shows lin-
ear increase within the experimental time. However, The increased
weight of the superhydrophobic PVDF coating is almost zero within
experimental error. The above results indicate that the as-prepared
porous superhydrophobic PVDF coating on the wind blade has
excellent anti-icing. These above results are very useful and impor-
tant for the design and preparation of anti-icing coating on the wind
turbine blade.
For the above phenomena and results obtained in the
experiment of anti-icing, we can explain them as follows:
When super-cooled water droplets are sprayed onto the porous
superhydrophobic PVDF coating on the wind blade, the water
droplets are hard to rest on the coating and quickly roll off the
surface due to the low adhesion and limited contact area between
water droplets and porous superhydrophobic PVDF coating. Thus,
ice is hard to form on the porous superhydrophobic PVDF coating
due to the lack of water even though the temperature is low enough.
When super-cooled water droplets are sprayed onto the uncoated
hydrophilic wind blade surface, the water droplets spread on the
sample. Thus, the contact area and adhesion between the uncoated
hydrophilic wind turbine blade surface and water droplets are
larger than that of porous superhydrophobic PVDF coating. There-
fore, the movement of water on the uncoated hydrophilic wind
768 C. Peng et al. / Applied Surface Science 259 (2012) 764–768
Fig. 4. The relationships between increased weight caused by icing on the tested
samples and the time of spraying super-cooled water droplets.
blade surface is relatively hard and far slower than that of porous
superhydrophobic PVDF coating, which make the water quickly
transform into ice on the uncoated hydrophilic wind blade surface
under the low temperature.
4. Conclusions
In conclusion, a porous superhydrophobic PVDF coating was
prepared on a wind turbine blade by a novel and simple method.
The water contact angle and sliding angle of the superhydrophobic
PVDF coating were 156 ± 1.9◦ and 2◦ , respectively. The suphy-
drophobic PVDF coating showed excellent anti-icing property. The
present method of fabricating superhydrophobic coating cannot
only apply to the wind turbine blade but also other outdoor equip-
ments.
Acknowledgment
The authors thank the support of the Science Foundation of
China PostDoctor (no. 20090461482), Natural Science Foundation
of Hunan province (no. 10JJ4033, 11JJ3047), and Science and Tech-
nology Planning Project of Hunan Province (no. 2010RS4011).
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