Gokul

A Project report
On
LIVE HUMAN DETECTION SYSTEM FOR EARTHQUAKE
RESCUE OPERATION
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement

for the award of the Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
By
N GOUTHAM GOKUL 19751A04A8

MURE TEJESWINI 19751A04A5
K RAKESH RAJU 19751A0480
M BHUVANESHWARI 19751A04A1
Under the Guidance of
Mr. M PADMA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF ECE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SREENIVASA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
STUDIES
(Autonomous)
Affiliated to J.N.T.U.A Anantapuramu & NBA
AccreditedCHITTOOR – 517127
i
(2019-2023)
ii
SREENIVASA INTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
STUDIES
(Autonomous)
Affiliated to J.N.T.U.A, Anantapuramu &
NBA AccreditedCHITTOOR-517127
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “LIVE HUMAN DETECTION SYSTEM
FOR EARTHQUAKE RESCUE OPERATION” that is being submitted by Mr. N.
Goutham Gokul (19751A04A8), Ms. Mure Tejeswini (19751A04A5), Mr. K Rakesh
Raju (19751A0480) , Ms. M Bhuvaneswari (19751A04AA1). In partial fulfilment for the
award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in ELECTRONI AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapuram Anantapramu
is a record of bonafide work carried out under my guidance andsupervision. The results
embodied in this project report have not been submitted to any other University orInstitute for
the award of any degree.
Ms. M. PADMA, M.E. Dr. K. GOPI M.Tech, Ph.D.,

Assistant Professor Head of Department
Internal Guide Dept. of ECE
Submitted for University Examination (Viva -Voice) held on
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Internal Examiner External Examiner
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work was made possible with the help and
guidance received from various quarters. We would like to avail this opportunity to express
our sincere thanks and gratitude to all of them.
I would like to express the heartfelt gratitude to our Chairperson

Sri.K.RANGANATHAM GARU for providing excellent institutional support to complete
this project.
I would like to express the profound gratitude to our beloved principal

Dr. N.VENKATACHALAPATI ,M.Tech,Ph.D GARU., and Prof. M.SARAVANAN
,M.Tech,Ph.D dean academics for giving us the opportunity to Embark upon this Course
and make use of the facilities available in college.
I pay our sincere note of felicitation to Dr.K.GOPI, M.Tech, Ph.D., Professor& Head of
the ECE Department for his inspiration and support at each and every stage of the project.
I thank our project guide Ms. M. Padma, M.E., Assistant Professor of the ECE
Department for her valuable guidance, offering necessary material and willingly giving us
advice whenever needed.
I thank my project guide Mr. S. ASHMAD,M.Tech, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR of the ECE

Department for his valuable guidance, support and offering necessary material and willingly giving
us advice whenever needed.
Finally we thank all the teaching faculty and non-teaching staff of the Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering for giving their advices and their help during the
course of our project work as well as studies.
N.GOUTHAM GOKUL (19751A04A8)

MURE TEJESWINI (19751A04A5)
K RAKESH RAJU (19751A0480)
M BHUVANESWARI (19751A04A1)
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Course Outcomes for project work
On completion of project work we will be able to,

CO1. Demonstrate in-depth knowledge on the project topic.
CO2. Identify, analyse and formulate complex problem chosen for project work to attain
substantiated conclusions.
CO3. Design solutions to the chosen project problem.
CO4. Undertake investigation of project problem to provide valid conclusions.
CO5. Use the appropriate techniques, resources and modern engineering tools necessary
forproject work.
CO6. Apply project results for sustainable development of the society.
CO7. Understand the impact of project results in the context of environmental sustainability.
CO8. Understand professional and ethical responsibilities while executing the project work.
CO9. Function effectively as individual and a member in the project team.
CO10. Develop communication skills, both oral and written for preparing and presenting
project report.
CO_PO MAPPING
COs P P P P P P P P P P P P
\ O O O O O O O O O O O O
POs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1
0 1 2
CO1 √
CO2 √
CO3 √
CO4 √
CO5 √
CO6 √
CO7 √
CO8 √
CO9 √
CO10 √
CO11 √
CO12 √
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Evaluation Rubrics for Project work:
Rubric (CO) Excellent (Wt = 3) Good (Wt = 2) Fair (Wt = 1)
Select a latest topic through Select a topic through

Select a topic through partial
Selection of Topic (CO1) complete knowledge of facts improper knowledge
knowledge of facts and
and concepts. of facts and concepts.
concepts.
Analysis and Synthesis Thorough comprehension through Reasonable comprehension through Improper comprehension
(CO2) analysis/ synthesis. analysis/ synthesis. through analysis/ synthesis.
Thorough comprehension about Reasonable comprehension about Improper comprehension

Problem Solving (CO3) what is proposed in the what is proposed in the literature about what is proposed
literature papers. papers. in the literature.
Incomplete literature
Extensive literature survey Considerable literature survey with
Literature Survey (CO4) survey with substandard
with standard references. standard references.
references.
Identified and has

Clearly identified and has complete Identified and has sufficient
Usage of Techniques inadequate knowledge of
knowledge of techniques & tools knowledge of techniques &
& Tools (CO5) techniques & tools used
used in the project work. tools used in the project work.
in project work.
Conclusion of project work

Project work impact on Conclusion of project work Conclusion of project work has
has feeble impact on
Society (CO6) has strong impact on society. considerable impact on society.
society.
Conclusion of project work Conclusion of project

Project work impact on Conclusion of project work
has considerable impact on work has feeble impact on
Environment (CO7) has strong impact on
environment. environment.
Environment.
Insufficient understanding
Clearly understands ethical and Moderate understanding of ethical
Ethical attitude (CO8) of ethical and social
social practices. and social practices.
practices.
Independent Learning Did literature survey and Did literature survey and Selected a topic as
(CO9) selected topic with a little selected topic with considerable suggested by the
guidance guidance supervisor
Presentation in logical sequence Presentation with

Oral Presentation Presentation with key points,
with key points, clear insufficient key points
(CO10) conclusion and good
conclusion and excellent and improper conclusion
language
language
Status report with clear and logical Status report with logical sequence
Status report not
Report Writing (CO10) sequence of chapters using of chapters using understandable
properly organized
excellent language language
Time and Cost Comprehensive time and Reasonable time and cost
Moderate time and cost analysis
Analysis (CO11) cost analysis analysis
Continuous learning Highly enthusiastic Inadequate interest

Interested in continuous learning
(CO12) towardscontinuous incontinuous
learning learning
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ABSTRACT
Encountering the real time challenges in the “security” arena and enhancing the existing
The principal purpose of this embedded application is to design a remote controlled robot that can
hit upon stay humans and transmit the vicinity information wirelessly. It conflict fields and places
in which war or disaster has occurred. Detection is also required in risky sectors like boilers,
reactors . The stay body sensor in this venture is a special sort of sensor called Doppler sensor.
To make a rescue operation more safe and effective robot has been proposed which detect alive
human beings and wirelessly communicate with the rescue team. The robot senses the human
body temperature using Doppler sensor. Which gives the information about the presenceof alive
human body and message is sent through RF Transceiver(HC 05 Bluetooth Module) Using
wireless mobile. The proposed an autonomous robotic vehicle that moves in the earthquake
prone area and helps in identifying the alive people and rescue operation was based on Arduino
Microcontroller and Bluetooth Module. The human detection condition is shown through an LCD
display. To perform this intelligent task, Arduino controller is loaded with an intelligent program
written in embedded “C” language.
Key Words:
Arduino, Doppler, Blutooth, Lcd Display.
vi
ii
LIST OF
CHAPTER PAGE
TOPIC
NO NO
ABSTRACT Ⅵ
LIST OF FIGURES Ⅸ
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS Ⅹ
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Embedded system 1
1.2 Application area 3
1.3 Over view of embedded system architecture 6
1.4 Embedded block diagram 9
1.5 Applications of embedded systems 10
1.6 Characteristics 11
2. LITERATURE SURVEY 12
3. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT AND
PROPOSEDAPPROACH
3.1 Scope of the project 23
3.2 Proposed approach 24
4. SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
4.1 Hardware Componets 27
42
4.2 Electromechanical Relay
4.3 Software Requirements 48

IMPLEMENTATION
5.1 Introduction 61
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 63
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
7.1 Conclusion 64
7.2 Future Scope 64
REFERENCES 65
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LIST OF
CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE NO
NO
1.01 OVERVIEW DIAGRAM OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM 6
1.02 EMBEDDE BLOCK DIAGRAM 9
INTERFACING COMPONENTS IN AN
1.03 EMBEDDED SYSTEM 10
3.01 PROPOSED BLOCK DIAGRAM 24

4.01 ARDUINO BOARD 28
4.02 AT MEGA328P-PU 29
4.03 PIN DESCRIPTION OF ARDUINO 29
4.04 PIN DIAGRAM OF ARDUINO 32
4.05 POWER SUPPLY 33
4.06 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF LPC2148 33
4.07 STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER 34
4.08 FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER 35
4.09 VOLTAGE REGULATOR 35
4.10 LCD MODULE 38
4.11 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY 39
4.12 COMMANDS OF LCD 39
4.13 LCD CONNECTIONS 41
4.14 ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAY 42
4.15 DOPPLER SENSOR 43
4.16 MOTOR DRIVER 46
4.17 DC MOTOR 48
4.18 ARDUINO BOARD 49
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4.19 USB CABLE 58
4.20 CONNECT THE BOARD 59
4.21 OPENING BLINK EXAMPLE 59
SOURCE CODE WRITTEN IN
4.22
ARDUINO COMPILER 52
4.23 SELECTING AN ARDUINO UNO 52
4.25 COMPILATION UNDER PROCESS 55
6.01 RESULT 63
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LIST OF ABBREVATIONS
WORD ABBREVATION
USAR URBAN SEARCH AND RESCUE
PIR PASSIVE INFFRARED SENSOR
IDE INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT
VCD VIDEO COMPACT DISK
DVD DIGITAL VIDEO DISK
VCO VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR
TV TELEVISION
ECG ELECTROCARDIGRAM
EEG ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY
ISDN INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORKS
ATM ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE
PAD PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANTS
CPU CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
ALU ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT
RAM RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
ROM READ ONLY MEMORY
LED LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
LCD LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY
UI USER INTERFACE
GPS GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT
IJSDR
AND RESARCH
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE RESEARCH
IJIRT
IN TECHNOLOGY
x
GSM GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILECOMMUNICATION
PLC PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH IN APPLIED
IJRASET
SCIENCE &ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RECENT TECHNOLOGY
IJRTE
AND ENGINEERING
HMI HUMAN – MACHINE INTERFACE
ESP ESPRESSIF SYSTEMS
USB UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS
HTTP HYPER TEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
LIVE HUMAN DETECTION SYSTEM FOR EARTHQUAKE RESCUE OPERATION
INTRODUCTION
Disaster like earthq n uakes, bomb explosion, and floods often cause loss of
precious human lives. During such emergency situations, and especially in urban
disasters, in order to prevent loss of life and property, various essential services like
policemen, fire fighters and medical assistance etc, are deployed. According to the
field of urban search and rescue (USAR) the Probability of saving a victim is high
within the first 48 hour of the rescue operation, after that the probability becomes
nearly zero Generally rescue people(team) cannot enter into some part of the earth
quake affected areas. All this task are performed mostly by human and trained dogs
often in very dangerous and risky situation the rescuer may become a victim who
need to be rescued
Every year large number of people lose their lives in earthquakes,

tsunamis, bomb explosions etc. It is often seen that the people get stuck under the
debris and it is impossible for rescuers to find the person’s body as it is difficult
forthe rescuers to reach that place. In the same case, it is very risky for rescuers to
take charge of their life in order to save life of others without even knowing
whether the human is alive or not. Similarly in war-field areas, sometimes
accidently put their footover a landmine or when a bullet hits a soldier, they faint
on the ground and it is very risky for other soldiers to risk their life without
confirming whether the injured soldieris alive or dead. Any object with temperature
is constantly radiating infrared rays tothe outside world (radiation energy conc
landmines. Oxygen sensor can be of great use to us. Hence, it can act as an alarm
for the rescuers to initiate the rescue operation as fast as they can. Bluetooth
module can be used for wireless transmission of data and instructions between the
HC – 05 Bluetoothterminal and the robot. A camera module can be used to get a
real time footage of the area around the robot. The robot is integrated and the area
around the robot. The robot is integrated and is implemented using Embedded C in
Arduino IDE.
An earthquake is the shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from

the sudden release of energy in the earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves.
An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one
another. The surface where they slip iscalled the fault or fault plane.
DEPARTMENT OF 2|Page
The location below the earth’s surface where the earthquake starts is called the
hypocenter, and the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is called
the epicenter [1]. During earthquake, degree of the damage caused is depends on
the magnitude that indicates the amount of energy released from Earth crust. The
magnitude of earthquake whichis less than 5 is measured using local magnitude
scale called as Richter magnitude scale. It measures the magnitude of earthquake
by observing the amplitude on a seismogram. In recent years, a standard magnitude
scale is used which represents energy released at the time of earthquake more
precisely including large magnitude events. This technique makes use of devices
like seismometer, geophone, and accelerometer. Meanwhile before selecting any
seismic sensor we need to know that the seismic sensor should provide signals
which are unaffected by the sensors inherentcharacteristics and as closely as
possible reflect the true soil response to the seismic source wave traveling through
it. In terms of frequency response of the receiver, its output should be constant for
all input frequencies. In addition, the phase of the input frequency should be
unaffected so that the wave’s shape does not change. In general terms, it is
desirable to have a seismic sensor with a fast response time and a small settling
time [2]. When it comes to the selection of a seismic sensor though Geophones
have larger peak time and settling time compared to accelerometer but the
accelerometer are selected for the seismic activities because of their low noise, fast
response times, and high bandwidths compared to geophones.
1.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

An Embedded System can be portrayed as dealing with contraption that
makes a particular centered showing up concerning. Gadgets, for example, the
ventilationsystem, VCD player, DVD player, printer, fax machine, cell phone and
whatnot are occurrences of installed structures. Each of these machines will have a
processor and remarkable equipment to meet the particular fundamental of the
application near to the installed programming that is executed by the processor for
meeting that particular. The presented composing PC programs are in like way
called "firm thing". The desktop/flexible workstation phone a widely profitable PC.
Embedded Systems do a particular errand; they can't be acclimated to do

grouped things. Preoccupations, word managing, bookkeeping, programming
movement et cetera. In contains Embedded systems have unfathomably kept assets,
especially You can utilize it for an assortment of vocations, for example, playing
structures need to strife with two or three due dates. A particular occupation must
be done inside a particular time. In some installed systems, called relentless
structures, the due dates are stringent. Missing a due date may understand a
calamity death toll orharm to property. Implanted frameworks are obliged for
control. A comparative number of introduced systems work through a battery, the
power utilize must be astoundingly low. Some implanted frameworks need to work
in outstanding organic conditions, for example, high temperatures and Humidity.
1.2 APPLICATION AREAS
Around 99 for each penny of the processors made breeze up in presented

frameworks. The presented framework publicize is a champion among the most
amazing progression zones as these structures are utilized as a bit of particularly
grandstand parcel purchaser hardware, office mechanization, current
computerization, biomedical building, remote correspondence, information
correspondence, media trades, transportation, military et cetera.
Consumer appliances:
At home we utilize distinctive installed structures which intertwine

computerized camera, impelled journal, DVD player, electronic toys, microwave
stove, remotecontrols for TV and air course and cooling system, VCO player, PC
redirectionbolsters, video recorders and so forth. The present front line auto has
around 20 installed structures for transmission control, motor start control,
ventilating, course and whatnot. Most likely, even wristwatches are
straightforwardly persuading the chance to be especially presented structures. The
palmtops are capable installed structures utilizing which we can do various broadly
important attempts, for example, playing beguilements and word preparing.
Office Automation:
The workplace mechanization items utilizing em installed frameworks are
duplicatingmachine, fax machine, key phone, modem, printer, scanner and so on.
Industrial automation:
Today a noteworthy measure of associations utilizes presented frameworks for

process control. These merge pharmaceutical, bond, sugar, oil examination, atomic
importance, control period and transmission. The implanted frameworks for
mechanical utilize are intended to complete particular attempts, for example,
viewing the temperature, weight, wetness, voltage, current and so on., and a while
later make genuine move in context of the checked levels to control unmistakable
gadgets or to send data to a solidified watching station. In hazardous current
condition, where human closeness must be kept away from, robots are utilized,
which are modified todo particular occupations. The robots are at the present time
winding up being convincing and complete various beguiling and perplexed
assignments, for example, outfit get together.
Medical electronics:
In every practical sense every helpful apparatus in the pro's office is an

installed structure. These arrangements join symptomatic assistants, for example,
ECG, EEG, circulatory strain measuring contraptions, X-column scanners; prepare
utilized as a bitof blood examination, radiation, colonoscopy, and endoscopy and so
on. Changes in remedial contraptions have cleared path for more correct
examination of torments.
Computer networking:
PC sorting out things, for instance, ranges, switches, Integrated Services

Digital Networks (ISDN), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), X.25 and diagram
hand-off switches are embedded structures which execute the basic data
correspondence traditions. For example, a switch interconnects two frameworks.
The two frameworks may run assorted tradition stacks. The change's ability is to
get the data packages frommoving toward pores, look at the groups and send them
towards the objective ensuing to doing principal tradition change. Most
frameworks organization sorts of apparatus, other than the end structures (desktop
PCs) we use to get to the frameworks, are embedded frameworks.
In the field of communicate interchanges, the embedded structures can be

organized as endorser terminals and framework outfit. The endorser terminals, for
instance, key telephones, ISDN phones, terminal connectors, web cameras are
embedded structures. The framework adapt fuses multiplexers, distinctive get to
systems, Packet Assemblers Dissemblers (PADs), sate11ite modems et cetera. IP
phone, IP entryway, IP protect et cetera are the latest introduced systems that give
insignificant
exertion voice correspondence over the Internet.
Wireless technologies:
Moves in adaptable correspondences are clearing course for m way for some
entrancing applications using embedded structures. The phone is one of the
miracles of the latest decade of the 20thcentury. It is a powerful introduced structure
that gives voice correspondence while we are advancing. The Personal Digital
Assistants and the palmtops would now be able to be used to get the opportunity to
sight and sound organizations over the Internet. Compact correspondence structure,
for instance, base station controllers, adaptable trading centers are moreover
exceptional Embedded Systems.
Security:
Security of people and data has dependably been a noteworthy issue. We have
to secure our homes and workplaces; and furthermore, the data we transmit and
store. Creating inserted frameworks for security applications is a standout amongst
the most lucrative organizations these days. Security gadgets at homes, workplaces,
airplane terminals and so on for confirmation and check are installed frameworks.
Encryption gadgets are about 99 for each penny of the processors that are made
wind up in inserted frameworks. Installed frameworks discover applications in.
each mechanical section purchaser hardware, transportation, flight, biomedical
building, fabricating, process control and modern robotization, information
correspondence, media transmission, barrier, security and so forth. Used to encode
the information/voice being transmitted on correspondence connections, for
example, phone lines. Biometric frameworks utilizing unique finger impression and
face acknowledgment are currently being broadly utilized for client validation in
saving money applications and additionally for get to control in high security
structures.
Finance:
Budgetary overseeing through cash and checks are right now slowly clearing
course for trades using splendid cards and ATM (Automatic Teller Machine, in like
manner reached out as Any Time Money) machines. Astute card, of the measure of
a Visa, has a little littler scale controller and memory; and it interfaces with the
insightful card peruse! ATM machine and goes about as an electronic wallet. Quick
card advancement has the limit of presenting a cashless society. It is no deception
to
express that eyes wherever you go, you can see, or if nothing else feel.
1.3 OVERVIEW OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware built around a

Central Processing Unit (CPU). This hardware also contains memory chips onto
which the software is loaded. The software residing on the memory chip is also
called the ‘firmware’. The embedded system architecture can be represented as a
layered architecture as shown in Figure.
Figure 1.01: Overview diagram of Embedded system
The working system keeps running over the equipment, and the application
programming keeps running over the working framework. A similar design is
materialto any PC including a desktop PC. Be that as it may, there are huge
contrasts. It is not necessary to have a working framework in each installed
framework. For little machines, for example, remote control units, aeration and
cooling systems, toys and so forth. There is no requirement for a working
framework and you can compose justthe product particular to that application. For
applications including complex handling, it is fitting to have a working framework.
In such a case, you have to incorporate the application programming with the
DEPARTMENT OF 10 | P a g
working System and after that
exchange the whole programming on to the memory chip.This may be seen as an
adjustment in the lifestyles of people.
The progression of a transportation structure has been the generative power

forindividuals to have the most essential human headway above creatures in the
earth. Auto has a great noteworthiness in our step-by-step life. In the current
circumstance, owning distinctive vehicles is seen as a financial prosperity in the
overall population and accordingly the number of vehicles in the city has extended
greatly in the earlier decade. On one hand, this may be seen as an adjustment in the
lifestyles of people, along these lines, it can't be denied that there is a stark
augmentation of road disasters, air defilement caused by the vehicles and
wrongdoings related to the vehicles liketheft et cetera.
We utilize it to go to our work place, remain in contact with our friends and family, and
pass on our stock. Regardless, it can moreover pass on disaster to us and even can kill us
through accidents. Speed is a champion among the most key and basic peril factors in
driving. It impacts the reality of a crash, and also fabricates peril of being required in a
crash. Regardless of various attempts taken by different authoritative and non-managerial
affiliations all around the world by various ventures to careful against impulsive driving,
yet disasters are happening every once in a while.In any case, many lives could have been
saved if the emergency organization could get the crash information in time. Everything
considered, capable customized incident acknowledgment with a modified cautioning to
the emergency advantage with the setback zone is a prime need to save the profitable
human life. It can moreover pass on disaster to us and even can kill us through accident.
1.4 EMBEDDED BLOCK DIAGRAM
Figure 1.02 Embedded Block diagram
Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware around a central

processing unit (CPU). This hardware also contains memory chips onto which the
software is loaded. The software residing on the memory chip is also called the
"firm ware". The operating system runs above the hardware, and the application
software runs above the operating system as shown in figure. The same architecture
is applicable to any computer including a desktop computer.
However, there are significant differences. It is not compulsory to have an

operating system in every embedded system. For small appliances such as remote-
control units, air conditioners, toys etc., there is no need for an operating system
and you can write only the software specific to that application. For applications
involvingcomplex processing, it is advisable to have an operating system.
In such a case, you need to integrate the application software with the
operating system and then transfer the entire software on to the memory chip.
Figure 1.03: Interfacing Components in an Embedded system
As shown in above figure, the building blocks of an embedded system are:

• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Memory (RAM and ROM)
• Input devices
• Output devices
Central Processing Unit:

The Central Processing Unit may be a microcontroller, microprocessor or a Digital
Signal Processor. A microcontroller is a low-cost processor. On the microcontroller
chip itself, there will be many other components such as memory, serial
communication interface, A/D converter etc. So, for small applications, a
microcontroller is the best choice as the number of external components required
will be very less. On the other hand,microprocessors are more powerful, but many
externalcomponents are needed for them. Digital Signal Processors are mainly used
for applications in which signal processing is involved such as audio and video
processing.
Memory:
The memory is categorized as Random-Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only
Memory (ROM). The contents of the RAM will be erased if power is switched off
to the chip, whereas ROM retains the contents even if the power is switched off.
So, the
firmware is stored in the ROM. When power is switched on, the processor reads the
ROM.
Input Devices:
The input devices to an embedded system have very limited capability. There will
be no keyboard or a mouse, like in computers and hence interacting with the
embedded system is no easy task. Many embedded systems used in process control
do not have any input device for user interaction. They take inputs from sensors or
transducers that will produce electrical signals that are fed to other systems.
Output Devices:
The output devices of the embedded systems also have very limited capability.
Some embedded systems will have a few LEDs to indicate the health status of the
system modules, or for visual indication of alarms. LCDs may also be used to
display some important parameters.
1.5 APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Embedded systems have vast applications in number of fields. The embedded

systemmarket is one of the highest growth areas as these systems are used in
• Consumer electronics
• Office automation
• Bio-Medical engineering
• Wireless communication
• Data communication
• Military
• Automobiles
• Aerospace
• Household Appliances
1.6 CHARACTERISTICS
All Embedded Systems are task specific. They do the same task
repeatedly/continuously over their lifetime. An mp3 player will function only as an
mp3 player. Embedded systems are created to perform the task within a certain
time frame. It musttherefore perform fast enough. A car’s brake system, if
exceeds the
time limit, may cause accidents. They have minimal or no user interface (UI). A
fully automatic washing machine works on its own after the program is set and
stops once the task is
over. Some embedded systems are designed to react to external stimuli and react
accordingly. A thermometer, a GPS tracking device. Embedded systems are built to
achieve certain efficiency levels. They are small sized, can work with less power
and are not too expensive. Embedded systems cannot be changed or upgraded by
the users. Hence, they must rank high on reliability and stability. They are expected
to function for long durations without the user experiencing any difficulties.
Microcontroller or microprocessors are used to design embedded systems.

Embedded systems need connected peripherals to attach input & output devices.
The hardware of an embedded-system is used for security and performance. The
Software is used for features.
Chapter 2
LITERATURE
SURVEY
LITERATURE SURVEY
PAPER 1
Ying –Wen Bai , Li-Shi Shen , Zong –Han Li “ Design and
implementation of an embedded home surveillance system by use of multiple
ultrasonic sensors” ,Consumer Electronics , IEEE Transactions , pp 119- 124
,29 March 2020.
Description
In this paper we design and implement a home surveillance system based on
an embedded system with multiple ultrasonic sensor modules to enhance the
system’s reliability. Each ultrasonic sensor module includes a transmitter and a
receiver, andthe modules are placed in a line direction. Because the ultrasonic
transmission will spread at a beam angle, we use multiple ultrasonic receivers to
receive the ultrasonic transmission. If any intruder passes through the ultrasonic
sensing area, the ultrasonic transmission will be blocked by the human body. As the
receivers will not receive anytransmission from the ultrasonic transmitter, the
system will sense when someone is passing through the surveillance area. We use a
Majority Voting Mechanism (MVM) for a group of sensors. If over half the sensors
in a sensor group sense a signal blocking, the majority voting program starts the
Web camera. The mathematicalequation and the sensing experiment show that we
improve the system’s reliabilities
Advantages:
 The camera module is used to provide the proper path to the robot.
 Introduced for the detection of humans in the regions
Disadvantages:
 Robots got out of control of the controller remote.
 The use of wheels made it difficult to move in the rough terrain.
PAPER 2
S.P. Vijayaragavan 1 , M. Krishna Kumar 2 and T. Thirumoorthi3 and
R. Abenash , “Iot based live human detecting robot for earthquake rescue
operation” Malaya Journal of Matematik, Vol. S, No. 2, 1837-1840, 2020.
Description
Natural calamities do occur and they are unstoppable. But humans are
becoming increasingly aware in the concept of intelligent rescue operations in such
calamities so that precious life and material can be saved though calamities cannot
be stopped. Still there are lots of disasters that occur all of a sudden and Earthquake
is one such thing. Earthquakes produce a devastating effect and they see no
difference between human and material. Hence a lot of times humans are buried
among the debris and it become impossible to detect them. A timely rescue can
only save the people who are buried and wounded. Detection by rescue workers
becomes time consuming and due to the vast area that gets affected it becomes
more difficult. So theproject proposes an autonomous robotic vehicle that moves in
the earthquake prone area and helps in identifying the alive people and rescue
operations. In this iot based live human detecting robot for earthquake rescue
operation project, a new method for detecting surviving humans in destructed
environments using simulated autonomous robot is proposed. The first level is a
PIR sensor used with a temperature sensor that isused as the primary sensor in
order to detect the existence of living humans in a scene.Wireless communication
help to require the humans.
Advantages:
 Wheeled design
 Global positioning system to track the alive person’s position
Disadvantages:
 Design cost is high
 Performance is low
PAPER-3
Mr. Rajesh1 , Mr. Sumer Chand Prasad2 , Mr. Brijesh Kumar Dubey3
“Alive Human Being Detector and Anti theft Robot” International Journal of
Scientific Development and Research (IJSDR) www.ijsdr.org
Description
Many areas of the world get affected by natural catastrophe. Disasters are
unescapable and leave behind a great loss of life. Tragedy like earthquake, floods,
etc.cause mass destruction and often lives get buried or trapped in debris. In such
situations detection by rescue persons becomes draggy and due to the big area
thatgets affected it becomes more complicated. Hence, we are giving a human
detection robot which can detect alive humans in disaster area so that timely help
can be made available to the victims. The robot is consists of a Passive infrared
sensor to detectlive human, an obstacle detector to remove any obstacles in its way,
a camera to send images to control unit. Microcontroller is used to control the robot
and is the core of robot. The robot consists of a three wheel geared drive with DC
motors attached to perform forward and back word motion.
Advantages:
 Detection of the human body
 Sensors made the robot much more accurate
Disadvantages:
More time taken
 Coat is high
 Difficult to design
PAPER-4
Hemantha v1 , Karthik BP2 , Krishnaprasad3 , Sindhu G4 ,

Sudarshan5 published a paper on the topic “Live Human Detection Robot”,
IJIRT- International Journal for Innovative Research in Technology, Volume
12, Issue 8, November [2022].
Description
In the current era, natural disasters like Earthquakes, Warfield’s, building
collapse or manmade disasters often occur and they cannot be controlled or
stopped. Where this disaster has occurred it's quite difficult for rescue teams to
coverSince the area is quite bigfor rescue workers to cover it. We are developing
using aArduino uno microcontroller and some set of sensors which is PIR sensor,
Ultrasonic sensor. PIR senses the temperature of its environment and checks for
any changes that are present.The Ultrasonic sensor are used for navigation of the
robot vehicle in the disaster affected area. This robot can be used for long and short
distance hence we are using GSM module for communication purpose and we are
using DTMF dual tone multifrequency for communication for robot control, this
robot is more helpful for rescuers to find and save live human being.
Advantages:
 Improved accuracy in evaluation of result
 Improved Performance
 Location tacking available
Disadvantages:
 Cost is high
 Cant identify weather person is live or not
PAPER-5
Purnima G, Asst. Prof. Aravind S, published a paper on the topic
“Alive Human Body Detect System Using an Autonomous Pc Controlled
Rescue Robot”, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced
Engineering, Volume 4,Issue 12, December [2014]
Description
The main aim of this embedded application is to design a PC controlled
Robot which can detect live humans and transmit the location details wirelessly. It
can also be used in war fields and places where disaster has occurred. Human
detection is also required in hazardous sectors like boilers, reactors where only
authorized person can enter. The live body sensor in this project is a special type
of sensor known as PIR sensor. Any alive body with a temperature above
absolute temperature emits
radiations which are invisible to the normal eye. It senses these passive infrared
raysto detect the live human. Human identity is carried out using a Human live
detection sensor. The PIR sensor is used to detect the motion in any kind and will
inform to micro controller. In this project we are using GSM based wireless system
for the efficient communication. If the micro controller unit receives the detected
signal, it will send a message through GSM modem. The GPS receiver receives the
Longitudinal and latitudinal value when the system detects the movement of the
human body it sends the location details to the stations using GSM modem
Advantages:
 utilizes PIR sensor to detect the alive human beings.
 Performance is improved
Disadvantages:
Lacks the camera modules
 Cant Guided properly
PAPER 6
Ujjwal Mishra1 , Sankalp Mishra2 , Ananya Shukla and issue a paper
on the topic “A Review of Alive Human Detection Robot During Calamity
andLandmine/Bomb/Human Detection in War Fields ", International Journal
for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET) ISSN:
2321- 9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538 Volume 10 Issue VI
June 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com
Description
Many people lose their life when a natural disaster such as earthquake,
tsunamis, windstorms occur. Similarly, in war-fields soldiers lose their life when
they put their foot incidentallyon landmines. This paper focuses on investigating,
analyzing, and exploring the previous research papers on the alive human detection
robot. The further modifications that have been done in the past arecompared
extensively in this paper. A quantitative analysis of the various technologies used
in the past such as microcontrollers (Arduino UNO, Raspberry pi), sensors (PIR
sensor for detecting the motion in the body, IR sensor) and other wireless
technologies for data and instruction transmission (Bluetooth) is done in this paper.
Further, methods have been devised in order to make the robotmoreeffective.
Advantages:
 Autonomous Mobile Rescue Robot is used
 classify the body as alive or not.
Disadvantages:
 Cost is high
PAPER-7
Kunal Swami1 , Prof.D.G.Agrawal2 published a paper on the topic “Alive

Human Detection Robot For War And Rescue Operation ”, IJARIIE-ISSN
(O)- 2395-4396 Vol-5 Issue-5 2019 [2014]
Description
The principal purpose of this embedded application is to design a remote
controlled robot that can hit upon stay humans and transmit the vicinity information
wirelessly. It conflict fields and places in which war or disaster has occurred.
Detection is also required in risky sectors like boilers, reactors wherein most
effective legal man or women can input. The stay body sensor in this venture is a
special sort ofsensor called PIR sensor. Any alive frame with a temperature above
absolute temperature emits radiations which can be invisible to the regular eye. It
senses those rays to come across the live human and will inform to the controller.
The live body sensor is a special type of sensor. It senses the passive
infrared rays, which are always emitting from the live bodies that is human bodies.
In this project we are using ZigBee for the efficient wireless communication. The
GPS receiver receives the Longitudinal and latitudinal value when the system
detects the movement of the human. This data is sent to the remote PC using
ZigBee transceiver. The whole system is placed in a robotic car. The car is moved
remotely using the C# software running in PC through the ZigBee. According to
the field of Urban Search and Rescue (USAR), the probability of saving a victim is
high within the first 48 hours of the rescue operation, after that, the probability
becomes nearly zero. All of these tasks are performed mostly by human and trained
dogs, often in very dangerous and risky situations. The rescuer may become a
victim who needs to be rescued. This is why since some years mobile robots have
been proposed to help them and to perform tasks that neither dogs nor existing
tools can do. We will focus only on robotswhich will work in a disaster
environment of manmade
Advantages:
 Body sensor is used here to detect humans
PAPER-8
Kunal Swami1 , Prof.D.G.Agrawal2 S Lourdu Jame, Y Jeyashree,
S.Srikantan, P. Jais Duraimani, Mohamed Dhageer published a paper on the
topic “Detection of Human Under Earthquake Rubble”, International Journal
of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8,
Issue-2S11, September 2019.
Description
Natural calamities like earthquake, flood ,volcanic eruptions , landslides
,avalanches ,etc are unavoidable circumstances .Occurrence of such natural
ailments is unpredictable causing huge damage to resources and structures which is
unavoidable .Measurement, eleventh hour detection, precautionary and rescue
methods are only possible options .A proper rescue can do milestones in saving life
ofpeople under such circumstances. In mess in a region of Newyork death tolls
were 5000 during earthquake, nearly half the population. In Utharkhand during
2013 a landslide caused lots of people buried under earth. Newspaper report stated
that if people were detected earlier death tolls would have been quite low. In this
paper we design a rescue robotic platform which can act more quickly in detection
location mapping diagnosing status post earthquake, avalanches and landslides.
The robot platform designed is for disaster management system during avalanches
,earthquakes
,and land slides for accurate and faster detection of human trapped inside without
live interaction and not causing damage due to increased load of rescuer on them
while detection using a robotic platform controlled remotely.
Advantages:
 Faster detection
Disadvantages:
 Cost is high
PAPER-9
Mohit Bais, Kanupriya Madan, Ankit Bharti, Prof. Prity Yadav
published a paper on the topic “Alive Human Detection Robot”, International
Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and
Information Technology © 2017 IJSRCSEIT | Volume 2 | Issue 1 |
Description
In this paper, a new approach for detecting alive human beings in natural
and man-made disasters using a specific set of sensors, ATMEGA16
Microcontroller, existing GSM technology and PLC systems. Many areas of world
are getting affected due to sudden natural calamities like earthquakes, floods,
wild-fires, storms and
human induced disasters industrial and transportation accidents and one of the
threatening to humans that is terrorists‟ attacks. We observe that people die by
gettingtrapped in these drastic disasters on a large scale just because they don’t get
help at that instant of time, when they require to be rescued. So the proposed alive
human being detection system uses a specific set of sensors that includes PIR,
temperature, vibration, IR, Ultra sonic detector, etc. which gives the information
about the presenceof an alive human body. GSM technology will give an alerting
message to control room of the affected sites‟ to give proper rescue to the affected
victims through PLC logical programming. Also we are using HMI system.
Therein, a microcontroller ATMEGA16 holds all of these sensors dealing with
movable robot systems. By this project, it will be a great help indeed to rescuers in
detecting the m alive humans at the disaster sites on required time. This is also user
friendly, economical, semi- autonomous and efficient device by software
programming interfacing for detection.
Advantages:
 More detection applications is used
Disadvantages:
 Cost is high
 More sensors is used so occupation area is more
PAPER-10
A. Shobika1 , N. Thenkuzhali2 , S. Suganya3 , G.R. Nivedha4 , R.Hiemaja5

published a paper on the topic “Human Detection System Using Drone For
Earthquake Rescue Operation”, International Journal of Advanced Research
in Computer and Communication Engineering ISO 3297:2007 Certified Vol.
7, Issue 4, April 2018
Description
Many areas of the world get affected by natural calamity. Disasters are
unstoppable and leave behind a great loss of life. Disasters like earthquake, floods,
etc. cause mass destruction and often lives get buried or trapped in debris. In such
situations detection by rescue workers becomes time consuming and due to the vast
area that gets affected it becomes more difficult. In this system, we are proposing a
human detection quad-copter which can detect alive humans in debris so that
timely
help can be made available to the victims. The proposed alive human being
detection system contains Passive Infrared sensor (PIR) which gives the
information about the presence of alive human body. Radio Frequency Technology
is used to control the quad-copter. ATMEGA8A microcontroller will give an
alerting message to the rescue operator of the affected sites and they will give
proper rescue to the affected victims. In disaster sites, it will be a great help to
rescuers in detection of more alive human beings at the proper time. This system is
also user friendly, economical, semi- autonomous and efficient for detection.
Advantages:
 More detection applications is used
 RFID is used
Disadvantages:
 More economical
 Not efficient
PAPER-11
Prof.Amar Pawde,khan Shaheen,khan Nazreen,khan Jameer, Patel
Salmanpublished a paper on the topic “ALIVE HUMAN DETECTOR
ROBOT FOR RESCUE OPERATION”, International Journal of Technical
Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163, www.ijtra.com Special Issue 39
(KCCEMSR) (March 2016), PP. 5-7
Description
Disaster like earthquakes, bomb explosion, and floods often cause loss of
precious human lives. During such emergency situations, and especially in urban
disasters, in order to prevent loss of life and property, various essential services like
policemen, fire fighters and medical assistance etc, are deployed. According to the
field of urban search and rescue (USAR) the Probability of saving a victim is high
within the first 48 hour of the rescue operation, after that the probability becomes
nearly zero Generally rescue people(team) cannot enter into some part of the earth
quake affected areas. All this task are performed mostly by human and trained dogs
often in very dangerous and risky situation the rescuer may become a victim who
need to be rescued. Hence to make a rescue operation more safe and effective robot
has been proposed which detect alive human beings and wirelessly communicate
with the rescue team. This work aims to developed and economical robot which
works using P89V51RD2BN Microcontroller, PIR Sensor etc. It can be used in
areas where rescue is needed. The robot senses the human body temperature
using PIR sensor. Which gives the information about the presence of alive
human body and message is sent through RF Transceiver(Head quarter 05) Using
wireless mobile Advantages:
 Simple to design
Disadvantages:
 More economical
 Not efficient for detection
CHAPTER 3
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT AND PROPOSED APPROACH
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT AND PROPOSED APPROACH
3.1 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The scope for a live human detection system for earthquake rescue operations using
the Arduino, ESP32 Camera, Bluetooth module, Doppler sensor, LCD module,
motor driver, motors, and buzzer could be quite extensive. Some potential
applications for such a system could include:
1. Locating and rescuing survivors: In the aftermath of an earthquake, it can be

challenging to locate survivors, particularly in buildings that have been severely
damaged. A live human detection system that uses sensors and cameras to detect
and locate people could be invaluable in helping rescueteams locate and rescue
survivors quickly.
2. Assessing the structural integrity of buildings: During earthquake rescue

operations, it's important to assess the structural integrity of buildings to determine
if it's safe for rescue teams to enter. A live human detection system could be used
to scan the interior of buildings and identify areas where people are located. This
information could be used to assess which areas of thebuilding are most stable and
where rescue efforts should be focused.
3. Monitoring rescue teams: In a chaotic and dangerous environment like an

earthquake site, it's important to keep track of rescue teams and ensure their safety.
A live human detection system could be used to monitor the movements of rescue
teams and alert them to any potential dangers, such as unstable buildings or areas
with high levels of toxic gases.
4. Providing real-time information to emergency services: A live human detection

system could be linked to a centralized database that provides real- time
information to emergency services. This information could include the location of
survivors, the status of rescue teams, and any potential hazards that have been
identified.
3.2 PROPOSED APPROACH
This project proposes the development of a Live Human Detection System for
Earthquake Rescue Operations using various components such as Arduino, ESP32
Camera, Bluetooth module, Doppler sensor, LCD Module, Motor driver, motors,
and Buzzer. The system is designed to detect human presence in earthquake
affected areas and assist rescue operations by providing live feedback on the
location and movement of trapped victims. The Doppler sensor is used to detect
human movement, while the ESP32 Camera captures live footage of the affected
area. The data is then processed by the Arduino, which uses the Bluetooth module
to send real- time updates to the rescue team. The LCD module displays important
information such as the number of detected humans, their location, and distance.
Thesystem also includes motors and a buzzer for alerting the rescue team of any
potential hazards or obstacles. Overall, this system aims to provide an efficient and
reliable solution for earthquake rescue operations.
Fig 3.01 Proposed Block Diagram
The proposed an autonomous robotic vehicle that moves in the earthquake prone
area and helps in identifying the alive people and rescue operation was based on
Arduino Microcontroller and Bluetooth Module. The proposed robotic system can
be design to detect alive human body in an affected area which is useful for rescue
operation.This system uses Doppler sensor to detect alive human reliably. The
human detection condition is shown through an LCD display. To perform this
intelligent task,Arduino controller is loaded with an intelligent program written
detect alive human body in an affected area which is useful for rescue
operation.This system uses Doppler sensor to detect alive human reliably. The
human detection condition is shown through an LCD display. To perform this
intelligent task,Arduino controller is loaded with an intelligent program written
in embedded “C”language The advent of new high speed technology and the
growing computer capacity provided realistic opportunity for new robot controls
and realization of newmethods of control theory. This technical improvement
together with the need forhigh performance robots created faster, more
accurate and more intelligent robots
using new robots control devices, new drivers and advanced control algorithm.
This project deals with live person detection robot is based

on Arduino Microcontroller. This robot follows which is drawn over the surface.
Herewe are using Doppler Sensor for detect the human. This project is mainly used
in the earth quake rescue operation. These sensors are used to sense the live
person. Once the people are located it immediately gives audio alert visual alert to
the authorities so that help can reach the live person faster. All the above systems
are controlled by the microcontroller.
METHODOLOGY
Here's a suggested methodology for creating a live human detection system for
earthquake rescue operations using the listed components:
1. Define the scope and requirements of the system: Start by defining what you want
the system to do, its purpose, and the requirements of the system. For instance, you
might want the system to detect human movement within a certain range and
provide an alert to the rescue team.
2. Assemble the hardware components: Assemble the hardware components required

for the system, including Arduino, ESP32 Camera, Bluetooth module, Doppler
sensor, LCD module, motor driver, motors, and buzzer.
3. Configure the Arduino and ESP32 Camera: Configure the Arduino and ESP32
camera to work together, allowing the system to capture live images and send them
to the controller.
4. Configure the Bluetooth module: Configure the Bluetooth module to allow

communication between the system and the rescue team's devices.
5. Configure the Doppler sensor: Configure the Doppler sensor to detect human
movement, and set the range of detection.
6. Configure the LCD module: Configure the LCD module to display real-time data,
such as the number of detected humans.
7. Configure the motor driver: Configure the motor driver to control the motors' speed
and direction, allowing the system to track human movement.
8. Configure the buzzer: Configure the buzzer to provide an audible alert to the rescue
team when humans are detected.
9. Test and calibrate the system: Test the system and calibrate it to ensure it's working
correctly. Adjust the sensitivity of the Doppler sensor and the motor driver's speed
to optimize the system's performance.
10. Deploy the system: Once you're satisfied that the system is working correctly,
deploy it in the field to assist in earthquake rescue operations.
11. Monitor and maintain the system: Monitor the system regularly to ensure it's
working correctly and maintain it as required.
In summary, the methodology for creating a live human detection system for
earthquake rescue operations involves assembling the required hardware
components, configuring each component to work together, testing and calibrating
the system, deploying it, and monitoring and maintaining it regularly.
CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE & SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
HARDWARE & SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
4.1 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

These are the following components we used to design our Project “LIVE HUMAN
DETECTION SYSTEM FOR EARTHQUAKE RESCUE OPERATION”.
• Arduino UNO
• Power Supply
• LCD Display
• Bluetooth
• ESP32 Camera
• Doppler sensor
• Motor Driver
• DC Motors
• Buzzer
4.2 ARDUINO UNO
Overview:
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board in context of the ATmega328. It has
14 electronic data/yield pins (of which 6 can be utilized as PWM yields), 6 clear
data sources, a 16 MHz stylish resonator, a USB association, a power jack, an ICSP
header, and a reset get. It contains everything foreseen that would help the
microcontroller; just interface it to a PC with a USB association or power it with an
AC-to-DC connector or battery to begin.
The Uno contrasts from every last going before board in that it doesn't
utilize the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Or on the other hand perhaps, it
consolidates the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to change R2) modified as a USB
to-serial converter. Revision3 of the board has the running with new parts:
 Pinout: included SDA and SCL pins that are close to the AREF stick and two other
new follows set close to the RESET stick, the IOREF that enable the shields to
adapt to the voltage gave from the board. In future, shields will be extraordinary
both with the board that utilization the AVR, which work with 5Vand with the
Arduino Due that work with 3.3V. The second one is a not related stick that is held
for future purposes.
 Atmega 16U2 supplant the 8U2.
 "Uno" recommends one in Italian and is named to stamp the best in class arriving
of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and modification 1.0 will be the reference variants of
Arduino, advancing. The Uno is the most recent in a development of USB Arduino
sheets, and the reference display for the Arduino sort out; for an association with
past modification.
Arduino board:
Arduino is a model stage (open-source) in light of an easy to-use hardware and
programming. It incorporates a circuit board, which can be modified (suggested as
a microcontroller) and a possible programming called Arduino IDE (Integrated
Development Environment), which is worn to casing and exchange the PC code to
thephysical board. The key sections are: Arduino sheets can read fundamental or
pushed data signals from different sensors and change it into a yield, for instance,
starting a motor, turning LED on/off, join to the dull and diverse obvious exercises.
Figure4.01: Arduino Board
You can deal with your board obliges as far as expert vocation a procedure
of rules to the microcontroller on the board by methods for Arduino IDE
(recommended as exchanging programming). Not at all like most before
programmable circuit sheets,Arduino does not require an extra piece of hardware
(called a thing diagram) with a particular veritable objective to stack another code
onto the board. You can basically use a USB relate. Also, the Arduino IDE uses a
streamlined difference in C++, making it less requesting to appreciate how to
program. Finally, Arduino gives a traditional bundling factor that breaks the parts
of the cut back scale controller into a more open package.
ATmega328P-PU with Arduino Boot loader
Figure 4.02: ATmega328P-PU
Description:
The name says everything on this one. An Atmega328 in DIP bundle, pre-
stackedwith the Arduino (16MHz) Boot loader. This will engage you to utilize
Arduino code in your especially presented connects without using a genuine
Arduino board.
To get this chip working with Arduino IDE, you will require an outside
16MHz significant stone or resonator, a 5V supply, and a serial association. On
theoff chance that you are not content with doing this, we propose acquiring the
Arduino Duemilanove board that has these merged with the board.
Figure 4.03: Pin Description of Arduino
1. Power USB: Arduino board can be engaged by using the USB interface from your
PC. You should basically relate the USB interface with the USB union (1).
2. Power (Barrel Jack): Arduino sheets can be filled particularly from the AC mains
control supply by assistant it to the Barrel Jack (2).
3. Voltage Regulator: The most distant purpose of the voltage controller is to control
the voltage given to the Arduino board and parity the DC voltagesused by the
processor and diverse areas.
4. Gem Oscillator: The gainful stone oscillator helps Arduino in overseeing time
issues. How does Arduino discover time? The most ideal reaction is, by using the
noteworthy stone oscillator. The number engraved over the Arduino critical stone is
16.000H9H. It reveals to us that the repeat is 16,000,000 Hertz or 16 MHz.
5. Arduino Reset: You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your program from
the most reliable beginning stage. You can reset the UNO board in two different
ways. Regardless, by using the reset get (17) on the board. Second, you would
interface have the ability to an outside reset catch to the Arduino stick named
RESET (5).6,7,8,9 Pins (3.3, 5, GND, Vin) 3.3V (6): Supply 3.3 yield volt 5V (7):
Supply 5 yield volt Most of the parts used with Arduino board works fine with 3.3-
volt5-volt GND
(8) (Ground): There are a few GND sticks on the Arduino, any of which it tends to
be used to ground your circuit. Vin (9): This stick in like way can be used to
control the Arduino board from an outside power source, like AC mains control
supply.
6. Direct sticks: The Arduino UNO board has five clear data pins A0 through A5.
These pins can read the flag from a reasonable sensor like the moisture sensor or
temperature sensor and change over it into an electronic regard that can be broke
down by the chip.
Primary Controller: Each Arduino board has its own specific microcontroller
(11). You can remember it as the cerebrum of your board. The essential IC (joined
circuit) on the Arduino is somewhat not definitely the equivalent as board to board.
The microcontrollers are generally of the ATMEL Company. You ought to
perceive what IC your ban has before stacking another program from the Arduino
IDE. This information is open on the most astounding explanation behind the IC.
For more bits of finding out about the IC movement and purposes of restriction,
you can propose the data sheet.
7. ICSP stick: For the most part, ICSP (12) is an AVR, an unassuming programming
header for the Arduino containing MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It
is as frequently as conceivable proposed as a SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface),
which could be considered as an "extension" of the yield. If all else fails, you are
slaving the yield contraption to the expert of the SPI transport.
8. Power LED pointer: This LED ought to light up when you relate yourArduino to
a power source to demonstrate that your blockade is empowered certainly. If this
light does not turn on, by then there is a vital issue with the affiliation.
9. TX and RX LEDs: On your board, you will find two names: TX (transmit) and
RX (get). They appear in two places on the Arduino UNO board. Regardless, at the
robotized pins 0 and 1 display the pins accountable for sequential correspondence.
Second, the TX and RX drove (13). The TX drove flashes with different speed
while sending the sequential data. The speed of shooting depends on the baud
rate used by the board. RX flashes in the midstof the getting method.
10. Computerized I/O: The Arduino UNO board has 14 electronic I/O pins (15) (of
which 6 give PWM) (Pulse Width Modulation) yield. These pins can be dealt with
to fill in as data electronic pins to look at procedure for speculation regards (0 or 1)
or as forefront yield pins to drive particular modules like LEDs, exchanges, et
cetera. The pins stamped "~" can be used to make PWM.
Pin diagram:
Figure 4.04: Pin diagram of Arduino
SpecializedSpecifications:
Microcontroller ATmega328
Working Voltage 5V Information Voltage(recommended) 7-
12VInfo Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Computerized I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 give PWM yield)
Simple Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Streak Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
POWER SUPPLY
Figure 4.05: Power Supply
The information to the circuit is related from the arranged power supply. The AC
information i.e., 230v from the mains give is wind around the transformer to 12v
andis lively to a rectifier. The yield grabbed from the rectifier is a sore DC voltage.
Remembering the true objective to get an unmodified DC voltage, the yield voltage
from the rectifier is supported to a channel to leave any AC parts introduce widely
after refresh. Inevitably, this voltage is given to a voltage controller to get an
immaculate unfaltering dc voltage.
Figure 4.06 : Circuit diagram of LPC2148
The Arduino Uno can be filled by techniques for the USB association or
with an outside power supply. The power source is picked consequently. Outside
(non- USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC connector (divider wart) or
battery. The connector can be connected by ending a 2.1mm focus positive
interface with the board's essentialness jack. Leads from a battery can be embedded
in the Gnd and Vin stick headers of the POWER connector.
The board can wear down an outer supply of 6 to 20 volts. In the event that
gave under 7V, regardless, the 5V stick may supply under five volts and the board
might be unsafe. In the event that utilizing more than 12V, the voltage controller
may overheat and hurt the board. The prescribed run is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as per the going with

 VIN: The information voltage to the Arduino board when it's utilizing an outside
power source (instead of 5 volts from the USB association or other supervised
control source). You can supply voltage through this stick, or, if giving voltage by
techniques for the power jack, get to it through this stick.

5V: The facilitated control supply used to control the microcontroller and differing
parts on the board. This can come either from VIN by techniques for an on-board
controller, or be given by USB or another planned 5V supply.

3.3V: A 3.3 volts supply conveyed by the on-board controller. Most ludicrous
current draw is 50 mA.GND: Ground pins.
Transformer:
When in doubt, DC voltages are obliged to work diverse electronic apparatus
andthese voltages are 5/9/12 Volts. In any case these voltages can't be arrange.
Figure 4.07: Step-down Transformer
In this way the AC information open at the mains supply i.e., 230Volts is to
becut down to the obliged voltage level. This is done by a transformer. Along these
lines, a wander down transformer is used to diminish the voltage to an obliged
level.
Rectifier:
The yield from the transformer is made sense of how to the rectifier. It changes
over AC. into throbbing DC. The rectifier might be a half wave or a full wave
rectifier. In this broaden, a phase rectifier is used by brilliance of its purposes of
intrigue like awesome reliability and full wave change.
Figure 4.08: Full wave Bridge Rectifier
Filter:
Capacitive channel is used as a touch of this wander. It removes the swells from the
yield of rectifier and smoothens the Dc. Yield got from this channel is relentless
until the mains voltage and weight is kept up reliable. On the other hand, if both
of the
two is changed, Dc. voltage got starting at the present moment changes.
Voltage Controller:
Figure 4.09: Voltage Regulator
A voltage controller is an electrical controller planned to thusly keep up a

persevering voltage level. In this wind, control supply of 5v and 12v are required.
Remembering the true objective to get these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage
controllers are to be used.
Memory:
The Atmega328 has 32 KB of glimmer memory for securing code (of which 0,5
KB isutilized for the boot loader); It has in like way 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of
EEPROM.
Communication:
The Arduino Uno has different workplaces for talking with a PC, another Arduino,
or diverse microcontrollers. The ATmega328 gives UART TTL (5V) serial
correspondence, which is available on electronic pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An
ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial correspondence over USB and
appearsas a virtual com port to programming on the PC. The '16U2 firmware uses
the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is required. Nevertheless,
on Windows, an .info record is required.
The Arduino programming consolidates a serial screen which empowers

fundamental printed data to be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX
LEDs on the board will streak when data is being transmitted through the USB-to-
serial chip and USB relationship with the PC (however not for serial
correspondence on pins 0 and 1).
A Software Serial library thinks about serial correspondence on any of the

Uno's propelled pins. The ATmega328 in like manner supports I2C (TWI) and SPI
correspondence. The Arduino programming fuses a Wire library to streamline use
of the I2C transport; see the documentation for purposes of intrigue. For SPI
correspondence, use the SPI library.
USB Over current Protection:
The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfused that shields your PC's USB ports from
shorts and overcurrent. Though most PCs give their own specific inside
confirmation, the breaker gives an extra layer of security. If more than 500 mA is
associated with
the USB port, the circuit will normally break the relationship until the point that the
short or over-load is removed.
Physical Characteristics:
The best length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches independently,
with the USB connector and power jack extending past the past estimation. Four
screw holes empower the board to be joined to a surface or case. Note that the
partition between electronic pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even unique of
the 100- mil scattering of exchange pins.
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)
LCD stays for Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is finding extensive utilize supplanting
LEDs (seven-piece LEDs or other multi segment LEDs) because of the going with
reasons:

The declining expenses of LCDs.

The ability to indicate numbers, characters and plan. This is instead of LEDs,
which are obliged to numbers and a few characters.

Consolidation of a fortifying controller into the LCD, in this way easing the CPU of
the task of resuscitating the LCD. Strikingly, the LED must be restored by the CPU
to keep demonstrating the data.

Simplicity of programming for characters and outline. These are used for
arraigning specific messages on a little scale LCD.
Figure 4.10: LCD Module
Pin Functions:
Pin No Function Name
1 Ground (0V) Ground

2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) VCC
3 Contrast adjustment; through a VEE
variable resistor
Selects command register Register
4 when low;
Select
and data register when high
5 Low to write to the register; High Read/write
to read from the register
6 Sends data to data pins when a Enable
high to low pulse is given
7 DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 DB3
11 DB4
12 DB5
13 8-bit data pins DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Blacklight Ground (0V) Led-
Table : Pin functions of LCD
LCD Screen:
Figure 4.11:Liquid Crystal Display
LCD Basic Commands:
Passage mode set order
These gather sets cursor move bearing and show proceed onward/OFF.
There are 4 possible limit set commands;04, 05, 06, and 07. This request modifies
the coursethe cursor moves by setting the convey counter to expansion or
decrement. This request is basic. If you don't understand it you may not see
anything or what you extremely expected to see on LCD screen. I have made 4
vivified gifs to indicate whatthe limit set charge is about.
Exactly when my partner HakanDereli expected to get some answers

concerning LC demonstrates I gave him a LC appear and the 4*4 support that I
used with my Z80 framework. The support relies upon a 74C922 chip and my
circuit to change over the 4-bit data yield of the 74C922 to 8-bit information. It
moreover has 3 distinct gets on it. This makes it exceptional to investigate diverse
roads in regards to LCDs by entering charges/data physically. Hakan attempted
each and every possible bring by sending each one of the numbers in the region of
00h and FFh to the LCD to check whether there is an undocumented part and see
how all charges work. He didn't find anything undocumented, yet he saw how LCD
carries on after every limit set call.The accompanying are the gifs to demonstrate
those requests.
To show the effect of
every limit set charge it is normal that the LCDs underneath are 2*16 LC Displays
with DD RAM convey set to 8 and underline cursor ON. Observe that when the
convey counter is set to DECREMENT, strings sent to the LCD will be engraved in
reverse demand. A comparable thing applies to the CG RAM, moreover.
 Clear Display.
 Cursor Home. RS R/W DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0 0 1 * Returns
the cursor to the home position (Address 0). Returns show to its unique state on
the off chance that it was moved.
 Entry Mode Set.
 Display ON/OFF.
 Cursor and Display Shift.
 Function Set.
 Set CG RAM Address.
16×2 LCD Commands:
Co Working of LCDCommands
de
(He
x)
1 Clear display screen
2 Return home
4 Decrement cursor (shift cursor to left)
6 Increment cursor (shift cursor to

right)
5 Shift display right
7 Shift display left
8 Display off, cursor off
A Display off, cursor on
C Display on, cursor off
E Display on, cursor blinking
F Display on, cursor blinking
10 Shift cursor position to left
14 Shift cursor position to right
18 Shift the entire display to the left
1C Shift the entire display to the right
80 Force cursor to beginning to 1st line
C0 Force cursor to beginning to 2nd line
90 Force cursor to beginning to 3rd line
D0 Force cursor to beginning to 4th line
38 2 lines and 5×7 matrix (8-bit mode)
28 2 lines and 5×7 matrix (4-bit mode)
N Next line
T Tab
R Enter
Table 4.12: Commands of LCD
LCD Connection:
Figure 4.13: LCD Connections
LCD Initialization
 To instate LCD to the microcontroller the accompanying guideline and
orders are to be insert into the capacities
 0×38 is utilized for 8-bit information instatement.
 0xFH for making LCD on and instating the cursor
 0x6H for augmenting the cursor which will show another character in the
LCD
 0x1H for clearing the LCD.
 Sending information to the LCD: E=1; empower stick ought to be high
 RS=1; Register select ought to be high to write the information
 Placing the information on the information registers
 R/W=0; Read/Write stick ought to be low to write the information.
4.2 ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAY
An electromechanical relay is a type of relay which function using a magnetic field

produced by an electromagnetic coil when a control signal is applied to it. It is
called as electromechanical since it has moving contacts in the output circuit which
are operated by applying an electrical signal.
Electromechanical Relay: Working Principle
An electromechanical relay transfers signals between its contacts through a

mechanical movement.It has three sections viz. input section, control sectionand
output section.
Figure4.14: Electromechanical Relay
The input section consists of input terminals where a small control signal is
to be applied. The control section has an electromagnetic coil which gets energised
when control input signal is applied to the input terminals and the output
section consists of an movable armature and mechanical contacts – movable and
stationary, the movement of the armature makes or breaks the electrical circuit.
When an input control voltage is applied to the electromagnetic coil, it gets

magnetized and the armature is attracted by the magnetic field produced by the
coil. The movable mechanical contacts are attached to the armature, thus when the
armature moves towards the electromagnet, the contacts close, making the output
circuit switched on. When the control signal is removed, the armature comes back
to its original position by the force of spring, making output circuit off.
DOPPLER SENSOR
Doppler radar sends the energy in pules and listens for any returned signal. The
phase shift effect is similar to the "Doppler shift" observed with sound waves. With
the "Doppler shift", the sound pitch of an object moving toward your location is
higher due to compression (a change in the phase) of sound waves.
Figure4.15:Doppler Sensor
This little board is a Doppler radar microwave motion sensor module.

It detects motion in a 360-degree directional range and can serve as an alternative
to a PIR motion sensor. Use it to pick up any moving objects, animals, or
people. It can be hooked up to an output to create a DIY security system, program
to wake up a deviceor create a wicked Halloween decoration (tutorial below!).
Features:
 Built-in microwave frequency transmitter/receiver/mixer
 Doppler Radar capabilities
 360-degree directional detection range
 Dimensions: 17.3 x 35.9 mm
Specifications:
 Operating Voltage: 4V - 28V, 5V - 12V (recommended)

 Operating Current: 2.8mA (typical); 3mA (max)
 Detection Distance: 5~9m
 Transmitting Power: 20mW (typical); 30mW (max)
 Output voltage: 3.2V~3.4V
 Operating Temperature: -20~80 ℃
 Storage Temperature: -40~100 ℃
Pin Definition:
 3V3: 3.3V power output, it can be used as a reference voltage or as a low

current (less than 100mA) 3.3V power supply.
 GND: Ground
 VIN: 4-28V Input voltage
 CDS: CDS photodetector output. NOTE: Photodetector is not installed on the

board, it can be added by the user for daytime/nighttime detection.
Adjustment Components:
 C-TM: Regulates the repeat trigger time, the default time is 2s. It will
extendthe repeat trigger time if you add the capacitor value. Eg. Pin 3 of the IC
emits a frequency (f), and the trigger time in seconds is given by (1/f) * 32678
 R-GN: The default detection range is 7m, it will became smaller with the
resistor. 1M resistor equal to 5m.
 R-CDS: Internal VCC and internal 1M Ohm resistor in parallel
connection to the CDS pin (RCWL-9196 pin 9). Connects with a photoresistor
(not installed on the board, can be added by the user).
How it works:
Doppler radar measures the Doppler effect, or an increase or decrease in the
frequency of sound, light, or other waves as the source and observer move toward
or away from each other.
Microwaves are electromagnetic radiations that are sent by a transmitter. They get
reflected off of objects and based on the object's velocity, the frequency of the
waves will be altered. The receiver will then detect the reflected waves and
calculate the difference in the transmitted and received waves’ frequency. This
difference is what isused for the board to sense motion.
MOTOR DRIVER
Motor drivers acts as an interface between the motors and the control
circuits. Motor require high amount of current whereas the controller circuit works
on low current signals. So the function of motor drivers is to take a low-current
control signal and then turn it into a higher-current signal that can drive a motor.
Future Electronics has a full programmable motor driver selection from several
chip manufacturers that can be used for a motor driver IC(integrated circuit),
bipolar stepper motor driver, H bridge motor driver,servo motor driver, DC motor
driver, brushless motor driver or for anycircuit that may require a motor
driver.Motor driveris shown in Figure (iv)
Simply choose from the motor driver technical attributes below and your
search results will quickly be narrowed in order to match your specific motor driver
application needs. If you have a preferred brand, we deal with several
semiconductor manufacturers such as Free scale Semiconductor, ON
Semiconductor , ROHM Semiconductor or STMicroelectronics, among others. You
can easily refine your motor driver product search results by clicking your
preferred motor driver brand below from our list of manufacturers. Motor drivers
can be found in a wide array of applications including Relay and solenoid
switching,
 Stepping motor, LED and incandescent displays,
 Automotive applications, Audio-visual equipment, PC Peripherals
Figure 4.16: Motor driver

L293D is a basic motor driver integrated chip (IC) that enables us to drive a
DC motor in either direction and also control the speed of the motor. The L293D is
a 16 pin IC, with 8 pins on each side, allowing us to control the motor. It means
that we can use a single L293D to run up to two DC motors. L293D consist of two
H- bridge circuit. H-bridge is the simplest circuit for changing polarity across the
load connected to it. There are 2 OUTPUT pins, 2 INPUT pins, and 1 ENABLE pin
for driving each motor. It is designed to drive inductive loads such as solenoids,
relays, DC motors, and bipolar stepper motors, as well as other high-current/high-
voltage loads.
L293D Description
L293D is a typical Motor driver or Motor Driver IC which allows DC
motor todrive on either direction. L293D is a 16-pin IC which can control a set of
two DC motors simultaneously in any direction. It means that you can control two
DC motor with a single L293D IC. Dual H-bridge Motor Driver integrated circuit
(IC). The l293d can drive small and quiet big motors as well, check the Voltage
Specification at the end of this page for more info. You can Buy L293D IC in any
electronic shop very easily and it costs around 70 Rupees (INR) or around 1 $
Dollar (approx Cost) or even lesser cost. You can find the necessary pin diagram,
working, a circuit diagram, Logic description and Project as you read through.
Concept
It works on the concept of H-bridge. H-bridge is a circuit which allows the
voltage to be flown in either direction. As you know voltage need to change its
direction for being able to rotate the motor in clockwise or anticlockwise direction,
Hence H-bridge IC are ideal for driving a DC motor. In a single L293D chip there
are two h-Bridge circuit inside the IC which can rotate two dc motor independently.
Due its size it is very much used in robotic application for controlling DC motors.
Given below is the pin diagram of a L293D motor controller. There are two Enable
pins on l293d. Pin 1 and pin 9, for being able to drive the motor, the pin 1 and 9
need to be high. For driving the motor with left H-bridge you need to enable pin 1
to high. And for right H-Bridge you need to make the pin 9 to high. If anyone of
the either pin1 or pin9 goes low then the motor in the corresponding section will
suspend working. It’s like a switch.
Circuit Diagram For l293d motor driver IC controller.
Voltage Specification
VCC is the voltage that it needs for its own internal operation 5v; L293D
will not use this voltage for driving the motor. For driving the motors it has a
separate provision to provide motor supply VSS (V supply). L293d will use this to
drive the motor. It means if you want to operate a motor at 9V then you need to
provide a Supply of 9V across VSS Motor supply.
DC MOTOR
DC Motor in Fig. 4.2 converts DC electrical power into mechanical power.

It works on the principle of Lorentz Law. The DC motor can move in both
clockwiseand anticlockwise directions depending on the sign of voltage applied
between its terminals. The DC motor operates at a range of 3 to 9V and runs at a
speed of 3000RPM.
Fig. 4.17 DC Motor
Specifications
 Standard 130 Type DC motor.
 Operating Voltage: 4.5V to 9V.
 Recommended/Rated Voltage: 6V.
 Current at No load: 70mA (max)
 No-load Speed: 9000 rpm.
 Loaded current: 250mA (approx)
 Rated Load: 10g*cm.
 Motor Size: 27.5mm x 20mm x 15mm.
4.3 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
Arduino 1.0.6 software tools used to program microcontroller. The working of

software tool is explained below in detail.
Programming Microcontroller
A compiler for an abnormal state dialect decreases generation time. To program

theArduino UNO microcontroller the Arduino is utilized. The writing computer
programs is done entirely in the installed C dialect. Arduino is a suite of

executable, open-source programming advancement devices for the
microcontrollers facilitated onthe Windows stage.
Arduino is a device for appearing well and good and control a greater
amount of the physical world than your desktop PC. It's an open-source physical
registering stage in view of a straightforward microcontroller board, and an
improvement domain for composing programming for the board.
One of the challenges of programming microcontrollers is the restricted

measure of assets the developer needs to manage. In PCs assets, for example, RAM
and preparing speed are essentially boundless when contrasted with
microcontrollers. Conversely, the code on microcontrollers ought to be as low on
assets as could reasonably be expected
About Arduino Compiler
Get an Arduino board and USB cable:
You additionally require a standard USB link (An attachment to B plug): the kind
youwould associate with a USB printer, for instance. (For the Arduino Nano, you'll
require an A to Mini-B link.)
Fig. 4.18 Aurdino Board
Figure 4.19:USB Cable
Connect the board:
The Arduino Uno, Mega, Duemilanove and Arduino Nano consequently

draw control from either the USB association with the PC or an outer power
supply. In case you're utilizing an Arduino Diecimila, you'll have to ensure that the
board is configured to draw control from the USB association.
The power source is chosen with a jumper, a little bit of plastic that fits onto
two of the three sticks between the USB and power jacks. Watch that it's on the two
sticks nearest to the USB port. Associate the Arduino board to your PC utilizing the
USB link. The green power LED (named PWR) ought to go on.
Figure 4.20: Connect the board
Open the blink example
Open the LED blink example sketch: File > Examples >1.Basics> Blink.
Figure 4.21: Opening Blink Example
Figure 4.22: Source Code Written in Arduino Compiler
Select your board:
You'll need to select the entry in the Tools > Board menu that corresponds to your
Arduino.
Figure 4.23: Selecting an Arduino Uno
Writing Sketches:
Software written using Arduino are called sketches. These sketches are written in
the text editor. Sketches are saved with the file extension.ino. It has features for
cutting/pasting and for searching/replacing text. The message area gives feedback
while saving and exporting and also displays errors. The console displays text
output by the Arduino environment including complete error messages and other
information. The bottom right-hand corner of the window displays the current
board and serial port. The toolbar buttons allow you to verify and upload programs,
create, open, and save sketches, and open the serial monitor.
NB: Versions of the IDE prior to 1.0 saved sketches with the extension.pde.
It is possible to open these files with version 1.0, you will be prompted to save the
sketch with the.ino extension on save.
Check
Checks your code for mistakes.
Transfer
Assembles your code and transfers it to the Arduino I/O board.

Seetransferring beneath for subtle elements.
Note: If you are utilizing an outer software engineer, you can

hold down
the "move" key on your PC when utilizing this symbol. The
content willchange to "Transfer utilizing Programmer"
New
Makes another draw.
Open
Presents a menu of all the representations in your sketchbook.
Clickingone will open it inside the present window.
Note: because of a bug in Java, this menu doesn't scroll; on the off
chance
that you have to open a portray late in the rundown, utilize
the File |Sketchbook menu.
Spare
Recoveries your outline.
SerialMonitor
Opens the serial screen.
Table4.24: Writing Sketches
Extra charges are found inside the five menus: File, Edit, Sketch, Tools,
Help. The menus are setting delicate which implies just those things applicable to
the work as of now being done are accessible.
Select your serial port:
Select the serial gadget of the Arduino board from the Tools | Serial Port menu.
Thisis probably going to be COM3 or higher (COM1and COM2 are typically saved
for equipment serial ports). To discover, you can disengage your Arduino board
and re- open the menu; the section that vanishes ought to be the Arduino board.
Reconnectthe board and select that serial port.
Upload the program:
Before transferring your portray, you have to choose the right things from the Tools
> Board and Tools > Serial Port menus. The sheets are depicted beneath. On the
Mac, the serial port is most likely something like/dev/tty.usbmodem241 On
Windows, it's presumably COM1 or COM2 (for a serial board) or COM4, COM5,
COM7, or higher (for a USB board) - to discover, you search for USB serial gadget
in the ports segmentof the Windows Device Manager.
On Linux, it ought to be/dev/ttyUSB0,/dev/ttyUSB1 or comparable.
Once you've chosen the right serial port and board, press the transfer catch
in the toolbar or select the Upload thing from the File menu. Current Arduino
sheets will reset naturally and start the transfer. With more established sheets (pre-
Diecimila) thatneed auto-reset, you'll have to press the reset catch on the board just
before beginning the transfer. On most sheets, you'll see the RX and TX LEDs
flicker as the portray is transferred. The Arduino condition will show a message
when the transfer is finished, or demonstrate a blunder.
When you transfer a portray, you're utilizing the Arduino bootloader, a little
program that has been stacked on to the microcontroller on your board. It enables
you to transfer code without utilizing any extra equipment. The bootloader is
dynamic fora couple of moments when the board resets; at that point it begins
whichever outline was most as of late transferred to the microcontroller. The
bootloader will squint the on-board (stick 13) LED when it begins (i.e., at the point
when the board resets).
Presently, just tap the "Transfer" catch in the earth. Hold up a couple of
moments - you should see the RX and TX leds on the board blazing. In the event
that the transfer is fruitful, the message "Done transferring." will show up in the
status bar.(Note: If you have an Arduino Mini, NG, or other board, you'll have to
physically exhibit the reset catch on the board promptly before squeezing the
transfer catch.)
Figure4.25: Compilation under Process
A couple of moments after the transfer completes, you should see the stick 13
(L) LED on the board begin to flicker (in orange). In the event that it does,
congrats!You've gotten Arduino up-and-running.
Ubi Dots:
The basics components of any Internet of Things application powered by Ubidots

are: Devices, Variables, Synthetic Variables Engine, Dashboards, and Events.
Within this article we will address each of these concepts as they relate to
Ubidots IoT Development and Deployment Platform and how you can better
organize your Ubidots Apps to best connect with the users.
Once your devices, variables, and general Application is assembled, give

your App some layers with Ubidots Device Management to learn more about
Ubidots internal architecture and how you can use Apps, Organizations, and Users
to efficiently connect your data with those who should be using it.
Table of Contents
1. Devices
2. Variables
3. Synthetic Variables Engine
4. Dashboard and Visualizations
5. Events.
1. Devices
A Ubidots' device is a virtual representation of a data-source or simply, an

assettaking sensor data and transmitting said data through a connection protocol to
Ubidots' cloud.
All devices are different, but the standard setup on any device entails:
 A library that should be installed in the device's IDE. (Not required)
 Filling parameters for authentication and connection such as a TOKEN (i.e. the
unique ID for each account or user), device and variable labels (i.e. devices and
variables unique identifiers in Ubidots), Wi-Fi SSID and Password, depending on
the device and the requirements.
 Making API request (i.e., a call from a device to the web server). Ubidots’ libraries
spare the need to manually make these requests. However, if you’re working with a
device not currently in the list of supported hardware, youcan choose a connectivity
protocol such as MQTT or HTTP and make a request using the API accordingly.
Creating devices: There are three ways to create devices:
1. Devices are created automatically in Ubidots the first time a dot is receivedto
a user's private TOKEN or an Organizational TOKEN.
2. Clicking the "+" icon in the top right corner of any single device's screen.
3. Creating a Device Type which then creates a new device with pre- determined
device properties, appearance, and variables and automate the on-boarding of
thousands of devices.
2. Variables
Once a device is created and receiving data from your hardware or another 3rd
partydata-source, the data will be presented in its raw or calculated form as a
variable.
Types of Variables:
Default - raw data coming from devices (people counted).
Synthetic - correspond to statistical or arithmetical operations of default

variables in a determined time-frame (e.g., average daily traffic this month).
Below you can read more about synthetic variable setups.Creating variables: there
are two ways to create variables.
1. Assigning a label as a variable within your hardware's code.
2. Clicking the "+" icon found in any single device screen and assign a name
which will also correspond to the variable's label. By default, Ubidots assigns
an additional unique identifier to the variable called Variable ID. To find both
the variable's ID and variable's label, select the "i" icon form the
variablescard.
3. Synthetic Variables Engine
Ubidots Synthetic Variables (SV) Engine is a simple and effective way to create
insights from the raw data stored in Ubidots' Cloud. Using Ubidots SV Engine,
users can create Synthetic Variables that calculate and enhance data to give data-
driven decision to user of an Ubidots powered application.
For example, to calculate Average (mean) Energy consumed this week, we

will need to create a synthetic variable called Energy to calculate the product of
Current and Voltage (P=C*V): the default variable Current is multiplied by
Voltage. Then average the product every week with built-in function mean().
Synthetic Variables Analytics
Here is a complete list of available functions, such as cos(x) or ceil(x)

functions, and more!
Note that default variables are yellow, and Synthetic Variables are green.
4. Dashboards and Visualizations
Dashboards are the human-machine interfaces where data is easily visualized. Your
Ubidots account will let you create as many dashboards as needed, containing
widgetsand data-visualizations to comprehend your data at a glance. For additional
details on your dashboard's construction, check out this tutorial.
5. Events
In Ubidots, Events are messages triggered and delivered through Email, SMS,
Telegrams, Slack, Voice Call or webhook messages based on a customized design
rule created in the application. If you wish to create alerts for your IoT application,
check out this tutorial for additional support.
Three Event types:
 When sensor readings reach a specific value:
 Variable is inactive during a specific amount of time:
 When a device enters or exits a specific area (geofence):
CHAPTER 5
IMPLEMENTATION
IMPLEMENTATION
A live human detection system for earthquake rescue operation can beimplemented
using the following components:
1. Arduino: Arduino is a microcontroller that can be used to control the other
components in the system. It can read sensor data and control motors
andbuzzers based on the input.
2. ESP32 Camera: An ESP32 camera module can be used to capture images and
send them to a remote location for further analysis. It can also be used to detect
human presence in the area.
3. Bluetooth Module: A Bluetooth module can be used to communicate with a
remote device, such as a smartphone or a computer. It can be used to sendalerts
and status updates.
4. Doppler Sensor: A Doppler sensor can be used to detect movement in the
area.It can detect human presence and movement even if they are not visible.
5. LCD Module: An LCD module can be used to display status updates and sensor
readings. It can also be used to display alerts and messages.
6. Motor Driver and Motors: A motor driver and motors can be used to move the
system to a different location. It can be controlled by the Arduino based on
the sensor readings.
7. Buzzer: A buzzer can be used to generate alerts and warning signals. It can be
controlled by the Arduino based on the sensor readings.
Here are the steps to implement the system:
1. Connect the ESP32 camera to the Arduino using the appropriate pins.
Install thenecessary libraries for the camera and test it by capturing images
and displaying them on the LCD module.
2. Connect the Doppler sensor to the Arduino using the appropriate pins. Install
the necessary libraries for the sensor and test it by detecting movement in the
area and displaying the readings on the LCD module.
3. Connect the motor driver and motors to the Arduino using the appropriate pins.
Install the necessary libraries for the motor driver and test it by controlling the
motors based on the sensor readings.
4. Connect the Bluetooth module to the Arduino using the appropriate pins. Install
the necessary libraries for the Bluetooth module and test it by sending status
updates and alerts to a remote device.
5. Connect the buzzer to the Arduino using the appropriate pins. Install the
necessary libraries for the buzzer and test it by generating warning signalsbased
on the sensor readings.
6. Write the code for the system in the Arduino IDE. The code should read
sensor data, control the motors and buzzer based on the input, and send status
updates and alerts using the Bluetooth module.
7. Test the system in a controlled environment to ensure that it is functioning
properly. Make any necessary adjustments to the code or the hardware
configuration.
8. Deploy the system in the field and monitor its performance. Make
any necessaryadjustments based on the feedback from the field.
CHAPTER 6
EXPERIMETNAL RESULTS
EXPERIMETNAL RESULTS
Figure : Result
Using Doppler Sensor detecting system life can saved with minimum
expenditure.
It is also time conserving which helps in detecting the affected within a short
time and rescuing them as soon as possible. This proposal greatly helps in reducing
the death rate.
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE
SCOPE
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
7.1 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the LIVE HUMAN DETECTION SYSTEM FOR

EARTHQUAKE
RESCUE OPERATION using Arduino, ESP32 Camera, Bluetooth module,
Doppler sensor, LCD Module, Motor driver, motors, and Buzzer is a useful tool for
detecting human presence in disaster-stricken areas. The system uses a combination
of sensors and communication modules to relay information to rescue teams and
aid in search and rescue operations.
The Arduino serves as the brain of the system, processing sensor data and
controlling the output devices. The ESP32 camera captures images of the
surrounding area, whichare transmitted via the Bluetooth module to a mobile
device for analysis. The Dopplersensor is used to detect movement and is
particularly useful for detecting the presence of trapped individuals.
The LCD module provides a user-friendly interface for displaying information such
asthe number of detected humans and system status. The motor driver and motors
are used to control the movement of the system and enable it to navigate through
difficult terrain. The buzzer can be used to signal alerts or warnings to rescuers.
Overall, this system has the potential to greatly improve the efficiency and
effectiveness of earthquake rescue operations, saving lives and reducing the time
required for search and rescue efforts.
7.2 FUTURE SCOPE
In future With advancements in sensor technology, the system's accuracy

and reliability can be enhanced by using more sophisticated sensors and signal
processing techniques. The system can be integrated with AI and machine learning
algorithms to improve its ability to detect and locate survivors more accurately and
quickly.
REFERENCES
[1] Ying –Wen Bai , Li-Shi Shen , Zong –Han Li “ Design and implementation of
an embedded home surveillance system by use of multiple ultrasonic sensors” ,
Consumer Electronics , IEEE Transactions , pp 119- 124 ,29 March 2020.
[2] S.P. Vijayaragavan 1 , M. Krishna Kumar 2 and T. Thirumoorthi3 and R. Abenash

, “Iot based live human detecting robot for earthquake rescue operation” Malaya
Journal of Matematik, Vol. S, No. 2, 1837-1840, 2020
[3] Mr. Rajesh1 , Mr. Sumer Chand Prasad2 , Mr. Brijesh Kumar Dubey3 “Alive
Human Being Detector and Anti theft Robot” International Journal of Scientific
Development and Research (IJSDR) www.ijsdr.org
[4] Hemantha v1 , Karthik BP2 , Krishnaprasad3 , Sindhu G4 , Sudarshan5
publisheda paper on the topic “Live Human Detection Robot”, IJIRT- International
Journal for Innovative Research in Technology, Volume 12, Issue 8, November
[2022].
[5] Purnima G, Asst. Prof. Aravind S, published a paper on the topic “Alive
Human Body Detect System Using an Autonomous Pc Controlled Rescue Robot”,
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Volume
4,Issue 12, December [2014]
[6] Ujjwal Mishra1 , Sankalp Mishra2 , Ananya Shukla and issue a paper on the
topic “A Review of Alive Human Detection Robot During Calamity
andLandmine/Bomb/Human Detection in War Fields ", International Journal for
Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET) ISSN: 2321-
9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538 Volume 10 Issue VI June 2022-
Available at www.ijraset.com
[7] Kunal Swami1 , Prof.D.G.Agrawal2 published a paper on the topic “Alive
Human Detection Robot For War And Rescue Operation ”, IJARIIE-ISSN (O)-
2395- 4396 Vol-5 Issue-5 2019 [2014]
[8] Kunal Swami1 , Prof.D.G.Agrawal2 S Lourdu Jame, Y Jeyashree, S.Srikantan,
P. Jais Duraimani, Mohamed Dhageer published a paper on the topic “Detection of
Human Under Earthquake Rubble”, International Journal of Recent Technology
and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8, Issue-2S11, September
2019
[9] Mohit Bais, Kanupriya Madan, Ankit Bharti, Prof. Prity Yadav published a paper
on the topic “Alive Human Detection Robot”, International Journal of Scientific
Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology © 2017

IJSRCSEIT | Volume 2 | Issue 1 | ISSN : 2456-3307
[10] A. Shobika1 , N. Thenkuzhali2 , S. Suganya3 , G.R. Nivedha4 , R.Hiemaja5
published a paper on the topic “Human Detection System Using Drone For
Earthquake Rescue Operation”, International Journal of Advanced Research in
Computer and Communication Engineering ISO 3297:2007 Certified Vol. 7, Issue
4,
April 2018
[11] Prof.Amar Pawde,khan Shaheen,khan Nazreen,khan Jameer, Patel Salman
published a paper on the topic “ALIVE HUMAN DETECTOR ROBOT FOR
RESCUE OPERATION”, International Journal of Technical Research and
Applications e-ISSN:
OUTCOME ATTAINED AND ITS JUSTIFICATION
PO’S JUSTIFICATION
The knowledge on concept of embedded system was gained through this

PO1
project work.
PO2 This problem analysis and literature had been done on existing work.
PO3 Analysis and test data to gives the results of classified output.
PO4 The software UBIDOTS had been used for implementing this project.
PO5 This project had been used for embedded applications concepts.
The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual

PO6 knowledge to assess Societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues andthe
consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional

engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and
PO7
demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.
Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethicsand
PO8
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a
PO9
member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities

with th engineering community and with society at large, suchas, being able to
PO10
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make
effective presentations, and give and receive clearinstructions.
Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding

of the engineering and management principles and applythese to one’s own
PO11
work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage
projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
Life-Long learning Recognize the need for, and have the preparation andability
PO12 to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest
content of technological change.

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A Project report

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement

N GOUTHAM GOKUL 19751A04A8

Under the Guidance of

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Ms. M. PADMA, M.E. Dr. K. GOPI M.Tech, Ph.D.,

Submitted for University Examination (Viva -Voice) held on

I would like to express the heartfelt gratitude to our Chairperson

I would like to express the profound gratitude to our beloved principal

I thank my project guide Mr. S. ASHMAD,M.Tech, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR of the ECE

N.GOUTHAM GOKUL (19751A04A8)

On completion of project work we will be able to,

Select a latest topic through Select a topic through

Thorough comprehension about Reasonable comprehension about Improper comprehension

Identified and has

Conclusion of project work

Conclusion of project work Conclusion of project

Presentation in logical sequence Presentation with

Continuous learning Highly enthusiastic Inadequate interest

4.3 Software Requirements 48

3.01 PROPOSED BLOCK DIAGRAM 24

USAR URBAN SEARCH AND RESCUE

PIR PASSIVE INFFRARED SENSOR

IDE INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT

VCD VIDEO COMPACT DISK

DVD DIGITAL VIDEO DISK

VCO VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR

ISDN INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORKS

ATM ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE

PAD PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANTS

CPU CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

ALU ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT

RAM RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY

ROM READ ONLY MEMORY

LED LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

LCD LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

GPS GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

PLC PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

ESP ESPRESSIF SYSTEMS

USB UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS

HTTP HYPER TEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL

Every year large number of people lose their lives in earthquakes,

An earthquake is the shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from

1.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Embedded Systems do a particular errand; they can't be acclimated to do

1.2 APPLICATION AREAS

Around 99 for each penny of the processors made breeze up in presented

At home we utilize distinctive installed structures which intertwine

Today a noteworthy measure of associations utilizes presented frameworks for

In every practical sense every helpful apparatus in the pro's office is an

PC sorting out things, for instance, ranges, switches, Integrated Services

In the field of communicate interchanges, the embedded structures can be

1.3 OVERVIEW OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware built around a

Figure 1.01: Overview diagram of Embedded system

The progression of a transportation structure has been the generative power

1.4 EMBEDDED BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 1.02 Embedded Block diagram

Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware around a central

However, there are significant differences. It is not compulsory to have an

Figure 1.03: Interfacing Components in an Embedded system

As shown in above figure, the building blocks of an embedded system are: