Fuel Preparation

Fuel properties for kiln firing have to fulfill

certain requirements in order to:

•Produce similar combustion characteristics

with different fuel qualities .
•Avoid incomplete combustion, e.g. CO at kiln
inlet or local reducing conditions due to
secondary combustion of oversized particles in
the clinker bed .
 The ideal flame is:
Stable over entire length of flame, i.e.

• Continuous(controlled) combustion along

th whole
the h l llength
th

•No local temperature peaks

•No reducing atmosphere over clinker bed

•Complete burn-out at end of flame

Prerequisites for ideal flame
The ideal flame is stable over its entire length , i.e.
• by continuous mixing with hot secondary air, combustion is
constant along the whole flame zone
• no local temperature peaks are produced .
• no zones of reducing atmosphere are formed over the clinker
bed .
• burn-out is completed at end of flame .
• adequate fuel preparation ( oil droplet size,
size coal fineness ) .
• regular furl feed
• presence of Oxygen for complete combustion .
 Prerequisites for ideal flame
Completeness of combustion within available time
(burning zone depends on three main factor:

• Fuel preparation(oil droplet size,

size coal
fineness)
• Fuel feed to burner(accurate and
constant feed and transport )
• Availability of oxygen for complete
combustion (excess air factor)
 Fi i Systems
Firing S t
Coal versus oil versus ggas firingg

Provided
P id d complete
l t combustion
b ti th
there i
is
theoretically no significant difference between oil
and coal firing, whereas with natural gas firing a
g y higher
slightly g energy
gy consumption
p ((approx.+5
pp %))
is attributed to the higher stoichiometric exhaust
gas quantity.
quantity
 Burners
Oil nozzles

1 tangential oil flow

2 axial
i l oil
il flow
fl
3 tangential
g slots
4 swirl chamber Pillard
5 orifice plate atomizer
 Burners
Oil nozzles

1 tangential oil flow

2 axial
i l oil
il flow
fl
3 tangential
g slots
4 swirl chamber
Unitherm
5 orifice plate
atomizer
G burners
Gas b

8 ignition burner.
8
12 11 11 radial gas.
13 12 axial gas
13 cooling air
Pillard Gas
Burner
G burners
Gas b

Kloeckner-Humboldt-Deutz Gas Burner

FLAME ADJUSTMENT
ADJUSTMENT.

Combustion
air
FLAME ADJUSTMENT.
For low energy consumption

Primary air :low

Secondary air : low
FLAME ADJUSTMENT.
For low energy consumption

Secondary air : high

FLAME ADJUSTMENT.
For low energy consumption

Excess air :
low
Flame Shape
Flame Shape
Parameters that influence the flame shape and
length
g as well:
• Type of fuel (fuel oil: medium, gas: long)
• Fuel characteristic (coal fineness,
fineness volatiles,
volatiles ash,
ash
moisture, fuel oil viscosity)
• Fuel oil atomizing pressure
• Gas pressure and velocity
• Burner nozzle geometry
• Secondary air temperature
• Angle of burner with kiln axis
• Dust circulation in burning zone
• Thickness of coating/pressure of ring
• Material bed temperature
Secondary Firing / Precalciner
The burning conditions for a secondary firing or
precalciner burner are q
p quite different from the kiln
firing:

•In most cases combustion in gas/air

g
mixture instead of pure air
•Combustion
C b ti iin very d dusty
t atmosphere
t h
Secondary Firing / Precalciner

•Temperature
p range
g of 1000°C instead of
2000°C

•higher gas temperature at bottom cyclone

outlet than at precalciner outlet

•moderate drop of gas temperature over

the two lowermost cyclone stages
Combustion indicators