Question 1

DFS
open={S} closed ={} 0.
Visit S: open={A,B}, closed={S}
1.Visit A: open={S,B,F,B}, closed={A,S}
2.Visit S: open={B,F,B}, closed={S,A,S}
3.Visit B: open={S,A,F,D,F,B}, closed={B,S,A,S}
4.Visit S: open={A,F,D,F,B}, closed={S,B,S,A,S}
5.Visit A: open={F,D,F,B}, closed={A,S,B,S,A,S}
6.Visit F: GOAL Reached!
Result is: S->A->B->F
BFS
open = {S}, closed={} 0.
Visit S: open = {A,B}, closed={S}
1.Visit A: open={B,S,B,F}, closed={S,A}
2.Visit B: open={S,B,F,F,A,C,D}, closed={S,A,B}
3.Visit S: open={B,F,F,A,C,D}, closed={S,A,B,S}
4.Visit B: open={F,F,A,C,D,S,A,C,D}, closed={S,A,B,S,B}
5.Visit F: Goal Found!
Result is: S->A->F
Question 2
Question 3
Knowledge base
 contains essential information about the problem domain
 often represented as facts and rules
Inference engine
 mechanism to derive new knowledge from the knowledge base and the
information provided by the user
 often based on the use of rules
User interface
 interaction with end users
 development and maintenance of the knowledge base

Question4
 Forward Chaining: It starts from the known facts and rules, and applies the inference
rules to add their conclusion to the known facts.

 Backward Chaining: It is a backward reasoning method that starts from the goal and
works backward to prove the known facts.
Question 5
 Reasoning: It is the set of processes that enables us to provide basis for judgement,
making decisions, and prediction.
 Learning: It is the activity of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practising, being
taught, or experiencing something. Learning enhances the awareness of the subjects of
the study.
 Problem solving: It is the process in which one perceives and tries to arrive at a desired
solution from a present situation by taking some path, which is blocked by known or
unknown hurdles.
 Linguistic Intelligence: It is one’s ability to use, comprehend, speak, and write the verbal
and written language. It is important in interpersonal communication.
 Perception: It is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and organizing sensory
information
Question 6
There are three primary participants in the building of Expert System:
 Expert: The success of an ES much depends on the knowledge provided by human
experts. These experts are those persons who are specialized in that specific domain.
 Knowledge Engineer: Knowledge engineer is the person who gathers the knowledge
from the domain experts and then codifies that knowledge to the system according to the
formalism.
 End-User: This is a particular person or a group of people who may not be experts, and
working on the expert system needs the solution or advice for his queries, which are
complex.

Question 7
cat(tom).
loves_to_eat(kunal,pasta).
of_color(hair,black).
loves_to_play_games(nawaz).
lazy(pratyusha).

Questionn 8
happy(lili) :- dances(lili).
hungry(tom) :- search_for_food(tom).
friends(jack, bili) :- lovesCricket(jack), lovesCricket(bili).
goToPlay(ryan) :- isClosed(school), free(ryan).
Question 9
“Is priya a girl?”, it will reply “yes”, “is jamini a girl?” then it will answer “No”, because it does
not know who jamini is. Our next question is “Can Priya cook?”, it will say “yes”, but if we ask
the same question for Jaya, it will say “No”.