ME 304: FLUID MECHANICS

SOLUTIONS JUNE JULY 2018 EXAM

QUESTION 1
a) Define the following terms with sketches were necessary as applied in fluid mechanics
(i) Knudsen Number [3 marks]

 It is a dimensionless number that tells whether the continuum hypothesis holds true or
otherwise
 by looking at the ratio between the characteristic dimension of the problem and the mean
free path distance;

𝜆
𝐾𝑛𝑢𝑑𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = < 0.01 ( 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑), 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝐿

ƛ – defined as the mean free path distance

L – characteristic dimension of the problem and vary from problem to problem

(ii) Visco-elastic fluid. [3 marks]

 Fluid exhibits both viscous and elastic properties

 It shows time dependant behaviour
 Examples includes quartz etc.

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b) Starting with a 3-D frame of reference, use the first principle and basic laws of fluid mechanics
to show the following equations of fluid statics;

(i) State of force in a fluid at rest [5 marks]

(ii) Basic equation of fluid mechanics for incompressible flow. [5 marks]

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c) A spherical liquid drop of diameter, d1, coalesces with another drop of diameter, d2, to form a
single drop of diameter, d3, of the same amount of liquid. Assuming that the drop behaves
as a gas in an isothermal process, derive an expression for d3 as a function of p0, surface
tension of the mixture in air. [5 marks]

𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑚1 𝑅𝑇; 𝑃2 𝑉2 = 𝑚2 𝑅𝑇; 𝑃3 𝑉3 = 𝑚3 𝑅𝑇,

Combining the three into the equation of state for ;

𝑃1 𝑉1 + 𝑃2 𝑉2 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑅𝑇 = 𝑃3 𝑉3,

For a spherical bubble, from surface tension;

8𝜎 8𝜎 8𝜎
𝑝1 = 𝑝𝑜 + ; 𝑝2 = 𝑝𝑜 + ; 𝑝3 = 𝑝𝑜 +
𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3

If we manipulate the volume ratio, we can see that

Now we see that m1 +m2 =m3, recalling
𝑽∞ 𝒅𝟑 , therefore, the expression becomes;
the equation of state and manipulate it
8𝜎 3 8𝜎 8𝜎
with regards to question we get; (𝑃𝑜 + ) 𝑑1 + (𝑃𝑜 + ) 𝑑23 = (𝑃𝑜 + ) 𝑑33
𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3

Now we see that m1 +m2 =m3, recalling the equation of state and manipulate it with
regards to question we get;

𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑚1 𝑅𝑇; 𝑃2 𝑉2 = 𝑚2 𝑅𝑇; 𝑃3 𝑉3 = 𝑚3 𝑅𝑇

Combining the three into the equation of state for;

𝑃1 𝑉1 + 𝑃2 𝑉2 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑅𝑇 = 𝑃3 𝑉3

8𝜎 8𝜎 8𝜎
For a spherical bubble, from surface tension; 𝑝1 = 𝑝𝑜 + ; 𝑝2 = 𝑝𝑜 + ; 𝑝3 = 𝑝𝑜 +
𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3

If we manipulate the volume ratio, we can see that 𝑉∞ 𝑑3 , therefore the expression

becomes;

8𝜎 3 8𝜎 8𝜎
(𝑃𝑜 + ) 𝑑1 + (𝑃𝑜 + ) 𝑑23 = (𝑃𝑜 + ) 𝑑33
𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3

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d) The G5 contractor during their work on a 5-m wide new complex swimming pool ran out of
gunite mixture and had to finish the deep corner with a quarter circle piece of PVC pipe
labelled AB in fig 1below. For this arrangement, compute the vertical and horizontal water

forces experienced on curved panel XY. [4 marks]

The forces experienced on the curved plane are due to the weight of the fluid and the
pressure of the fluid;

𝐹𝐻 = 𝜌 𝑔 𝐴 ℎ𝑐

If we assume the density is of water as 1000kg/m3, and take g as 9.81m2/s, the area seen
at

the plane is a rectangle of 2 m deep and 5 m wide.

2m

A = 2m * 5m= 10 m2
1'-2 3/16"

5m

The height from the free water surface, hc = 4 + 2/2 = 5 m. Therefore, the horizontal force,
2'-0"
4m

2Rm6"

𝐹𝐻 = 9800 ∗ 10 ∗ 5 = 490.5𝑘𝑁

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Similarly, the vertical component we can get it from the weight of the fluid above the gate as
given by the insert
𝐹𝑣 = 𝜌𝑉𝑔

Volume of fluid, area of the quadrant + area of rectangle all by

the width
= (¼ *3.14*d^2/4 +4*2)*5
= 55.71 m3

𝐹𝑣 = 1000 ∗ 55.71 ∗ 9.81 = 545.938𝑘𝑁

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 QUESTION 2

a) With the aid of sketches and equations draw on a Shear Stress Velocity gradient the
following fluids.
(i) Newtonian fluid with viscosity, u2 > u1 [4 marks]
(ii) Newtonian fluid with viscosity u1 [4 marks]
(iii) Thinning fluids [4 marks]
All the three sketches shown below

𝒅𝒖
𝝉= 𝝁
Newtonian Fluids, 𝜇 𝒅𝒚
τ 𝜇2 > 𝜇1
(𝐻2 𝑂 , 𝐻𝑔 , 𝑜𝑖𝑙, 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑡𝑐) 𝒅𝒖 𝒏
𝝉 = 𝒎( )
𝒅𝒚
𝜇1
𝜎𝑦 , 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝒅𝒖 𝒏−𝟏 𝒅𝒖
Ideal solids

𝝉 = 𝒎ฬ ฬ .
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚

𝑑𝑢
Ideal fluids, μ = 0
𝑑𝑦

b) A uniform wooden cylinder has a specific gravity of 0.8. Find the ratio of cylinder diameter, D,
to length of cylinder, L, so that it will just float upright in a state of neutral equilibrium in water.

The body will remain in state of equilibrium when the weight of the body is equal to the weight
of the fluid displaced.
Weight of the body = Weight of the fluid
𝜋𝐷 2 𝜋𝐷 2
0.8𝜌 × 𝑔 × 𝐿 × 4
=𝜌× 4
× 𝑦,

𝑦 = 0.8𝐿
OB = y/2 = 0.8L/2 = 0.4L , and OG = L/2 =0.5L and BG = OG-OB= 0.1L

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 𝜋𝐷4
𝐼 𝜋𝐷 4 𝐷2
𝐵𝑀 = 𝑉
, For a rectangular , 𝐼 = 64
, 𝐵𝑀 = 64
𝜋𝐷2 𝐿
= 16𝐿
4

For neutral equilibrium, GM = 0

𝐷2
𝐺𝑀 = 𝐵𝑀 − 𝐵𝐺 = − 0.1𝐿 = 0
16𝐿

𝐷 2 = 0.1 ∗ 16𝐿2 ,

𝐷
= 1.24
𝐿
c) Show that the hydrostatic force on an inclined plane for surface S is equal to the hydrostatic
force of the same surface placed horizontal at the centroid. [5 marks]

With reference to fig above, the hydrostatic force on an inclined plane is derived by
considering the sum of elementary forces acting on a small area, dA,(shaded green), at the
depth ℎ = 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, where theta is the angle of inclination.
This force is 𝑑𝐹𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜗𝑑𝐴 , if we take the sum of all the forces this will be equal to
𝑛 𝑛
∬𝐴 𝑑𝐹𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜗 ∬𝐴 𝑦𝑑𝐴, but the term in the integral is the first moment of area about the

axis O. which can be related to the total area A, by performing balance of moments of area
,
as 𝑦𝑐 × 𝐴 = ∬𝐴 𝑦𝑑𝐴

Therefore the force is expressed as 𝐹 = 𝜌𝑔𝐴𝑦𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜗 resolving the y component with respect
to vertical, we get ℎ𝑐 = 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃. Therefore, the force can be expressed as

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 𝐹 = 𝜌𝑔𝐴ℎ𝑐
If we place the surface at the centroid, in a horizontal, the force is determined from the area
and the depth from the free surface as 𝐹 = 𝜌𝑔𝐴ℎ𝑐 similar to the result obtained above.

d) With reference to Fig Q2, Determine the velocity, v, at the centre given that the ratio of
viscosity for bottom layer to top layer is 1:2 and assuming a steady flow. [5 marks]

U
𝜇2 = 2𝜇1

V=?
b
𝜇1 cb

Assume fluid as moving continuously, and performing a horizontal force balance on the middle
plate. The are two stresses acting on the middle plate in opposite directions as 1 and 2

∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 𝜏2 . 𝐴 − 𝜏1 . 𝐴 = 0

𝜇1 𝑉 𝑈−𝑉
𝜏1 = 𝑐𝑏
and 𝜏2 = 𝜇2 𝑏(1−𝑐) now equating the two expression as in above and solving for V the

velocity at the middle plate;

𝜇1 𝑉 𝑈−𝑉
= 2𝜇1
𝑐𝑏 𝑏(1 − 𝑐)

Simplifying the expression above for velocity at the centreline we get;

2𝑐
𝑉= .𝑈
1+𝑐

Page 8 of 22
 SECTION B: FLUID FLOW CONCEPTS AND APPLICATION

QUESTION 3

a) Describe with the aid of sketches where necessary the following concepts of in fluid flow
i) Mach number, [2 marks]

This is the ratio of the velocity of a fluid medium, to the velocity of sound, A, at that instant
or condition, and in this case it is used to tell whether the fluid is compressible or not.
𝑉
𝑀𝑎 =
𝐴
For a fluid to be compressible, the Ma should be greater than 0.33 otherwise any value smaller
than this becomes incompressible

ii) Displacement thickness and [2 marks]

Distance measured perpendicular to

boundary by which the free stream is
displaced to yield the same solution for the
flow outside the boundary layer as the
boundary layer equations yields

iii) Turbulent Boundary Layer. [2 marks]

 The layer which contains the flow swirls or "eddies.

 there is an intense agitation
 marked by mixing across several layers
 Characterized by chaotic and randomness

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b) Compare and Contrast the following as used in fluid kinematics giving equations and
sketches in space coordinates were necessary.
(i) Eulerian and Lagrangian Approaches for fluid flow, [2 marks]

Eulerian Lagrangian Approach

Finite regions are used for analysis A specific fluid particle is followed during
motion

No track on position, velocity of fluid particles Particles can change shape, state as it moves
of definite mass

It looks at all the particles at fixed point, i.e as Fluid particle, properties as function of time
function of space and time
𝑇 = 𝑇(𝑥𝑜 , 𝑦𝑜 , 𝑡) 𝑇𝐴 = 𝑇𝐴 (𝑡)

(ii) Control Mass and control Volume. [2 marks]

Control Mass Control Volume

Fixed mass with identity system Fixed volume system

Closed system by some others Open system by some authors,

No mass transfer across the boundary Mass and energy can cross the boundary

Energy can transfer in or out of boundary Heat exchanger is an example

(iii) Path-line and Streak-line [2 marks]

Path-line Streak line

Path taken by fluid element through space Particular point with the flow field, as
as function of time description in Euler approach

Follows the particles as Lagrangian approach Involves motion of all fluid elements along its
length

Fully described by 3 positions,

𝑥𝑍 (𝑡), 𝑦𝐴 (𝑡)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧𝐴 (𝑡)
Involves notion of only one fluid element say continuous flow of smoke, under steady state,
A in time they are the same.

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c) The Given the following velocity field for an incompressible fluid:
V1 = k(x2 − 2)2 x3
V2 = −x1 .x2
V3 = k x1 x3

Determine k such that the equation of mass conservation is satisfied [3 marks]

𝑑𝑄 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉 =0
𝑑𝑋𝑖 𝑑𝑥1 𝑑𝑥2 𝑑𝑥3 3
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑉1 = 0, 𝑉2 = −𝑥1 , 𝑉 = 𝑘𝑥1
𝑑𝑥1 𝑑𝑥2 𝑑𝑥3 3
Summing up the derivatives, 𝑘𝑥1 + 𝑥1 = 0, 𝑘 = −1

d) A particle moving with a velocity V defined by the velocity field given by 𝑉 = 4𝑥𝑦𝑖 + 8𝑡𝑧 2 −
2𝑦𝑧𝑘, at point P(3, -2, 2) at t =3. Find:

(i) the acceleration of the particle and [2 marks]

𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉
𝑎=𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑧 = 4𝑥𝑦(6𝑦𝑖) + (8𝑡𝑧 2 )(2𝑥𝑖 − 2𝑘) + 2𝑦𝑧(16𝑡𝑧𝑖 − 𝑦𝑡) + 8𝑧 2 𝑗
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
At P (3, -2, 2) and t=3: substituting we get
𝑎 = 738𝑖 − 736𝑗 − 190𝑘

(ii) angular velocity about the z -axis. [2 marks]

The vorticity vector;
𝑑𝜔 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝜔 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
( − )𝑖 + ( − )𝑗 + ( − )𝑘
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=(-2z-16tz)i+(0-0)j+(0-4x)k
=-100i -12k

Page 11 of 22
 QUESTION 4

a) With aid of labelled sketches, write down the expression of wetted perimeter and
hydraulic radius for channels of the following geometries:
(i) Trapezoidal channel and [2 marks]

With reference to channel to the right,

the cross sectional area of flow is the
trapezoid area: A = y (b + B)/2, as
B = b + 2zy, as can be seen from the
diagram.
Simplifying, the trapezoid area is:
A = by + zy2.
The wetted perimeter is: P = b + 2λ,
but by Pythagoras Theorem:
λ2 = y2 + (yz)2, or λ = [y2 + (yz)2]1/2,
so the wetted perimeter is:
P = b + 2y(1 + z2)1/2, and the
hydraulic radius for a trapezoid is:
RH = (by + zy2)/[b + 2y(1 + z2)1/2

(ii) Circular channel. [2 marks]

Page 12 of 22
 Circular Channel
Flow Area
Flow area of a circular channel:
A = D2/4 (α - sin (2 α)/2)
Where; D = diameter of channel

α = cos-1(1 - h/r)

Wetted Perimeter
Wetted perimeter of a circular channel:

P=αD

Hydraulic Radius
Hydraulic radius of a circular channel:
Rh = D/4 [1 - sin (2 α) / (2 α)]

b) The Fig. Q4 shows a restriction in a horizontal channel at a point B created by a smooth

reduction in the channel width. The width at section A is 3.7 m and the width at section B is
2.4 m. If the depth of flow at section A is 2.5 m and the flow rate is 5m3 /s. Find

3.7 m 2.4 m

A B
(i) The depth of flow at section B and [3 marks]

The idea is to balance the specific energy at each end of the channel indicated as A and B
so as to find the unknowns

𝑄2 𝑄2
𝑦1 + = 𝑦2 +
2𝑔𝐴2 2𝑔𝐴2

Page 13 of 22
 𝐴1 = 𝑦1 ∗ 3.7 = 2.5 ∗ 1.5 = 3. 75 𝑚2

𝐴2 = 𝑦2 ∗ 2.4𝑚 = 2.4𝑦2 𝑚2

If we substitute t=in above equation, we get

𝑓(𝑦2 ) = 𝑦23 − 2.5906𝑦 2 + 1.884, 𝑓 ′ (𝑦2 ) = 3𝑦22 − 5.1812𝑦2

Use Newton Raphson method to simply, y2 = 2.2021m

.y2,0 f(y2) f’(y2) .y2,n

1.92000 -0.58810 1.11130 2.44920
2.44920 1.03581 5.30596 2.25399
2.25399 0.17385 3.56300 2.20519
2.20519 0.00981 3.16309 2.20209
2.20519 0.00981 3.16309 2.20209
2.20519 0.00981 3.16309 2.20209

(ii) The width at section B will choke the flow. [4 marks]

To choke the flow, the section B will be at critical flow which means that for a given specific energy,
E, the value of critical depth is two-thirds of E

2 2.5906
𝑦𝑐 = 𝐸 = 2 ∗ = 1.73𝑚
3 3

Now we can determine the specific discharge by relating it to the critical depth we have calculated
3 𝑞2 𝑚2
above; 𝑦𝑐 = √ 𝑔 , 𝑞 = (𝑔𝑦𝑐3 )0.5 = 7.12 𝑠

But q x bc = Q, bc = 5/7.12 =0.7034 m

c) Write down the expression for the resultant force for the following cases applicable to the

“momentum equation”.

(i) Force due to flow around a pipe bend, [2 marks]

Page 14 of 22
 𝐹𝑅𝑋 = 𝐹𝑇𝑋 − 𝐹𝑃𝑋 = 𝜌𝑄(𝑈2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜗 − 𝑢1 ) − 𝑝1 𝐴1 + 𝑝2 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜗

𝐹𝑅𝑌 = 𝐹𝑇𝑌 − 𝐹𝑃𝑌 = 𝜌𝑄𝑈2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜗 + 𝑝2 𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜗

(ii) Force on a pipe nozzle, [2 marks]

Resultant force
1 1 𝜌𝑄 2 1 1
𝐹𝑅𝑋 = 𝐹𝑇𝑋 − 𝐹𝑃𝑋 = 𝜌𝑄 2 ( 2 − 2 ) − ( 2 − 2)
𝐴2 𝐴1 2 𝐴2 𝐴1
(iii) Force on curved vane and [2 marks]

𝜌𝑄 2 (1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜗)
Total force, 𝐹𝑇𝑋 = − 𝐴
−𝜌𝑄 2
𝐹𝑇𝑌 = 𝜌𝑄(𝑈2𝑦 − 𝑈1𝑦 ) = 𝜌𝑄(𝑈2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜗 − 0) = 𝐴
,

(iv) Force of a jet hitting the inclined plane. [2 marks]

𝐹𝑅𝑌 = −𝐹𝐹𝑋 = −𝜌𝑄1 𝑈1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜗

𝐹𝑅𝑌 = 𝜌𝑄1 𝑈1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜗

Page 15 of 22
d) Construct elaborately labelled sketches of:
(i) Specific energy versus flow depth at constant specific discharge, [3 marks]

(ii) Specific discharge versus flow depth at constant specific energy [3 marks]

Page 16 of 22
 SECTION C: FLUID MACHINERY AND APPLICATIONS

QUESTION 5

a) Define the following terms with the aid of well labelled sketches where necessary as applied
in Turbo-machinery
(i) Total Dynamic head, TDH, [3 marks]

 Total head seen by the pump including the static, dynamic and the total head losses

 Correct sketch earns mark

(ii) Brake Horse power and [3 marks]

 The maximum input power the motor would require to fully discharge in case of a
pump,
 The maximum or input of a turbine, water power before the losses

(iii) Diagram power. [3 marks]

 Correct explanation with regards to pump or turbine

 With appropriate sketch

b) Explain with the aid of neat labelled sketch diagram how the operating flow-rate and head are
determined in a pump-piping system. [4 marks]

The operating point is determined by superimposing the power performance curve on a

system curve. The point of intersection gives the best efficiency point for the pump under
those conditions. The same point can be obtained by considering the maximum efficiency
point of the pump.

Page 17 of 22
c) The table Q5 below shows the specifications of a Grundfos SQFlex 2.5-2 surface solar water
pumping system delivering 50L per min of water at 20ºC. It is given that an 80 mm diameter,
45 m long PVC suction line draws water from the reservoir located H meters from the pump
centre line. Again, the atmospheric pressure existing over the reservoir is 101 kPa with a 2 m
NPSH required. PV at 12 o C is taken as 1.38 m of H2O column.

Table Q5: Grundfos SQFlex2.5-2 data

Parameter Value

Maximum Discharge 3 m3/s

NPSH required 200 mm
Static Head, Hs ±10 m
Atmospheric pressure 101 kP
Ca, 1 exit + 1 bent( ca= 1.4)
Kinematic viscosity, v 1.14 x10-6m2/s
Temperature of fluid 12 O C
Pipe diameter of suction line 80 mm

Page 18 of 22
 Length of pipe 45 m

Determine in each case whether the system will have cavitation problems or not

(i) For a suction inlet of 10 m above reservoir level [5 marks]

𝑉2 𝑃𝑣
𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻 = ±𝐻+− − ℎ𝑓
2𝑔 𝜌𝑔

For suction above, use a positive H, hence you need to calculate the total frictional losses

and look for the vapour pressure at this temperature of 12 OC.

0.05
2
𝑓𝐿 𝑉2 𝑄 (𝜋∗80∗10−3 )
ℎ𝑓 = (𝐷 + 𝐶𝑎) 2𝑔 = 7.75 𝑚 and 𝑉 = 𝐴
=( 4
) = 9.95 𝑚/𝑠 ,

𝑉𝐷 0.08 𝜀 0.003
𝑅𝑒 = = (9.95 ∗ ) = 69,804 800.00, = = 0.0000375 , f = 0.00023
𝑣 1.14∗10−6 𝐷 0.08

𝑉2 𝑃𝑣
𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻 = 2𝑔 + 𝐻 − 𝜌𝑔
− ℎ𝑓 = 5.92 m

(ii) For a suction inlet of 10 m below reservoir level. [5 marks]

𝑉2 𝑃𝑣
𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻 = 2𝑔 + 𝐻 − 𝜌𝑔
− ℎ𝑓 = -5.92 m

(iii) Comment on answers obtained in Q5c (i) and (ii) above. [2 marks]
The first case, the NPSH required is lower than the calculated value of, so there is no
possibility of cavitation problems
For the second case, the NPSH required is higher than the calculated value of NPSH hence
there is higher possibility of cavitation.

Page 19 of 22
 QUESTION 6

a) For a pump with flow rate Q, head H, diameter D, rotational speed ω, and pumping a fluid of

density . Derive the dimensionless expression for;

(i) Power coefficient, [3 marks]
𝑃
𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝐶𝑝 =
𝜌𝑁 3 𝐷5
(ii) Flow rate coefficient and [3 marks]
𝑄
𝐶𝑄 =
𝑁𝐷 3
(iii) Head coefficient. [3 marks]
𝑔𝐻
𝐶𝐻 =
𝑁 2 𝐷2

b) Water (density of 1000kg/m3, u = 0.89*10^-3kg/m. s) is to be pumped at a flow rate of

0.3155m3/s through a pipe network of 33 cm diameter pipe that is 670m long, having six fully
open gate valves (k = 0.3 each) and 10 elbows (k =0.3 each). The piping system provides water
to a two-heat exchanger (k =20 each) in a loop. The pipe has a roughness of 0.25 mm.

(i) determine the head loss in the system for each flow rate, [6 marks]

𝑓𝐿 𝑉2
ℎ𝐿 = ( + 2𝐶𝑎𝐻𝑋 + 10𝐶𝑎𝑒𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑤 + 6𝐶𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒 )
𝐷 2𝑔

𝐴𝑉 0.3155 𝜌𝑉𝐷 1000∗3.689∗0.33 𝜀 0.003

𝑉= 𝑉
= .333
= 3.689 𝑚/𝑠 𝑅𝑒 = 𝜇
= 0.891 𝑥10−3
= 1366211.20, 𝐷 = 330
=
𝜋∗
4

0.000909, 𝑓 = 0.01992

0.01992 ∗ 670 3.692

ℎ𝐿 = ( + 2(20) + 10(0,3) + 6(0.3)) = 57.92 𝑚
0.33 19.6

For each flow, the corresponding head loss is related by this equation which basically a
function of the flow squares.

𝐴2 𝑉2 2
ℎ𝐿2 = ℎ𝐿1 ( )
𝐴1 𝑉1

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 (ii) plot the H vs Q and [3 marks]

75.00

65.00

55.00

45.00
HEAD, (M)

35.00

25.00

15.00

5.00
0.13 0.18 0.23 0.28 0.33
Flow Rate, Q, (m3/s)

(iii) Find the duty-point of the pump. [3 marks]

Q= 0.31, and H = 53 m

Table Q6: Flow Variation with Head Loss

Flow rate(m3/s) Head on Pump under test Head loss(m)

0.1300 68 9.83
0.2300 67 30.78
0.2800 61 45.62
0.3000 53 52.37
0.3155 43 57.92
0.3200 38 59.58
0.3500 15 71.28

c) Show by means of sketches (H vs Q) the static lift in each of the following situations for
centrifugal pumps.
(i) 2 pumps delivering water below centre line, [2 marks]

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(ii) 1 pump delivering water above centre line and [2 marks]

****************end of main exam**************

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