Changes in matter

The changes we experience in our day-to-day life can be divided into two types, physical
changes and chemical changes.

Physical changes
 Changes in which the composition of matter does not change, even though its nature of
existence changes, are called physical changes.
Ex. Paper torn into pieces

 Dissolve salt powder in water beaker and heat it.

 Observation – Residue can observe at the bottom of the
beaker.

Chemical changes
 Changes in which the composition of matter forming new substances are known as
chemical changes.
Ex. Paper is burnt, then ash and smoke are formed
Burning of Magnesium ribbon

 Before magnesium ribbon has metallic lustre.

 It burns with a bright flame, and leaving a white powder.
 The composition of magnesium has changed and a new substance has
formed.

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Melting of solid wax, Vapourization of water, Rusting of iron, Melting of ice, Breaking granite
into pieces, Burning camphor, Burning firewood, Lighting a cracker

Chemical changes Physical changes

Changes of state in physical changes

 No new substances are formed during the physical changes.

Fusion/ melting
The transition of substance from the solid state to liquid state is called as melting.

Solid Liquid

Ice Water

Freezing
The transition of substance from the liquid state to solid state is called as freezing.

Liquid Solid

Water Ice

Vaporization
The change of a liquid into a gas is known as vaporization.

Liquid Gas

Water Water vapour

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Sublimation
When a solid is heated, it directly turns into vapour without passing through the liquid state. It is
known as sublimation.

Solid Gas

Iodine Iodine vapour

Condensation
Conversion of substance that exists in the gaseous state into liquid state is called the
condensation.

Gas Liquid

Water vapour Liquid water

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Chemical changes

When chemical changes occur new substance are formed.

Activity Observation
Heating Lead Nitrate (White) Brown gas is evolved. red powder remains in the
boiling tube
Put a cleaned iron nail into a test tube of Copper A brown colour precipitation is formed on the
sulphate (blue) nail and the bottom of the test tube. Blue colour
fades away.
Mixing a Copper sulphate solution with Sodium A dark blue solution is formed.
hydroxide solution.

Add a piece of Zinc into dilute Hydrochloric acid Zinc is dissolved and bubbles are evolved, a gas
is liberated.

Evidences to prove the occurrence of a chemical reaction

 Evolution of gases

 Change in colour

 Change in temperature

 Formation of precipitates

 Production of sound/light

 Production of an odour

The formation of a new substance or several new substances having a different composition, by

one or more substances undergoing change, is known as chemical reaction or chemical

changes.

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Ex: Burning of Magnesium

- Magnesium is a metal with a silvery lustre.

- When Magnesium is burnt in the air, it burns with a white flame Here magnesium react

with oxygen to form magnesium oxide.

 The substances that get subjected to change during a chemical reaction are called as

reactants.

 The new substances formed in a chemical reaction are called as products.

Some chemical reactions taking place in day to day life

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What kind of change will happen to the total mass of the substances that are subjected to

chemical reaction?

 Take to equal masses of iron wool and lump them loosely.

 Using the two iron wires tie them to a horizontal rod as shown in the diagram.

 Balance the rod and bum on lump of iron wool

Observation –

 Iron wool burns with red sparks.

 At the same time same side moves down.

When iron wool burns it is mixed with oxygen in air and mass of it increases.

 Put a few match sticks to a boiling tube as shown in the figure.

 Measure the system with a triple beam balance.
 Heat the boiling tube until the match sticks catch fire
 When the system get cooled measure it again.

The mass after the reaction is lower than the mass before reaction.

Mass of the test tube gets reduced at the 2 instance as the substances produced go out to the

environment.

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Open system - The system in which the substances can exchange between the system and the

surroundings is called an open system.

Close system - The system in which the substances can exchange between the system is called an

close system.

 Put four match sticks to the boiling tube, fix a balloon to a tube and measure it from a triple

beam balance. Heat the match sticks to burn.

 When the system gets cooled measure it again

Observation

 The balloon gradually expands when the match sticks are burning.

The mass before heating and mass after heating is a constant.

 During reaction the products are not lost.

 Hang an ignition tube with sodium chloride. Seal the conical flask by

applying vasline around the stopper.

 Weigh the flask with the contents.

 Mix the two solutions by slanting the apparatus.

 Weigh the apparatus again.

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Observation

A white precipitation is formed. The mass of the products formed is equal to mass of the

reactants. It does not change.

The results of the experiments show that there is no change in the total mass before and after the

reaction.

Law of Conservation

 When chemical reactions take place in a closed system, the mass of reactants are equal to

mass of products.

 The total mass does not change during a chemical change.

It was stated by Antonie Lavoisier.

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