RFPDRT R - 3 R 7 AUGUST.

1 9 6 8

NCOORDINATED SCIEN CE LABORATORY

TABLES OF HERTZIAN
CONTACT-STRESS
COEFFICIENTS
D.H. COOPER

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS - URBANA, ILLINOIS

This work was supported by the Joint Services Elect ronics Program
(U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, and U.S. Air Force) under Contract Number
DAAB-07 - 67 -C -0199

Reproduction in whole or in part is permitted for any purpose of th

United States Government.

Di st ri bution of this report is unlimited.

 Tables of Hertzian Contact-Stress C o e f f i c i e n t s

Duane H. Cooper

Abstract

Formulations are given for the c o e f f i c i e n t s X, jjl, i? defined by

H„ Hertz in terms of the solution of a transcendental equation involving

e l l i p t i c i nt eg r al s and used by him to describe the deformation of bodies

subjected to contact s t r es s es . Methods of approximate c al cu l at io n are

explained, and errors in the tabl es prepared by Hertz are noted. For the

purpose of providing a more extensive and more accurate t abulation, using

an automatic d i g i t a l computer, these c o e f f i c i e n t s are reformulated so that

a large part of the variatiqm i s expressed by means of e a s i l y - i n t e r p r e t e d

elementary formulae. The remainder of the v ar iat ion i s tabulated to 6

places for 100 values of the argument. Graphs of the c o e f f i c i e n t s are

also provided.

Introduction

In two papers [ 1 ] published in 1881 and 1882 , H. Hertz reported

his anal ysi s describing the e l a s t i c st ress system generated in two bodies

i n i t i a l l y making a f r i c t i o n l e s s contact at a single point upon being pressed

together with a force F. The description includes formulae for the o ver al l

deformation 6> the distance through which parts of the bodies remote from

the contact approach one another, and the semi major and minor axes, a and

b, of the e l l i p s e bounding the contact i nt e r f a c e . These formulae involve

elementary al gebrai c expressions multiplied by certain c o e f f i c i e n t s [2],

X, p, , u, for each of 6> a, b, r e s p e c t i v e l y , which c o e f f i c i e n t s are defined

 2

in terms of a solution to a transcendental equation involving e l l i p t i c

integrals. Rather than give det ai l ed prescriptions for the c al cula tion of

these c o e f f i c i e n t s , Hertz tabulated them, saving his readers from a

"wearisome" task, and leaving the main body of his papers uncluttered with

a digression on such matters.

Unfortunately, the tables prepared by Hertz were given to a rather

coarse i nt e r v a l for the argument, and the values of the c o e f f i c i e n t s were

specif ied to only 4 decimals ( l a t e r rounded to 3 ). These tables served the

purpose, at l e a s t , of providing e x p l i c i t expressions, and useful ones,

presumably with i nt er po la ti on, for describing many p r a c t i c a l cases in which

very precise estimates would not be needed. Later versions of the table

of Hertz have been published [ 3 , 4 ] in which interpolated values for h a l f

of the o r i g i n a l i n t e r v a l s appear. Unfortunately a l s o , however, errors

which appear in the table of Hertz are reproduced in these l a te r versions,

so t hat, for certain e n t r i e s , the values are not accurate to 3 decimals nor

yet to the 4 decimals o r i g i n a l l y quoted.

The discovery of these errors serves as the motivation for an

examination of procedures to be used in making fresh cal cu la ti ons of the

Hertzian c o e f f i c i e n t s . I t i s r ea di ly believed that finding the solution to

the transcendental equation of Hertz by numerical methods, and the evaluation

of e l l i p t i c a l i n t e g r a l s using that solution as an argument, involve i n t e r ­

polations that would be exceedingly wearisome to implement by hand methods

to any reasonable degree of accuracy. Such procedures are best l e f t to an

automatic d i g i t a l computer. The o v er a l l plan of the c a l c u l a t i o n , however,

i s one in which the solution of the transcendental equation appears as a

 3

parameter which i s to be eliminated from expressions connecting the co­

e f f i c i e n t s with a certain variable t, to be, in the end, regarded as the

independent variable. Both the c o e f f i c i e n t s and t are given as e x p l i c i t

functions of that parameter. This observation leads to the suggestion that

curves of X, p,, u may be plot ted parametrically versus t to achieve a

graphical elimination of the parameter, e s s e n t i a l l y replacing numerical

int erpolations by graphical ones. The accuracy with which t hi s can be done

may be enhanced by the use of certain simple approximations \ Q, p, , such

that the r a t i os \ / \ , p,/p, , u/1; e x h i bi t small v a r ia t i o ns . For smaller

values of t , where these r a t i o s show larger v a ri a t i o n s , linear interpolation

on logarithmic scales i s seen to be f e a s i b l e , even by manual numerical methods.

An accuracy of 0 . 1% seems to be r ea di ly ac ce ss i bl e by such methods.

Despite the f e a s i b i l i t y of graphical methods, one could desire

access to an accurate t a bl e, and there i s l i t t l e reason for such a table not

to e x i s t . Accordingly, the tabulation has been done using a CDC-1604 com­

puter. In designing the t a b l e , the principl e was followed of seeking a

formulation o f the c o e f f i c i e n t s in which a large part of the var iat i on could

be expressed by means of elementary functions of rather simple structure that

would e xh i bi t a straightforward relevance to the c o n ta ct - s t r e ss problem.

Such a formulation was found, and the tabulated part i s of the reformulated

c o e f f i c i e n t s denoted by X*, p,*, v*. As a further convenience, the tabulation

i s given for the argument t = c o s t .

Hertzian Deformation Formulae

Hertz took the i n i t i a l shapes of the bodies to be pressed together

as being described by quadric surfaces, as e l l i p t i c or hyperbolic paraboloids,

 4

Fi g. 1. Geometry of the contact between quadric surfaces i l l u s t r a t e d by

e l l i p t i c and hyperbolic paraboloids for the upper (principal
axes x ±, y z) and lower (principal axes x , y , z) surfaces,
r e s p e c t i v e l y , in which the axes for one surface have been turned
through an angle u) r e l a t i v e to those for the second.
 5

in the neighborhood of the i n i t i a l point of contact. The contact was

assumed to be f r i c t i o n l e s s , so that the force F with which the bodies were

to be pressed together would ne ces sar il y be directed along the normal to

the i n i t i a l tangent plane, and the r es u l t i n g contact i nt er face would be free

of t ract ion [ 5 ] , He regarded his description of the i n i t i a l shapes as being

appl icabl e to a greater v a r i e t y of shapes, applicable to the contact of a

sphere with a cylinder, for example, because the i n f i n i t e s i m a l dimensions

of the contact i nt e r f a c e , small in comparison to the i n i t i a l r ad i i of

curvatures of the bodies, was ne ces si t at ed , for p r a c t i c a l mat erial s, to main­

tain the v a l i d i t y of the assumption of Hooke's law. I t w i l l be recognized,

however, that there are exceptions, the contact o f a sphere with the i n t e r i o r

of a c l o s e l y - f i t t i n g c ylinder , for example, in which the contact w i l l not be

i n f i n i t e s i m a l , even for st ress regimes for which Hooke's law w i l l remain

valid. For these, the quadric-surface approximation may be of questionable

u tility.

The undeformed quadric surfaces are completely spe ci f ie d by the

p r i n c i p a l - a x i s curvatures at the i n i t i a l point of contact and y ^ for

the f i r s t body, and ^ and y ^ for the second body. These curvatures are

reci procal s of the corresponding r ad i i of curvature, and each i s taken to be

p o si t i v e i f the center of curvature for each instance l i e s within the body.

The pr inc ipal axes of curvature for one body are taken to make an angle u)

with those for the other body. See F i g. 1. The deformation formulae are

expressible in terms of certain combinations of these p r i n c i p a l - a x i s curva­

tures. These combinations are

 6

Y3 “ [(Yu +Y 2 i)(Y12+Y 22 >+ (Yu -Y12)(Y21-Y22)sin2U)]% , (la)

i
Y4 = ^ ^ 11 -Y 12 ) 2+ (Y2 l "^ 22 ) 2+ 2 (^ l l " V i 2 ) ( V2 i - Y 22 )cos2u)^ ’ (lb)

Y5 = ^<V11+Y12)+^(Y2i+Y22>> (lc)

and i t may be seen that they are rel at ed as the sides of a r i g h t triangl e

of which y5 would be the hypotenuse, and of which the a u x i l i a r y angle

T = c o s -1 ( y 4/y 5 ) (Id )

would be the angle opposite 1 ° the case of contact between i de n t i c a l

c ylinder s, the a u x i l i a r y angle has a simple int erpretat ion; i t i s then

the same as cd.

I t seems appropriate to ref er to the par ti cul ar combination of

e l a s t i c constants appearing in the deformation formulae as the Hertzian

modulus. I t is [ 3 ]

H = ( 4 / 3 ) E / ( l - n 2) , (2)

in which E i s Young's modulus and n i s Poisson's r a t i o . This i s a s t i f f n e s s

modulus; for the two bodies j o i n t l y , the compliance moduli would be ad d it i v e ,

so that the j o i n t s t i f f n e s s modulus would be

H12 = ^H1 +H2^ ’ ( 3)

in which the subscripts refer to f i r s t and second bodies. In the formulae

that follow, w i l l be written simply as H with the understanding that the

quantity given by Eq. ( 3 ) is meant.

 7

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
T (Degrees)
DP-1473

Fi g. 2. Plots of Hertzian c o n t a ct - st r es s c o e f f i c i e n t s , \ , 1 /(jl, i;> vs the

a u x i l i a r y angle t , together with the complementary e l l i p t i c -
i n t e gr al modulus k ,=u/|j,. The complementary modulus (shown in
square root) was used as a p lo t t i n g parameter, via Eqs. (8).
These c o e f f i c i e n t s define the o v er al l deformation and the
dimensions o f the i nt er face e l l i p s e , via Eqs. ( 4 ) , in their
dependence on the undeformed-body curvature parameters of
Eqs. ( 1 ).
 DP-1479

Fig. 3. Plots of the same c o e f f i c i e n t s as in F i g. 2 , except to logarithmic

s ca l es . The straightness of the curves for t l e s s than about 20 °
indicates that logarithmic int erpolation can be more accurate
than the l inear , for such values of t .
 9

The three deformation formulae of Hertz may be written

Y56 = ( F y 52/H)2/3\, ( 4 a)

2 1/3 ( 4 b)
Y5a = (FY5 /H) 7 p>»

Y5b = (Fy 52/H)1 /3 v , ( 4 c)

in which the deformation 6 i s the distance through which the parts of the

two bodies remote from the contact approach one another, and a and b are

the semimajor and semiminor axes of the e l l i p s e that i s the projecti on upon

the i n i t i a l tangent plane of the boundary of the contact i n t e r f a c e . The

i nt er fac e i t s e l f i s also a quadric surface. A plot of the int er fac e pressure

would again be a quadric surface, with maximum pressure in the center, a

maximum which i s 50 % greater than the average pressure. The r a t i o of that

2
average P ^ to the Hertzian modulus may be computed by dividing Fy,. /H by

Y5 rrab to obtain
2 1 /3
Pav/H = (Fy 5 /H) piVTT (5 )

In Eqs. ( 4 ) and ( 5 ), the Hertzian c o e f f i c i e n t s X, p,, v are expressible

in terms of complete e l l i p t i c i n t e g r a l s of modulus k, which modulus i s to be

found as the solution of a transcendental equation involving the a u x i l i a r y

angle t and these same e l l i p t i c i n t e g r a l s . Pl ot s of X, p,, V and the com­

plementary modulus

k- = o - k 2)%, ( ) 6

or i t s square root, are given in F i gs . 2 and 3. Formulae for these are

 10

given below.

Formulae for the Hertzian C o e f f i c i e n t s

With the help of the Byrd-and-Friedman handbook [6] , the e l l i p t i c

i nt eg ral s set down by Hertz may be cast into the standard forms

( l / a \ 2) (K-E) = ^TTY5 (H/F) sin2T/ 2 , ( 7 a)

( l / a 3k2k ' 2) ( E - k ' 2K) = ^tty5 (H/F) cos 2t / 2 } ( 7 b)

in which the complementary modulus k* for the complete e l l i p t i c int eg ral s

K(k) and E(k) , of f i r s t and second kinds, r e s p e c t i v e l y , i s given by

k' = b/a = v/p, = ( 1 -k ) z o ( 7 c)

(The complementary modulus was written by Hertz without the accent, as

simply k, since he elected to omit the reduction to normal Legendre notation

used here, and thus found no occasion to refer to the modulus i t s e l f , for

which the unaccented symbol i s usually reserved. Also, in his a r t i c l e of

1881 , misprints sometimes give the appearance of an interchange of the

roles of a and b in the formulae. These misprints are corrected in his 1882
article.) Equations ( 7 ) may be regarded as determining p and v, upon the

elimination between them of the modulus and i t s complement, as functions of

the a u x i l i a r y angle t °

Si mi l ar ly , the e l l i p t i c i nt eg r al expressing the deformation 6

(for which Hertz used the same symbol, except in bold face, as for the semi­

major axis of the i nt er face e l l i p s e ) may be cast into normal form, r es ul ti ng

in the formula

\v = ( 2 /TT) k iK. (8a)

 11
The elimination of the modulus i s to be obtained by solving the transcen­

dental equation obtained by dividing Eq. ( 7 a) by Eq. ( 7 b) giving an expression

for tan
2 t /2 in terms of the modulus regarded as the unknown. Af te r some

trigonometric manipulation, t his transcendental equation may be written as

(k "Vk^)(K-E)/E = sin^T/ 2 , (8b)

and a complementary expression may be obtained for cos

2t/ 2 , suitable for

insertion into Eqs. ( 7 a) and ( 7 b). When t h i s insertion i s made, the

d e f i n i t i o n s given by Eqs. ( 4 ) and ( 7 c) may be used to write

y,3 = (2/TTk'2) E , (8c)

V3 = ( 2 k' /n) E, (8d)

a f t e r some manipulation. The solution of Eq. (8b) provides the value of

k' and, via Eq. (7 c ) , the value of k to be inserted in the remaining Eqs. (8)

for the cal cu la ti on of \, jj,, y as functions of t.

Manual Computation of the C o e f f i c i e n t s

Obtaining the e x p l i c i t solution of the transcendental equation

of Hertz, Eq. (8b) or i t s equi val ent, i s indeed "wearisome" i f numerical

methods executed "by hand" are to be used to obtain r e s u l t s accurate to

3 or 4 decimals, or b et t e r . The pr inc ipal d i f f i c u l t y obtains in assuring

that int erpolations of s u f f i c i e n t accuracy may be made in the r ea d i l y -

a v ai l ab le tables of K and E, e s p e c i a l l y for modulus values near unity where

K has a logarithmic s i n g u l a r i t y . As may be seen from F i gs . 2 and 3 t his

obtains for t near 0 ( k1 near 0).

 12

For cases in which a limited accuracy would be s a t i s f a c t o r y ,

values may be read d i r e c t l y from F i gs . 2 and 3, o f course, or interpolations

may be made in the table of Hertz to obtain the values of p, and u, and thus

the values of k' may be obtained for use in Eq. (8a). The table of Hertz

i s , except for three instances, accurate to within one unit in the fourth

decimal. For the three exceptions, at t = 10 ° , 20 ° , and 70 ° , corrections

are given here in Table I. These errors in the table of Hertz were

Table I . Corrections v e r i f i e d by automatic d i g i t a l computer of the

erroneous values for p,, v appearing in the table of Hertz [ 1 ],

T Source V

Computer 6.6115 0.3110

O
T
O
—J

Hertz 6.6120 0.3186

Computer 3.8160 0.4121
20°
Hertz 3.7799 0.4079
Computer 1.2851 0.7999
o
o

Hertz 1.2835 0.8017

discovered by graphical means and v e r i f i e d by computations on an automatic

d i g i t a l computer to a much higher accuracy. Hertz did not tabulate values

of X. His errors are reproduced in l a t e r tables [ 3 , 4 ] of the Hertzian

coefficie nts. As may be seen from Fi g. 2, interpolation in a table for p,

w i l l give the more accurate r e s u l t s i f based on 1/p,, i f t not be too small.

There i s , however, a s i n g u l a r i t y in slope in each of X, p,, v, and J k ' at

T — 0. S i m i la rl y, linear interpolations in v w i l l not be quite so accurate,

since the curvature may be observed to " i n f e c t " a larger range of values

near t = 0, and the same problem may also be observed for X. In these
 13

cases, i nt er po la tio n on logarithmic scales w i l l be more accurate, as may be

seen from F i g. 3.
An e x p l i c i t solution of the transcendental equation of Hertz may

be avoided, along with i nt erpolations d i r e c t l y in tabl es of K and E.

Instead, one may s e l e c t , with the help of F i gs . 2 and 3, values of k' for

which tabular values of K and E are a v a i l a b l e , and which correspond to t

values bracketing the desired t value. Then for these k' values, the

corresponding values of X, p,, v, and t are computed from Eqs. (8). If t

be small, interpolation in these values to logarithmic sc a le s, either by

p l o t ti n g X, p,, i? _vs t on lo g -l og paper, or numerically, w i l l y i e l d the

X, |i, V values for the desired value of t . For these small values of t>
the approximation

K « l n ( 4/ k ') , (9 )

since k' w i l l al so be small, w i l l sometimes be h e l p f u l . If t not be small,

another i nt er polation aid w i l l be needed.

For these larger values of t , i t i s he lpf ul to compute the r at ios

X/X , p,/p, , v/v t in which X , u , V are approximations given by

o o o o o o

= (sin-r)^, (10a)

= ( l / 7 2 ) / s i n ( T/2) , (10b)

= (1/ a/2)Xo/ c os ( t / 2) , (10c)

obeying

X p, V = 1, (lOd)
0^0 o
 14

DP-1476

F i g. 4. Pl ots of Hertzian c o e f f i c i e n t s as r at i os to certain approximating

functions serving as i nt er polating aids. Graphs such as these
may be r eadily made to be read to an accuracy of 0 . 17. as
parametric plots via Eqs. (8) and ( 10 ).
 15

also approximately obeyed by X(j,v, The reason for computing these r at i os

i s that they exhi bi t a range of v a r ia t i o n , for t not too small, that i s

rather s l i g h t . Thus, interpolation errors stemming from the neglect of

curvature (second-order dif ferences) w i l l be lessened in seriousness, or

may e a s i l y be corrected by computing values for 3 or more values of t

neighboring the desired one. Graphs li ke those shown in Fig. 4 may be

prepared that may be read to an accuracy of 0 . 170 without excessive d i f f i ­

culty. The noted errors in the table of Hertz are p a r t i c u l a r l y conspicuous

on such graphs.

Automatic D i g i t a l Computation of the C o e f f i c i e n t s

In the i n t e r e s t of preparing a table to small increments of t

and great accuracy in X, |i, v a program was written for an automatic

d i g i t a l computer (Control Data Corporation model CDC-1604 ). This program

used an e l l i p t i c - i n t e g r a l subroutine based on an approximation accurate

8
to within about 1 . 5 x 10 -
, as described by Hastings [ 7 ]. The approximate

e l l i p t i c i nt e g r a l s are represented by expressions of the form

P(Tl)+Q(T|)lnT|, (11)

in which P and Q are polynomials for which appropriate c o e f f i c i e n t values

have been tabulated by Hastings, and T| i s the square of the complementary

modulus defined in Eq. (6).

Equations (8) were recast in terms of T| and a deri vat ive

expression for Eq. (8b) was obtained with the help of well-known formulae

[6]. Based on these formulations, a Newton-Raphson routine was written

 16

to solve Eq. (8b) for T) to an accuracy of 5 parts in 10 10, st ar ti ng from

the approximation

\ - ( t /9 0 °)3. (12)

From 3 to 5 i t e ra t i o ns s uf fi ce d to solve Eq. (8b) for t values in the range

from 0 .1 to 89 . The values of T\ so obtained were then used to compute

X, p,, t; with an ov er al l error primarily imposed by the subroutines and

believed to be l ess than about 2 x 10 . Tables of these values are given

to 6-place accuracy in the appendix.

Reformulation of the C o e f f i c i e n t s

In planning for the publ icati on o f a table of Hertzian c oef ­

ficients, the experience obtained in preparing Fi g. 4 led to the thought

that a formulation might be found for which the tabulated values would

encompass a rather small range of v ar iat i on for nearly a l l of the argument

values. I f so, the accuracy with which a table of fixed size could be used

would thus be enhanced. At the same time, however, i t was desired that any

reformulation not require extensive additional computations in order for

the tabulated values to be rel at ed to the c o n t a ct - st r es s s i t u at i on .

One possible reformulation seeks to r el a te the semiaxes of the

e l l i p t i c a l boundary of the i nt er face with the semiaxes of the curve of

i nt er sec ti on that would obtain i f the two surfaces simply interpenetrated

one another without deformation, since Hertz had already noted that the

dimensions of these two e l l i p s e s were nearly the same.

Let the interpenetration distance be c al le d d. I f one surface

 17

be defined by the equation

z = A1x2+CxyfB1y 2 , ( 13 a)

while the other be defined by

2
z-d = A2x +Cxy4-B2y ,
2 ( 13 b)

then the projection upon the x , y plane of t heir i n t er s ec t io n i s the curve

given by

d = Ax2+By2 , ( 13 c)

in which A = A^-A2 and B = B^-B2# As Hertz pointed out, i t i s always

possible to choose a coordinate system in which the c o e f f i c i e n t s of the xy

term in Eqs. ( 13 a) and ( 13 b) are one and the same while A and B are each

positive. Af te r some al gebrai c manipulation, i t i s possible to obtain the

expressions of Hertz for y^ and y^:

Y5 = A+B> ( 14 a)

“ Y4 = A-B> ( 14 b)

and thus obtain e x p l i c i t expressions for A and B:

A = ^( y 5' Y 4> = Y5 sln2T/ 2 , ( 15 a)

2
B = h (y 5+ Y4) = Y5 cos t/ 2 . ( 15 b)
 18

Thus, i t i s seen that the e l l i p s e o f interpenetration given by Eq. ( 13 c)

has the semiaxes

<*= [ 2 d/(Y5 -Y4) ] %, ( 16 a)

P = [2d/(y5+Y4)]^. ( 16 b)

I t i s the casting of Eqs. ( 4 b) and ( 4 c) into t h i s form that i s the basis

for the reformulation.

I t may be seen from Eqs. ( 15 ) that Eqs. ( 16 ) may be written

a= (2d/Y5)\b 0 > ( 17 a)

P = (2d/v5) vQ/ \ , ( 17 b)

using the d e f i n i t i o n s given in Eqs. ( 10 ) , whereas from Eqs. ( 4 ) there

obtain

a = (6/ y 5 )^^"^M-> ( 18 a)

b = (6/y5) 2\ 2 v , ( 18 b)

or

a = (6/ y5) V o(I, ( 19 a)

b = (6/V5) 2( v0/^0 ) u > ( 19 b)

in which

M
- = (ii/|io )(X/Xo ) “^\o' ^ , (20a)

v = (u/1?0) ( X/ Xq ) V (20b)

represent possible reformulations.

 19

Fig. 5. Schematic drawing of the indentation of a compliant plane on

the part of a s t i f f "sphere," a paraboloid of revolution. The
o v e r a l l deformation 6 i s twice the interpenetration distance d.
 20

In terms of these reformulated c o e f f i c i e n t s , the expressions

analogous to Eqs. ( 16 ) are

a = [ ô/0 y5-Y4) ]^I , (21a)

b = [6/ (y 5+Y4>]^Ü. (21b)

Since i t may be seen from Eqs. ( 20 ) and Fi g. 4 that p, and u w i l l depart very

little from unity for t not too small (y^ not too large in comparison to

y ^ ) , the pri nc ipal difference between Eqs. ( 21 ) and Eqs. ( 16 ) i s at tr ib ut a bl e

to the factor 2 multiplying d. I t may be said t h a t, for interpenetration and

int erf ace e l l i p s e s of the same size and not too elongated, the deformation 6

i s about twice the interpenetration d. This observation i s exact for

cir cul ar int er f ac e s for which y^ = 0 and p = p = 1. This case i s i l l u s ­

trated in Fi g. 5, depicting a s t i f f "sphere" in contact with a r e l a t i v e l y

compliant plane. I t may also be observed with the help of F ig. 6 t hat, as

Hertz had noted, the i nt erf ace e l l i p s e i s r e l a t i v e l y longer and narrower

than the interpenetration e l l i p s e would have been.

While the reformulation of p, and y appears to o ff e r some i n t e r ­

pretive advantages, besides providing, as shown in F i g. 6, a reduction in

the range of v a r ia t i o n , the reformulation for X does not do quite so much.

I t does at l e a s t reduce the range o f var iat i on while o f fe r in g no i n t e r ­

pretive d i f f i c u l t i e s ; i t consists in the su bst itu ti on of y^ for via the

t riangl e rel at ionship noted in connection with Eqs. ( 1 ):

^3 =
( 22 )
 21

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
T (Degrees)
DP-1472

Fi g. 6. Plots of Hertzian c o e f f i c i e n t s in an intermediate reformulation

that compares the dimensions of the i nt er face e l l i p s e with those
of the interpenetration e l l i p s e for an interpenetration distance
that i s hal f the o v er a l l deformation, showing the interface
e l l i p s e to be, as Hertz observed, somewhat the longer and the
narrower of the two.
 22

This s ubst ituti on provides for writ ing Eq. ( 4 a) as

Y36 = (Fy 32/H)2/3\* ( 23 a)

in which

X* = ( X/Xo )XQl / 3 . ( 24 a)

With t his reformulation, the remaining ones of Eqs. ( 4 ) may be written

Y3a = (F-y32/H)1 /3 [ y 3/ ( y 5- y4) ] 2p,*, ( 23 b)

9 1 /Q 3^
Y3b = (f Y3 /H) 7 [Y3/(Y5+Y4) 1 2^ , ( 23 c)

in which

|JL* = \m/X* , ( 24 b)

v* - vJX *, ( 24 c)

to complete the reformulation

The reformulation represented by Eqs. ( 23 ) and ( 24 ) i s that to be

chosen for tabulation. That the range of variation has been s ub st a n t i a l l y

reduced may be seen from F i gs . 7 and 8, showing X*, p*, v* to both linear

and logarithmic scales. Also shown are curves of the geometric mean

y which may be used to define the radius o f an equivalent c i r c l e of

contact for the computation of the average int erf ace pressure. The formula

is

P /H = (F y 32/ H ) 1/3/ h* v*tt . ( 25 )

av
 23
1.2

1.1

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
T (Degrees)
DP-1477

F i g. 7. Pl ots of Hertzian c o e f f i c i e n t s in the f i n a l reformulation denoted

by VJ» the a u x i l i a r y angle t . These c o e f f i c i e n t s define
the o ver al l deformation and the dimensions of the int erf ace
e l l i p s e via Eqs. ( 23 ) , in their dependence on the undeformed-body
curvature parameters of Eqs. ( 1 ) . Also shown i s the geometric
mean of the pair of c o e f f i c i e n t s used to compute interface
pressure via Eq. ( 25 ).
 24

0.1 02 05 1.0 2 5 10 20 50 90
f (Degrees)

Fi g. 8. Pl ots of the same c o e f f i c i e n t s as in Fi g. 7 , except to logarithmic

s ca l e s . Comparison of these two plots with F i gs . 2 and 3 shows
that the s l i g h t e r part of the curvature-parameter dependence i s
expressed by the reformulated c o e f f i c i e n t s .
 25

The plot of ^ ( p * v*) shows that i t i s remarkably close to the value of \*

over most of the range of v ar iat ion in t . Tables from which F ig s. 7 and 8
were prepared are given in the appendix.

Many p r a c t i c a l cases obtain in which uo = 0. For these cases the

formulae, Eqs. ( 23 ) , are si mplified because y^, y^, and y^ obey simpler

formulae. These are

V30 “ [ ( Y n + Y 2 1 ) ( Y 12+ Y 2 2 ) f . (2 6 a )

^40 = % (Y U + Y 2 1 ) - % ( Y 12+ Y 2 2 ) . (2 6 b )

^50 = % (Y U + Y 2 1 )+ % (Y 12+ Y 2 2 ) - (2 6 c )

Many p r a c t i c a l cases also obtain in which the a u x i l i a r y angle t

has no simple geometric si gni fi canc e (the exception i s the contact between

i d e n t i c a l c yl ind e rs ). I t i s then more convenient to use

t = Y4/Y5 = cost ( 27 )

as the a u x i l i a r y v ar iab le . Als o, i t i s rare that one would be interested in

extremely elongated i nt er face e l l i p s e s that would obtain for t near unity

(t near 0), except in the l imiting case of contact between p a r a l l e l - a x i s

cylinders for which a separate treatment may be given [ 3 , 4 ]. For t hi s

reason, the tabulation given here as Table I I presents X*, p,*, and u* as

functions of the argument t . From the plot shown in Fig. 9, i t i s seen

that the range of v ar iat ion i s quite small in comparison to that of

Fi g. 2, and that the curvatures are quite small a l s o , for the range of

values of t most l i k e l y to be of i n t e r e s t . I t i s Table I I , then, that i s

 26
Table I I . Values of the reformulated Hertzian c o e f f i c i e n t s , X*, p*, v * > as
functions of t = c o s T for use in Eqs. ( 23 ) and ( 25 ) , with a u x i l i a r y
angle t as defined by Eqs. ( 1 ). For p l o t , see Fi g. 9 .

t X* p* V* t X* p* V*

0.00 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 .50 .98361*2 1.076128 . 89957*+

.01 .999994 1.001662 .998329 .51 .982853 1.07751+8 .896993
.02 .999978 1.003317 .996650 .52 .982036 1.078964 .894375
.03 .999950 1.001*963 .991*962 .53 .981189 1.080377 .891719
.01* •999911 1.006602 .993261* . 51+ .980311 1.081787 .889021
.05 .999861 1.008233 .991558 •55 .9791+01 1.083193 .886281
.06 .999800 1.009857 .98981*2 .56 .9781+57 1.084595 .883498
.07 .999727 1 . on 1*71* .988117 .57 .9771+78 1.085993 .880668
.08 •999643 1.013081* .986381 .58 .9761+63 I.O87386 .877790
.09 •999548 1.011*686 .981*636 .59 .9751+09 1.088776 .874863
.10 .9991+1*1 1.016283 .982879 .60 .971+311+ 1.090161 .871882
.11 .999323 1.017872 .981113 .61 .973177 1.091540 .868847
.12 •999193 1.0191*56 .979335 .62 .971996 1.092915 .865753
.13 .999052 1.021033 .977546 .63 .970767 1.094284 .862599
.11* .998898 1.022601* .97571+5 . 61+ .9691+89 1.095647 .859382
.15 .998733 1.021*169 .973932 .65 .968158 1.097003 .856097
.16 .998556 1.025729 .972107 .66 .966772 1.098352 .8527*+!
.17 .998367 1.027283 .970270 .67 .965327 1.099693 .849311
.18 .998165 1.028831 .9681*20 .68 .963819 1.101026 .845801
.19 •997951 1 .03O37I+ .966556 .69 .96221+5 1.102350 .842208
.20 . 997721* 1.031912 .961*679 .70 .960599 1.103663 .838526
.21 •997485 1 . 0331*1*5 .962788 .71 .958877 1.104965 . 83*+750
.22 .997233 1 . 031*973 .960883 .72 .957071+ 1 . 10625*+ .830872
.23 .996967 1 .O36U96 .958963 .73 .955183 1.107530 .826888
.21* .996688 1.038011* .957028 . 71+ .953198 1 .IO8789 .822789
.25 .996395 1.039528 .955077 .75 .951110 1.110031 .818566
.26 .996089 1.01*1038 •953110 .76 .91*8912 1.111253 .814211
.27 .995768 1 . 01*251*3 •951127 •77 . 91+6593 1.112453 .809712
.28 •995434 1.01*1*01*3 .91*9126 .78 .941+11+3 1.113627 .805059
.29 . 995081* 1.01*551*0 . 91*7109 •79 .94151*9 1 .114772 .800238
•30 .991*720 1.01*7032 . 9^5073 .80 .938797 1.115884 .795234
.31 •994340 1.01*8520 . 91*3019 .81 .935869 1.116957 .790029
.32 •993945 1.050005 .91*091*6 .82 . 93271+7 1.117985 .784604
•33 .993533 1.0511*86 .938853 .83 .929407 1.118961 .778934
.3U .993106 1.052962 . 9367^0 . 81* .925822 1 .119877 .772994
•35 .992662 1.051*1+36 .931*606 .85 .921961 1.120720 .766751
.36 .992200 1.055905 .9321*51 .86 .917783 1.121478 .760166
.37 .991722 1.057371 .930273 .87 .913240 1.122132 •T53193
.38 .991225 1.058831* .928073 .88 .908273 1.122661 .745775
•39 .990709 1.060293 .92581*9 .89 .902807 1.123035 .737840
.1*0 •990175 1.061749 .923601 .90 .89671+1+ 1.123215 .729298
.1*1 .989621 1.063202 .921327 .91 .889956 1.123150 .720032
.1*2 .98901*6 1.061*651 .919027 .92 .882268 1.122765 .709885
•43 .9881*51 1.066097 .916701 .93 . 8731+39 1.121953 .¿98641
.1*1* .987835 1.067539 .911+31*6 . 91+ .863109 1.120552 .685990
.45 .987196 1.068979 .911963 •95 .850727 I.H8301 .671460
.1*6 .98653^ 1.0701*15 . 9095^9 .96 .835369 1.114743 .654282
•47 .98581*9 1.07181*8 .907105 .97 .815309 I.IO8989 .633057
.1*8 .985139 1.073278 .901*628 .98 .786702 1.098938 .604763
. 1*9 . 981*1*01* 1 . 071*705 .902118 .99 . 7371+76 1.077506 .560295
.50 .98361*2 1.076128 . 899571+ 1.00 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
 27
1.2

1.1
1.0

0 .9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0 .5

0 .4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0 0.1 0.2 0 .3 0.4 0.5 0 .6 0.7 0 .8 0.9 1 .0

t = Cos t
OP-1478

Fi g. 9. Plots of the reformulated Hertzian c o e f f i c i e n t s , p*, v*, _vs

t=cosT, as tabulated in Table I I . For the greater v a r ie ty of
p r a c t i c a l cases, t w i l l not be close to unity ( t w i l l not be
close to 0), so that the straightness of the curve indicates
that interpolation in Table I I need involve few precautions.
 28

thought most l i k e l y to be of wide u t i l i t y .

Table I I and the pl ot of Fi g. 9 may be extended to negative

values of t by the formulae,

X* ( - t ) = \ * ( t ) , ( 28 a)

= v*(t), ( 28 b)

v * ( - t ) = p,*(t) . ( 28 c)

Similar formulae extend the plot s versus t beyond 90 ° . These are

X(T) = X( 180 ° - t ) , ( 29 a)

M-(t ) = u( 180 ° - t ) > ( 29 b)

u( t ) = |i( 180 O- T ), ( 29 c)

applicable also to the various reformulations denoted by bars and s t ar s.

Acknowledgment

Thanks are due to Mr. K. C. Kell ey for programming the computer

to produce the console-typewriter print photographically reproduced here

as Table I I ,

Appendix: Supplementary Tables of Hertzian C o ef f i c i e n t s

Although the o r i g i n a l table of Hertz with the corrections shown

above in Table I , the values shown g raphic all y in F i g s . 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and

9, together with values that may be computed by hand methods, w i l l s a t i s f y

needs for values of the Hertzian c o e f f i c i e n t s of moderate accuracy, and the

 29

values shown above in Table I I w i l l s a t i s f y needs for high accuracy in most

cases, there are some few spe cial iz ed i nt e r e s t s that may remain unsat i sf i ed .

Very accurate values for the o r i g i n a l formulation of these

c o e f f i c i e n t s as used by Hertz may s t i l l be of i n t e r e s t to some. For them,

the s i x- pl ac e tabulation of Table AI i s presented for increments in the

a u x i l i a r y angle of 1° . For those whose i n t e r e s t extends to extremely

elongated i nt er face e l l i p s e s involving extremely small values of the

a u x i l i a r y angle, the logarithmic tabulation of Table A l l extends the range

down to 0.01°.

Others may find i t convenient to work with the c o e f f i c i e n t s in the

reformulation denoted by s t ar s, but, because of an i n t e r e s t in extremely

elongated i nt er face e l l i p s e s , find the argument represented by the cosine

of the a u x i l i a r y angle, as used above in Table I I , inconvenient. For them,

the si x- pl ac e tabulation of Table AIII i s presented for increments in the

a u x i l i a r y angle of 1° . When the i n t e re st extends to angles le ss than 10 ° ,

the logarithmic tabulation of Table AIV extending the range down to 0 . 01 °
should be used.
 30
Table AI. Values of the Hertzian c o e f f i c i e n t s X , 1 / jjl, y versus t, the
a u x i l i a r y angle in degrees, covering 0 < t < 90 .

T X 1 / (JL V T X 1 / |JL y

0 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1+5 „ 851+711+ »519086 „603828

1 „1211 07 .027077 .131295 1+6 „ 8611+99 .529269 .6 1115 9
2 .1 7 9 3 1 4 „ 01+1+958 »169191 1*7 „868091 .539458 .6 1 8 5 0 7
3 . 221+669 .060689 .196597 1*8 .874493 . 51*9655 ,625875
1+ „2630 71 .075231 „218919 1*9 .880709 .559861 .633267
5 „2 9 6 8 9 1 + „088983 .238136 50 . 8867I+2 -570077 . 6I+Q 685
6 .3 2 7 3 9 1 .102163 . 255221+ 51 . 89259 !* . 580301+ . 61+8135
7 .3 5 5 3 1 9 . 111+902 „ 27071+6 52 .898269 . 59051+1+ „655618
8 .3 8 1 1 7 9 .127291 .285061 53 .903770 .600796 .663138
9 .1 +05321+ •139392 . 2981+15 5*+ .909099 .611063 .670699
10 „ 1+28013 -151253 .310983 55 . 911*259 . 62131+6 .678303
11 „1+1+91+1+3 .162910 „322896 56 .9 1 9 2 5 1 . 63161+5 .6 8 5 9 5 5
12 „1 + 6 9 7 7 0 .174392 .334254 57 .924079 . 61+1962 .693658
13 „ 1+89118 „185722 •345135 58 . 9287 I+I+ „652297 .7011+11+
1k .5 0 7 5 8 6 „196920 .355604 59 „9332 1+7 „662652 .709227
15 .525261 .208000 .365713 60 .9 3 7 5 9 2 .673027 .71710 0
lé .5^2210 .218977 .375504 61 . 9I + I 78 O . 6831+25 .7 2 5 0 3 7
17 .5 5 8 1 + 9 5 .229861 .385015 62 .9 1 + 5 8 1 2 .693845 .733041
18 „5 7 1 * 1 6 7 . 21+0663 .394275 63 . 91+9690 . 701+289 .7 1 * 1 1 1 6
19 „5 8 9 2 6 9 .251392 . 1+03312 61+ .953416 .7 1 4 7 5 9 .71*9261+
20 . 60381+2 „ 262051+ . 1+12150 65 .956991 .7 2 5 2 5 5 .757490
21 .6 1 7 9 1 7 „272656 „ 1+20807 66 . 9601+15 •735778 .76 5797
22 .6 3 1 5 2 7 „283206 „ 1+29303 67 .963692 .7 4 6 3 2 9 .7 7 1 + 1 8 8
23 . 61*1+696 .293706 .437653 68 .966820 .756911 .782667
2k „6571*50 „ 301+161+ . 1+1+5871 69 „969803 .7 6 7 5 2 3 .791238
25 „669810 . 311*582 •4 5 3 9 7 1 70 •97261+0 „7781 67 .799904
26 .6 8 1 7 9 5 * 321*965 „1 + 6 1 9 6 3 71 •975333 „ 78881+5 „808670
27 „6931+22 •335317 „1+69859 72 .977883 •799557 . 81751*0
28 „701*707 » 31*561+0 „1 + 7 7 6 6 8 73 „980290 „810306 „826516
29 .715665 .355938 •485399 71+ .982556 „821091 .835605
30 . 7263 I O „366213 „1 + 9 3 0 6 0 75 „ 981+681 .831916 „ 81+1+808
31 .736652 .3 7 6 4 6 9 „5006 59 76 „986665 „ 81+2780 . 851+132
32 .jk ô jO k .386707 „508202 77 „988510 .853686 „863580
33 .756475 .3 9 6 9 3 0 „5156 98 78 „990216 .8 6 1 + 6 3 5 .8 7 3 15 7
3*+ .765975 .1+0711*0 „5 2 3 1 5 1 79 .9 9 1 7 8 1 + „8756 29 „882868
35 »7 7 5 2 1 3 .4 1 7 3 3 9 .5 3 0 5 6 7 80 .9 9 3 2 1 3 „8 8 6 6 6 9 »892717
36 „7 8 1 + 1 9 7 „1 * 2 7 5 2 8 -5 3 7 9 5 3 81 . 991+506 .8 9 7 7 5 7 .902710
37 „7929 35 .1 + 3 7 7 1 0 •545313 82 „9 9 5 6 6 1 „9 0 8 8 9 1 + „912851
38 „ 8011+33 „1+1+7887 .5 5 2 6 5 3 83 .996679 .920083 „ 92311*6
39 „809698 „1+58059 •559976 81+ .997561 •931325 .933601
i+ o .817736 „ 1+68229 .5 6 7 2 8 9 85 .998307 „ 91+2621 . 91*1*220
1+1 . 825551+ .4 7 8 3 9 7 .5 7 4 5 9 4 86 .998916 •953975 „9550 10
1+2 .833155 „ 1+88566 .5 8 1 8 9 7 87 .9 9 9 3 9 1 .9 6 5 3 8 8 .965976
1+3 „ 8I+O 5I+6 .498736 „589200 88 -9 9 9 7 2 9 „976861 „9771 26
1+1+ .8 1 + 7 7 3 1 „5089 09 .5 9 6 5 1 0 89 -9 9 9 9 3 2 .9 8 8 3 9 8 . 9881+65
1+5 „ 851+7 1 !+ .5 1 9 0 8 6 „603828 90 .1 „000000 1,000000 1»000000
 31

Table A l l . Values of common logarithms of the Hertzian c o e f f i c i e n t s

A = 3+logA, M = log|j,, N = 2+logv, versus T = 2+logT, for
the a u x i l i a r y angle j in degrees, covering the range
0.01° < t < 10°.

T A M N

0 .0 0 •893551 2 .9 8 6 9 16 .408482
.1 0 .9 5 4 57 2 2.917015 .443433
.20 1 . 0 1 5474 2 .8 4 7 0 3 7 .478422
.3 0 1 .0 7 6 2 5 4 2 .7 7 6 9 7 7 .5 13 4 5 2
. 4o I .I 3 6 9 0 5 2 .70 68 3 2 .548524
.5 0 1.197421 2 .6 3 6 5 9 6 .583642
.60 i .2 5 7 79 6 2.566 26 5 .618808
.7 0 1 .318024 2 .4958 33 .654024
.80 1 .3 7 8 0 9 7 2.425295 .689293
.9 0 1 .438006 2 .354644 .724618
1 .0 0 1 .4 9 774 4 2 .28 38 73 .76OOO3
1 .1 0 1 .5 5 7 3 0 2 2.212975 .79 5453
1 .2 0 1 .6 1 6 6 6 8 2.141941 .830970
1 .3 0 i .675833 2 .0 70 76 2 .866560
i.4o 1 .734784 1 .999427 .902227
1 .5 0 1 .7 9 3 5 0 8 1.9 2 7 9 2 5 .937978
1 .6 0 1 .851991 1.8 5 6 2 4 3 .973820
1 .7 0 1 .9 1 0 2 1 7 1.7 8 4 3 6 8 1.009759
1 .8 0 1.9 6 8 1 6 8 1 .7 1 2 2 8 1 1 .045803
1 .9 0 2.0 258 26 1 .6 3 9 9 6 7 I.O 8 19 6 2
2 .0 0 2 .0 8 3 16 8 1 .567402 1.118248
2 .1 0 2 .140169 1 .494564 1 .154672
2 .2 0 2 .19 6 8 0 2 1 .421426 1 .1 9 1 2 5 0
2 .3 0 2 .2 5 3 0 3 7 1.3 4 7 9 5 5 1.2 2 7 9 9 8
2 .4 0 2.308835 1 .274116 1 .264940
2 .5 0 2 . 3641 56 1 .199864 1.3 0 2 10 0
2 .6 0 2 .4 1 8 9 5 0 1 .1 2 5 1 5 0 1 .3 3 9 5 1 1
2 .7 0 2 .4 7 3 1 5 7 1.049914 1.377215
2 .8 0 2 .5 2 6 7 0 7 .974085 1 .4 1 5 2 6 8
2 .9 0 2.579511 .897580 1 .453742
3 .0 0 2 .6 3 1 4 5 7 .820297 1 .492737
 32

Table A I I I . Values of the reformulated Hertzian c o e f f i c i e n t s X*, p*,

versus ,tthe a u x i l i a r y angle in degrees, covering
0° < t < 90°.
T X* M* u* T X* p* V*

0 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 *+5 • 959381* 1.1 0 4 5 9 0 „835852

1 .466891 .894918 „364561 46 .961487 1 .10 2 9 6 3 .840504
2 .548 70 7 .960352 .418495 47 .963510 1 .1 0 1 2 9 1 .845090
3 .600635 .997373 „454440 48 . 965^55 1 .0 9 9 5 7 7 „849612
4 .639064 1.0 2 2 5 2 8 „482248 49 .967325 1.0 9 78 2 1 .854072
5 .669633 1.041126 .505294 50 „969124 1 „096025 .8581*73
6 .695007 1 .0 5 5 5 6 1 .525172 51 .970852 1.094191 .862816
7 .7 16 6 7 3 1 .0 6 7 1 2 0 .542771 52 „972514 1.092319 „867103
8 •7 3 5 5 W 1 .0 7 6 5 7 5 .558644 53 .974111 1.090411 .8 7 13 3 5
9 .7522113 1 .084425 .573157 5*+ .9756U5 1 .088468 .8 7 5 5 15
10 .7 6 7 18 5 1 .0 9 1 0 1 2 .586568 55 .977119 1 .086492 .879645
11 .780684 1.0 9 6 5 8 1 .599065 56 •97853*1 1 .084482 „883724
12 .7929711 1 .1 0 1 3 1 0 „610791 57 .979893 1 .082440 „887756
13 .804237 1.1 0 5 3 3 7 „621855 58 .9 8 II9 6 1.0 8 0 366 .891740
14 .814614 I.IO 8 7 6 9 „632344 59 .982445 1.0 78 2 6 2 .895679
15 .824219 I .I I I 6 8 9 .642329 60 „983642 1„0 76 12 8 .8995711
16 .83311*7 1.114165 .651868 61 .984789 1.0 7 3 9 6 5 .903^25
IT .841475 1 .1 1 6 2 5 2 „661007 62 .985886 1.071773 „907235
18 .849267 1.1 1 7 9 9 7 „669788 63 .986935 1.069552 .9HOO3
19 .8 5 6 5 7 7 1 .1 1 9 4 3 8 „678243 64 .98793T 1.0 6 73 0 5 .91 *+732
20 .863454 1„12 0 6 0 6 .686404 65 „988893 I.O6503O .918421
21 .869936 1.1 2 1 5 3 0 0694293 66 .989804 1.0 6 2 7 2 8 .922072
22 .876059 1.122233 „ 70193 *+ 67 .990671 1 „060400 .925686
23 .8818 52 1.122735 .7093*^6 68 • 991*195 1 .058046 .929263
2k .887344 1.123054 .7 16 5 4 5 69 .992277 1.0 5 5 6 6 6 .932804
25 .892556 1 .1 2 3 2 0 7 .7235^6 70 .993018 I.O 5326O .9 3 6 3 11
26 .897511 1 .1 2 3 2 0 5 .730364 71 • 993718 1.0 50 830 .939783
27 .902226 1 .1 2 3 0 6 2 .737009 72 •99*1378 1 „048374 .943222
28 .90 6718 1 .1 2 2 7 8 9 .7^3^93 73 •99^999 1.0 4 58 9 4 .946628
29 „911002 1.122393 .749825 74 •995581 1 »043389 .950001
30 .915093 1 .1 2 1 8 8 6 .756014 75 .9 9 6126 1 .040860 .95331+3
31 .919001 1.121273 .762069 76 .996633 1.0 38 3 0 6 .956654
32 .922738 1 .1 2 0 5 6 2 .76 7995 77 .997103 i .035728 .95993!+
33 .926314 1.119759 .773801 78 .997536 1.033125 .963184
3k .929738 I .I I 8 8 7 0 . 779*191 79 .997933 1.030499 .966405
35 .9330 19 1 .1 1 7 9 0 0 .785073 80 .998295 1 .027848 .969597
36 .9 3 6 16 5 1 .116853 .790550 81 .998621 1„025173 .972760
37 .939182 1 . 11573 *+ .795928 82 .998912 1.022474 .9758911
38 „942077 1„114 54 7 .8 0 12 11 83 .999168 1.019751 .979001
39 .944856 1.113295 .806404 84 .999389 1.017003 .982081
ko .9*17525 1 .1 1 1 9 8 1 „8 115 10 85 .999576 1.014231 .9 8 513 3
4i .950089 1 .1 1 0 6 1 0 „816532 86 .999729 1.011435 .9 8 8 1 59
k2 „952552 1 .1 0 9 1 8 2 „821474 87 .999848 1.0 0 8 6 13 „991158
k3 . 95^920 1.107701 „826340 88 .999932 1.0 0 5 7 6 7 -99^131
kk .9 5 7 19 6 1 .1 0 6 1 7 0 »831132 89 .999983 1.0 0 2896 .997078
k 5 •959384 1 .104590 .835852 90 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000
 33

Table AIV. Values of common logarithms of the reformulated Hertzian

c o e f f i c i e n t s A* = 1+logA*, M* = 1+logp*, N* = l+logu*,
versus T = 2+logT, for the a u x i l i a r y angle t in degrees,
covering the range 0.01 < T < 10 .

T A* M* N*

0 .0 0 .14 6 2 59 .704632 •18 5351

.1 0 .173 9 ^ 6 .718 0 6 5 .203635
.20 .2 0 15 15 .731^20 .2 2 1 9 5 7
.30 .228961 .7 ^ 6 9 3 .240320
.40 .256279 .757881 .258726
.50 .283462 .770 979 .2 7 7 1 7 8
.60 .310 50 4 .783981 .2956 76
.70 .33 739 8 .796883 .3 14 2 2 6
.80 .3 6 4 1 3 7 .809678 .332828
.90 .39071^ .822360 .3 5 1^ 8 7
1 .0 0 .4 1 7 1 1 9 .834923 .370205
1 .1 0 .1*3 3 ^ 3 .847358 .388988
1 .2 0 .469376 .8 59 6 57 .407838
1 .3 0 .49520 7 .8 7 1 8 1 1 .426761
1 .4 0 .520825 .883810 .445762
1 .5 0 .5 4 6 2 16 .895641 .464846
1 .6 0 .5 7 1 3 6 6 .907293 .484020
1 .7 0 .596260 .9 18 7 5 0 .503291
1 .8 0 .620879 .929997 .522 6 6 7
1 .9 0 .645205 .9 4 10 15 .5 4 2 15 6
2 .0 0 .6 6 9216 .9 5 178 3 .5 6 1 7 7 1
2 .1 0 .692888 .962278 .5 8 152 0
2 .2 0 .7 1 6 1 9 5 .972471 .601420
2 .3 0 .7 3 9 10 7 .982331 .621483
2 .4 0 .7 6 15 8 9 .991820 .6 4 1 7 2 7
2 .5 0 .783604 1 .OOO895 .6 6 2 173
2 .6 0 .8 0 510 7 I.OO9503 .682842
2 .7 0 .826049 1 .0 1 7 5 8 4 .70 3761
2 .8 0 .84637^ 1.0 250 6 1 .724958
2 .9 0 .866016 1 .0 3 1 8 4 7 .746465
3 .0 0 .884900 I.0 378 3O .76 8 3 18
 34

References

1» Heinrich Hertz, Miscellaneous Papers (Trans, by D. E„ Jones and G. A.

Schott) Macmillan and Co., L t d . , London, 1896, pp. 146-183. (Contains
English translations of the papers from J. Reine und Angew. Math.
(Crel le) 92^, 156-171, 1881, and Verhand. Vereins Beforder,
Gewerbefleisses, Nov. 1882.)

2. The notation for these c o e f f i c i e n t s i s not to be confused with that

which i s sometimes used for certain combinations of e l a s t i c moduli.

3. H. L. Whittemore and S. N. Petrenko, " F ri ct i on and carrying capacity

of B a ll and Roller Bearings," Technologic Papers of the U. S. Bur.
Standards, No. 201, October 1921.

4. S. Timoshenko and J. N. Goodier, Theory of E l a s t i c i t y . 2nd Ed.

McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1951, pp. 372-377.

5. L. E. Goodman, "Contact Stress Anal ysis of Normally Loaded Rough

Spheres," J. Applied Mechanics, Trans. ASME, Series E, 29, 515-522,
1962. ~~

6. P. F. Byrd and M. D. Friedman, Handbook of E l l i p t i c Inte gral s for

Engineers and P h y s i c i s t s , Springer-Verlag, Berl in, 1954.

7. C. Hastings, J r . , Approximations for D i g i t a l Computers, Princeton

University Press, Princeton, N. J . , 1955, pp. 172, 175.
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TABLES OF HERTZIAN CONTACT-STRESS COEFFICIENTS

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COOPER, D.H.
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us t .—1968G R A N T
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large part of the v a r ia t i o n is expressed by means of e a s i l y - i n t e r p r e t e d elementary
formulae. The remainder of the v a ri at i on is tabulated to 6 places for 100 values of
the argument. Graphs of the c o e f f i c i e n t s are also provided.

DD FORM
1 NOV 65 1473
S t - r u n tv C ' l . i ' . s i t u .i !i -n
 I

Security C lassification

14 L IN K A L 1N K B L IN K C
KEY WORDS
ROLE W ’r R O L E W T R O L E W T

Hertz
Contact Stress
Deformation
Elasticity
Table
Error

Se< unt v C' 1 i fi (