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The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Notes With PYQ
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Notes With PYQ
in
The Rise of
Nationalism in
Europe
CH 1 History | Class 10
Hand Written Notes
THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
→
During the Mth century nationalism emerged as a
force which
changed the political and mental world of Europe and the end
result was nation state .
4 Nation -
State . . . . . . . . .
→
One in which rulers along with citizens develop a sense of
common identity .
→
This identity was forget through struggle .
•
Started in 9789 .
•
It was first expression of nationalism in Europe .
It abolished monarchy
•
.
•
Powers were transferred from monarch to a body of French
citizens .
The
'
idea Patrie
' '
La
'
upon
community and equal nights .
•
Power transferred from monarch to common people .
•
A new French flag ,
the tricolor , was chosen to replace the former
royal standard .
•
New national anthem composed and oath was taken .
A centralised administrative it
system put in
place and
•
was
•
Internal customs duties and dues were abolished .
Spread of Nationalism :
•
When the news of the events in France reached the
different cities of Europe ,
students and other members of
educated middle classes
began setting up Jacobin clubs .
•
Their activities and
campaigns prepared the
way for the French
armies which moved into Holland , Belgium ,
Switzerland and much
of Italy in the 9790 .
•
With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars ,
the French armies
began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad .
→
Equality before law .
→
Right to property .
→
Feudal system was abolished .
→
Freed peasants from serfdom .
→
Transport and communication systems were improved .
→
However ,
in the areas conquered ,
the reactions of the local
populations to French rule were mixed .
→
Initially ,
in
many places such as Holland and Switzerland , as
→
But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility ,
as it became
clear that the new administrative arrangements did not
go hand
in hand with political freedom .
→
Increased taxation , censorship , forced conscription into the French armies
•
What we know today as Germany Italy ,
and Switzerland were
and
divided into
kingdoms ,
duchies cantons whose rulers had their
autonomous territories .
Structure of European Society
4 For the new middle class liberalism stood for freedom for
the individual and equality of all before the law .
Features of Liberalism :
→
Freedom for individual
→
Equality before law
* Politically it means -
→
Government by consent
→
End of Autocracy and clerical privileges
* Economically it means -
→
Freedom of Market
→ Abolition of Taxes
D
Napoleon Administrative system had created confederation of 39
States .
→
Initiated
by Prussia in 9834 .
→
Reduction of number of currencies from 30 to 2 .
→
Facilitated railway mobility for economic interests and unification .
* Napoleon was
defeated in battle of WATERLOO ( 9895) by
the conservative forces .
For instances -
Church ,
Monarch ,
etc .
Revolutionaries :
4
During the years following 9895 ,
the fear of repression drove
liberal nationalists
many underground
-
↳ Secret societies
sprang up in
many European stakes to train
revolutionaries and spread their ideas .
Giuseppe Mazzini
→ As a
young man of 24 ,
he was sent
into exile for attempting a revolution .
9848 :
I Installed a constitutional
monarchy with Louis Philippe as its head .
→ The
to
July Revolution sparked an
uprising in Brussels which
bed Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of
the Netherlands .
•
Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the 95M
century .
•
Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in
exile and also
from many West Europeans .
•
The Treaty of Constantinople was
signed in 9832 .
•
Greece was
recognised as
independent nation .
Romanticism :
•
A cultural movement that rejected Nationalism by science and reasons .
•
It introduced nationalism through art and love .
Case of Poland :
→
Poland had been participated at the end of the 98in century by
the Great Powers between -
Russia ,
Prussia and Austria .
→
Emphasized on vernacular
language foe carrying the modern nationalist
message to large audience who were mostly illiterate .
Hunger Hardship .
and Popular Revolt :
→
The 9830, were
years of great economic hardship in Europe
→
Population increased
→
Unemployment increased
→
Peasants struggled against Aristocracy .
→
Rise in food prices
Unification of Germany :
B.
Nationalist
feelings were widespread among middle -
class Germans .
•
Otto von Bismarck ,
was the architect of this
process carried out
with the help of the Prussian army .
• In 9879 ,
William I was proclaimed as German Emperor .
• Process of nation
building had demonstrated the dominance of Prussian
state
power .
•
The new state placed a
strong emphasis on
modernising the currency,
banking , legal and judicial systems in
Germany .
Unification of Italy :
1
During the middle of the Mth century ,
Italy was divided into
seven States .
t Out of seven
only Sardinia -
Piedmont was ruled by an Italian Princely
States .
Giuseppe Mazzini
4 He had also formed a secret society called
Young
Italy .
T Mazzini
During the 9830 , Giuseppe had sought to
put
together a coherent
programme for a
unitary Italian Republic
4 After his failures in 9839 and 9848 the responsibilities fell on Victor
Emmanuel -
I .
Giuseppe Garibaldi :
4 He succeeded in
winning the
support of the
local peasants of two Sicilies in order to
drive out the Spanish rulers .
Victor Emmanuel -
H
* Ethnic Composition :
→
English
→
Welsh
→
Scottish
→
Irish
All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political
traditions .
4 But as the English nation steadily grew in wealth , importance and power '
it was able to extends its influence over the other nations of the
islands .
A
English parliament had seized power from the
monarchy in 9688 .
4 The Act of Union ( Hot) between England and Scotland that resulted in the
'
United Great
'
formation of the
Kingdom of Britain .
was a .
a
way .
•
Nations were
portrayed as
female figures .
Ego -
imperialism .
•
Nationalist tension started in Balkan area after 9879 .
more
territory .
•
The situation got more intense when
big European powers entered the war .
* Later anti
imperial movement started which
finally lead to