Magnetism

• Closely related subject to the electricity.

• Some materials are magnetic by nature.
• Using magnetic material if we build a small compass, it will
align to a constant direction.
Magnetic materials
• It has been theorized that magnetic effect can be described by
average spin of the system.
• In atomic level we assume there are electrons.
• In electron spin model can be used to describe the magnetic
property of the material.
• Materials which can retain it’s
magnetic property is known as
permanent magnets.
Comparing electricity and magnetism

Electric Magnetic
Source Charges Moving charges
Acts on Charges Moving charges
Direction From positive to negative From north to south
Opposites Charges attract Current repel
General characteristics
• Similar poles repel and opposite attract.
• When break in to parts, pieces acts like smaller magnets.
• Earth’s north pole is in geographic south pole.
Earth’s magnetic field
• Protects the earth from harmful radiation from sun.
• In northern hemisphere secondary effect could be observed.
Electromagnetism
• When current passing through a wire a magnetic field is
generated.
• In 1819 Hans Christian Oersted discovered this,
Observation with ion filing
• Magnetic field was revealed by the magnetic filing around the
current carrying wire.
Example
1. Does the compass needle rotate clockwise (cw), counterclockwise
(ccw) or not at all?

2. The magnetic field at the position P points

3. The positive charge is moving straight out of the page. What is the
direction of the magnetic field at the position of the dot?
Example(Discuss)
• The magnetic field at the position P points

1. Down.
2. Up.
3. Out of the page.
4. Into the page.
Example(Discuss)
• The positive charge is moving straight out of the page. What is the
direction of the magnetic field at the position of the dot?

1. Right
2. Left
3. Up
4. Down
Magnetic field(T)
• Magnetic field due to a current carrying wire located in a
distance r in air from the wire is given by,
𝜇 𝐼
𝐵
2𝜋𝑟
𝐼-Current passing through the wire
𝑟-Distance from the wire
𝜇 -Permeability of empty space(4𝜋 10 𝑇𝑚/𝐴
Enhance magnetic field
• Instead of wire make a coil

• Placing a magnetic material inside the coil.

𝑁 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
𝐿 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒
Applications
• Electromagnet Crane
• Relay
• Solenoid Actuator
• Speaker
• Super conducting magnet
• Magnetic levitated trains