Aaaaaaaaa 3

Article
Invariant Finite-Difference Schemes For Plane One-Dimensional

MHD Flows That Preserve Conservation Laws
Evgeniy Kaptsov 1,* , Vladimir Dorodnitsyn 2
1 School of Mathematics, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000,
Thailand; evgkaptsov@math.sut.ac.th, evgkaptsov@gmail.com
2 Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, Russian Academy of Science, Miusskaya Pl. 4, Moscow, 125047,
Russia; Dorodnitsyn@keldysh.ru, dorod2007@gmail.com
* Correspondence: evgkaptsov@gmail.com
Abstract: Invariant finite-difference schemes are considered for one-dimensional magnetohydro- 1
dynamics (MHD) equations in mass Lagrangian coordinates for the cases of finite and infinite 2
conductivity. The construction of these schemes make use of previously obtained results of the group 3
classification of MHD equations [1]. On the basis of the classical Samarskiy–Popov scheme, new 4
schemes are constructed for the case of finite conductivity. These schemes admit all symmetries of 5
the original differential model and have difference analogues of all of its local differential conser- 6
vation laws. New, previously unknown, conservation laws are found using symmetries and direct 7
calculations. In the case of infinite conductivity, conservative invariant schemes are constructed as 8
well. For isentropic flows of a polytropic gas the proposed schemes possess the conservation law 9
of energy and preserve entropy on two time layers. This is achieved by means of specially selected 10
approximations for the equation of state of a polytropic gas. Also, invariant difference schemes 11
with additional conservation laws are proposed. A new scheme for the case of finite conductivity is 12
tested numerically for various boundary conditions which shows accurate preservation of difference 13
conservation laws. 14
Keywords: classical symmetries; conservation law; numerical scheme 15
Citation: Kaptsov, E.; Dorodnitsyn, V.

1. Introduction 16
Invariant finite-difference schemes for Magnetic hydrodynamics equations describe the flows of electrically conductive fluids 17
plane one-dimensional MHD flows such as plasma, liquid metals, and electrolytes and are widely used in modeling processes 18
that preserve conservation laws. in various fields from engineering to geophysics and astrophysics. 19
Mathematics 2022, 1, 0. In the present publication, we restrict ourselves to considering plane one-dimensional 20
https://doi.org/ MHD flows under the assumption that the medium is inviscid and thermally non-conducting. 21
Received:
A group classification of the MHD equations under the above conditions was carried out 22
Accepted: recently in [1] (for some particular results see also [2–5]). The group classification splits 23
Published: into four essentially different cases according to whether the conductivity of the medium is 24
finite or infinite, and the longitudinal component of the magnetic field vector is zero or a 25
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral
non-zero constant. 26
with regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional affil- The MHD equations are nonlinear, so that even in the one-dimensional case only their 27
iations. particular solutions are known [6–10]. Therefore, numerical modeling in magnetohydrody- 28
namics is of great practical interest. There are many approaches to numerically modeling 29
Copyright: © 2022 by the authors.
MHD equations, including finite-difference, finite element and finite volume methods (see, 30
Submitted to Mathematics for
possible open access publication
e.g. [11–19]). Further we consider finite-difference schemes taking as a starting point the 31
under the terms and conditions

classical Samarsky–Popov schemes [12,13] for the MHD equations for the case of finite 32
of the Creative Commons Attri- conductivity. The main properties of the considered schemes are invariance, i.e. preserva- 33
bution (CC BY) license (https:// tion of the symmetries of the original differential equations, and the presence of difference 34
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ analogues of local differential conservation laws. It is known that there is a connection 35
4.0/). between the invariance of equations and the presence of conservation laws [20–23]. 36
Version February 27, 2022 submitted to Mathematics https://www.mdpi.com/journal/mathematics

Version February 27, 2022 submitted to Mathematics 2 of 24
Invariant schemes have been studied for a long time [24–28], and over the past decades, 37
significant progress has been made in the development of methods for their construction 38
and integration. For schemes for ordinary differential equations with Lagranagian or 39
Hamiltonian functions, a number of methods [29–32] have been developed that make it 40
possible to decrease the order or even integrate the schemes. A method based on the 41
Lagrangian identity has also been developed for the case when the equations do not admit 42
a variational formulation [33,34]. 43
For partial difference schemes, the main methods used are the method of differential 44
invariants [28,35,36] and the difference analogue of the direct method [28,37]. Using 45
these methods, the authors have constructed invariant schemes for various shallow water 46
models [38–41]. Also, some previously known schemes have been investigated from a 47
group analysis point of view. In particular, symmetries and conservation laws of the 48
Samarskiy–Popov schemes for the one-dimensional gas dynamics equations of a polytropic 49
gas have been investigated in [42–44]. Based on the results of the group classification [1] 50
and Samarskiy–Popov schemes for the MHD equations, we further construct invariant 51
finite-difference schemes possessing conservation laws. The set and number of conservation 52
laws depend on the conductivity, the form of the magnetic field vector and the equation of 53
state of the medium. 54
This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 the simplest version of the finite- 55
conductivity MHD equations in mass Lagrangian coordinates in case of one-dimensional 56
plane flows is considered. Electric and magnetic fields are represented by one-component 57
vectors, which greatly simplifies the form of the equations. This was the main case consid- 58
ered in Samarsky and Popov’s publications [12,13]. The section also provides basic notation 59
and definitions. Then, symmetries and conservation laws of the Samarsky-Popov scheme 60
for the MHD equations are investigated. In addition to the previously known conservation 61
laws, the center-of-mass conservation law is given, as well as new conservation laws for 62
the specific conductivity function, obtained on the basis of the group classification [1]. 63
Section 3 is devoted to various generalizations of the scheme of Section 2. In Section 3.1 64
the scheme for arbitrary electric and magnetic fields is considered. Its symmetries are 65
investigated and conservation laws are given. The case of infinite conductivity is considered 66
in Section 3.2. It is shown that in this case the Samarsky-Popov scheme requires some 67
additional modifications in order to possess the conservation law of angular momentum. 68
In the case of a polytropic gas, it turns out to be possible to preserve not only energy, 69
but also entropy along pathlines. This can be done using a specially selected equation of 70
state for a polytropic gas. At the end of the section, an example of an invariant scheme 71
is given that does not possess a conservation law of energy, but preserves entropy and 72
has additional conservation laws in the case of isentropic flows. In Section 4, one of the 73
invariant schemes for the case of finite conductivity is numerically implemented for the 74
example of plasma bunch deceleration by crossed electromagnetic fields. The results are 75
discussed in the Conclusion. 76
2. Conservative schemes for MHD equations with finite conductivity 77
Problems of continuum mechanics and plasma physics are often considered in mass 78
Lagrangian coordinates [13,45] since for them the formulation of boundary conditions 79
is greatly simplified. In particular, the conservative Samarsky–Popov schemes for the 80
equations of gas dynamics and magnetohydrodynamics have been constructed in mass 81
Lagrangian coordinates. 82
In mass Lagrangian coordinates the MHD equations, describing the plane one-dimensional
MHD flows, are [1,13]
1
= us , (1a)
ρ t
( H y )2 + ( H z )2

ut = − p + , (1b)
2 s
y
vt = H 0 Hs , yt = v, (1c)
wt = H 0
Hsz ,
zt = w, (1d)
y
H
= ( H 0 v + Ez )s , (1e)
ρ t
z
H
= ( H 0 w − Ey )s , (1f)
ρ t
y
σEy = −ρHsz , σEz = ρHs , (1g)
1
ε t = − pus + (i · E), (1h)
ρ
xt = u, xs = 1/ρ, (1i)
where t is time, s is mass Lagrangian coordinate, x is Eulerian coordinate, ρ is density, p is 83
pressure, ε is internal energy, u = (u, v, w) is the velocity of a particle, E = ( E x , Ey , Ez ) is 84
the electric field vector, H = ( H x , H y , H z ) is the magnetic field vector, and i = (i x , iy , iz ) is 85
the electric current. The conductivity σ is some function of p and ρ, i.e., σ = σ ( p, ρ). 86
Following [13] we firstly consider the simplest case of one-component electric and 87
magnetic fields. Here we also introduce the notation and some basic concepts. In the next 88
section some generalizations are considered, including the case of infinite conductivity. 89
Figure 1. A plane one-dimensional flow for the chosen coordinates
For simplicity, the longitudinal component of the magnetic field H is set to zero, and 90
the coordinate system is chosen in such a way that H = (0, H, 0). Consequently, the 91
electric current i and the electric field E are also one-component vectors, i.e., i = (0, 0, i ), 92
E = (0, 0, E). Electromagnetic force f = ( f , 0, 0) acts in the x-direction, and the velocity 93
is u = (u, 0, 0) (see Figure 1). 94
Given the above, the system of the one-dimensional MHD equations with a finite
conductivity |σ | < ∞ in mass Lagrangian coordinates can be written as [13]

1
= us , (2a)
ρ t
ut = − ps + f , f = −iH/ρ, (2b)

H
= Es , (2c)
ρ t
i = σE = κρHs , (2d)
ε t = − pus + q, q = iE/ρ, (2e)
xt = u, xs = 1/ρ, (2f)
where κ = 1/(4π ) and q is Joule heating per unit mass. 95
In particular, we consider a polytropic gas for that the following relation holds
1 p
ε= , γ = const > 1. (3)
γ−1 ρ
Equation (2e) for the energy evolution can be rewritten in the semi-divergent form
u2

ε+ = −( pu)s + f u + q, (4)
2 t
or in the divergent form
u2 H2 H2

ε+ +κ =− p+κ u + κ ( EH )s . (5)
2 2ρ t 2 s
Notice that the electromagnetic force f = −iH/ρ can be represented in the divergent
form f = −κ ( H 2 /2)s , and equation (2b) can be rewritten as
H2

ut = − p + κ . (6)
2 s
Further we assume κ = 1 since it can be discarded by means of the scaling transforma-

tion
s̃ = κs, p̃ = κ p, ρ̃ = κρ, σ̃ = κσ. (7)
2.1. Conservative Samarskiy–Popov’s schemes for system (2) 96
The family of Samarskiy–Popov’s conservative difference schemes for system (2) is

1 (0.5)
= us , (8a)
ρ t

(α) H Ĥ 1
ut = − ps̄ + f, f =− = − [îH∗ /ρ̂∗ + i Ĥ∗ /ρ∗ ], (8b)
2 s̄ 2

H ( β)
= Es , (8c)
ρ t
i = σ∗ E = ρ∗ Hs̄ , (8d)
(0.5) 1 ( β)
ε t = − p(α) us + q, q= [(i/ρ∗ )(0.5) E( β) + (i+ /(ρ+ )∗ )(0.5) E+ ], (8e)
2
1
xt = u(0.5) , xs = , (8f)
ρ
where 0 ⩽ (α, β) ⩽ 1 are free parameters. For arbitrary α and β scheme (8) approximates 97
system (2) up to O(τ + h2 ), and for α = β = 0.5 the scheme is of order O(τ 2 + h2 ). 98
Here and further ϕt , ϕť and ϕs , ϕs̄ denote finite-difference derivatives of some quan-
tity ϕ = ϕ(tn , sm , unm , ...)
S (ϕ) − ϕ S (ϕ) − ϕ
+τ +s
ϕt = , ϕs = ,
τn hm (9)
ϕ − S (ϕ) ϕ − S (ϕ)
−τ −s
ϕť = , ϕs̄ = ,
τn−1 h m −1
which are defined with the help of the finite-difference right and left shifts along the time
and space axes correspondingly
S (ϕ(tn , sm , unm , ...)) = ϕ(tn±1 , sm , unm±1 , ...),

±τ
S (ϕ(tn , sm , unm , ...)) = ϕ(tn , sm±1 , unm±1 , ...).

±s
The indices n and m are respectively changed along time and space axes t and s. The time
and space steps are defined as follows
τn = τ̂ = tn+1 − tn = t̂ − t, τn−1 = τ̌ = tn − tn−1 = t − ť,

(10)
hm = h+ = sm+1 − sm = s+ − s, h m −1 = h − = s m − s m −1 = s − s − .
Following the Samarskiy–Popov notation throughout the text we denote
S (ϕ) = ϕ+ , S (ϕ) = ϕ− , S (ϕ) = ϕ̂, S (ϕ) = ϕ̌, (11)

+s −s +τ −τ
ϕ(α) = αϕ̂ + (1 − α)ϕ (12)

and
j j
j hi ϕi−1/2 + hi−1 ϕi+1/2
ϕ∗ = (ϕ∗ )i = . (13)
h i + h i −1
Notice that on a uniform lattice hi = h = const in its integral nodes (13) becomes
ϕ− + ϕ
ϕ∗ = . (14)
2
Remark 1. The energy equation (8e) can be reduced to one of the three following forms [13] using
equivalent algebraic transformations:
(0.5)
ε t = − p(α) us + q, (15)
!
u2 + u2+
(α)
1 h (0.5) (0.5)
i
ε+ = − p∗ u(0.5) + fu + f + u+ + q, (16)
4 s 2
t
!
u2 + u2+ H2

(α) ( H Ĥ )∗ (0.5) (0.5)
ε+ + + p∗ + u − E( β) H∗ = 0. (17)
4 2ρ 2 s
t
These different forms of equation reflect the balance of certain types of energy, i.e. they express the 99
different physical aspects of energy conservation. To emphasize this property, such schemes are also 100
called completely conservative. 101
2.2. Invariance of Samarskiy–Popov’s schemes 102
System (2) can be rewritten in the following form that is more convenient for symmetry
analysis
1
= us , (18a)
ρ t
H2

ut = − p + , (18b)
2 s

H
= Es , (18c)
ρ t
σE = ρHs , (18d)
pt = −γρpus + (γ − 1)σE2 , (18e)

xt = u, xs = 1/ρ. (18f)
Remark 2. Notice that for the polytropic gas with the state equation (3) one can rewrite the energy
evolution equation (8e) of the Samarskiy–Popov scheme as
" (0.5) (0.5) #
ρ̂ σ∗ E ( i + ) ∗ E+ ( )
pt = −ρ̂( p + (γ − 1) p(α) )u(0.5) + (γ − 1) E( β) +
β
E+ . (19)
2 ρ∗ (ρ+ )∗
In this form the energy evolution equation corresponds to equation (18e). 103
Calculations show [1] that the Lie algebra admitted by the system for an arbitrary
σ = σ ( p, ρ) is1
X1 = ∂ t , X2 = ∂ s , X3 = ∂ x , X4 = t∂ x + ∂u . (20)
The group generator

X = ξ t ∂t + ξ s ∂s + η∂ x (21)
is prolonged to the finite-difference space as follows [24,28]
∞
X̃ = ∑ S k S l ( X ),
−τ −s
(22)
k,l =−∞
The scheme of the form
Φ(t, ť, t̂, s, s+ , s− , u, u+ , u− , û, ǔ, û+ , ǔ+ , û− , ǔ− , ...) = 0, (23a)
h+ = h− = h, τ̂ = τ̌ = τ, (⃗τ ,⃗h) = 0 (23b)

defined on a uniform orthogonal mesh is invariant if the following criterion of invariance
holds [28]
X̃Φ|(23) = 0,
(24)
X̃ (τ̂ − τ̌ )|(23) = 0, X̃ (h+ − h− )|(23) = 0.
To preserve uniformness and orthogonality of the mesh it is also needed [24,28]

s t
D D (ξ ) = 0, D D (ξ ) = 0, (25)
+s −s +τ −τ
D ( ξ t ) = − D ( ξ s ), (26)
±s ±τ
where D and D are finite-difference differentiation operators

±τ ±s
S −1 1− S S −1 1− S
+τ −τ +s −s
D = , D = , D= , D= .
+τ τn −τ τn−1 +s hm −s h m −1
One can verify that scheme (8) is indeed invariant with respect to the generators 104
X1 , ..., X4 and all the generators (20) satisfy the mesh orthogonality and uniformness 105
conditions (25), (26). Hence, one can use an orthogonal uniform mesh (23b) which is 106
invariant one. 107
1 ∂
Here and further the notation ∂ f ≡ is used.
∂f
2.3. Conservation laws possessed by Samarskiy–Popov’s scheme 108
All the conservation laws of system (18) have their finite-difference counterparts for 109
the Samarskiy–Popov scheme. They are given in Table 1. 110
An additional conservation law

sH
+ ( H − sE)s = 0. (27)
ρ t
only occurs in case σ = ρ [1]. In this case, system (18) admits two more symmetries, namely
X5 = s∂s − x∂ x − u∂u + 2ρ∂ρ − E∂ E ,

(28)
X6 = 2t∂t + 2s∂s − 2u∂u + 2p∂ p + 2ρ∂ρ − 3E∂ E − H∂ H .
Conservation law (27) has its finite-difference counterpart which can be found by direct 111
calculations. 112
Notice that neither conservation law (27) nor the center-of-mass law
H2

(tu − x )t + t p + =0 (29)
2 s
was mentioned in [13]. Perhaps, the authors of [13] have known the finite-difference 113
analogue of (29). 114
Table 1. Differential and difference conservation laws
# Conservation laws of system (18) Conservation laws of scheme (8) Physics interpretation
σ = σ( p, ρ)

1 1
1 ρ t − us = 0 ρ t − u(0.5) = 0 Mass conservation
s

H H
2 − Es = 0
ρ − ( E( β) )s = 0
ρ Magnetic flux conservation
t t

2 (α)
3 ut + p + H2 =0 ut + p− + H−2Ĥ− = 0 Momentum conservation
s s
2
t + ť h
(α)
i
4 (tu − x )t + t p + H2 =0 u − x + t p− + H−2Ĥ− = 0 Center of mass law
s 2 t s
u2 + u2
2 2
2

5 ε + u2 + H
2ρ t + ε+ 4 + + H 2ρ t + Energy conservation
h i
(α) (0.5)
+ p∗ + ( H2Ĥ )∗ u(0.5) − E( β) H∗
2
+ p + H2 u − EH = 0 =0
s s
σ=ρ

sH sH ( β)
6 ρ + ( H − sE)s = 0 ρ + ( H− − s− E( β) )s = 0 Unknown
t t
3. Generalizations of the Samarskiy–Popov schemes for MHD equations 115
3.1. The case of finite conductivity 116
We consider a more general case H = ( H 0 , H y , H z ), E = (0, Ey , Ez ), i = (0, iy , iz ), 117

u = (u, v, w), x = ( x, y, z), and H 0 = const. Here we used the fact that the coordinate 118
system can always be chosen in such a way that the first component of the vector field E is 119
equal to zero. 120
Further we consider equations (1), where, by analogy with (18), the energy evolution
equation (1h) is written as
pt = −γpρus + (γ − 1)σ (( Ey )2 + ( Ez )2 ), (30)
A generalization of scheme (8) for E = (0, Ey , 0) and H = ( H 0 , 0, H z ) is given in [13].

Since the MHD equations are almost symmetric in terms of the components Ey , Ez and H y ,
H z , one can extend the scheme proposed in [13] as follows

1 (0.5)
= us , (31a)
ρ t
H y Ĥ y + H z Ĥ z

(α) (0.5) (0.5)
ut = − p + , vt = H 0 ( H y )s̄ , wt = H 0 ( H z )s̄ , (31b)
2 s̄
y z
H (0.5) (β ) H (0.5) (β )
= H 0 vs + ( Ez )s 1 , = H 0 ws − ( Ey )s 2 , (31c)
ρ t ρ t
y
iy = σ∗ Ey = −ρ∗ Hs̄z , iz = σ∗ Ez = ρ∗ Hs̄ , (31d)
(0.5)
ε t = − p(α) us + qy + qz , (31e)
1
xt = u(0.5) , yt = v(0.5) , zt = w(0.5) , xs = , (31f)
ρ
where 0 ⩽ (α, β 1 , β 2 ) ⩽ 1 and
1 y y (β )
qy = [(i /ρ∗ )(0.5) ( Ey )( β2 ) + (i+ /(ρ+ )∗ )(0.5) ( Ey )+ 2 ],
2
1 z (β )
[(i /ρ∗ )(0.5) ( Ez )( β1 ) + (i+
qz = z
/(ρ+ )∗ )(0.5) ( Ez )+ 1 ].
2
Notice that this generalization of the scheme was discussed in [13] but it was not given 121
explicitly. 122
Remark 3. One can generalize (19) for scheme (31), (3) as follows
(0.5)
pt + ρ̂us ( p + (γ − 1) p(α) ) + (1 − γ)ρ̂(qy + qz ) = 0. (32)
According to [1], the symmetries admitted by system (1) are the following. 123
1. If H0 = 0 and σ is arbitrary, then the admitted Lie algebra is
X1 = ∂ t , X2 = ∂ s , X3 = ∂ x , X4 = t∂ x + ∂u ,
(33)
X5 = E z ∂ E y − E y ∂ E z + H z ∂ H y − H y ∂ H z .
In case σ = ρ, there are two additional generators are admitted, namely
X1a = s∂s − x∂ x − u∂u + 2ρ∂ρ − Ey ∂ Ey − Ez ∂ Ez ,

(34)
X2a = 2t∂t + 2x∂ x − 2p∂ p − 2ρ∂ρ − Ey ∂ Ey − Ez ∂ Ez − H y ∂ H y − H z ∂ H z .
There are also two more conservation laws in the latter case (see Table 2). Additional 124
conservation laws do not occur for any other forms of the function σ. 125
2. If H 0 ̸= 0 and σ is arbitrary then the admitted Lie algebra is
X1 = ∂ t , X2 = ∂ s , X3 = ∂ x , X4 = t∂ x + ∂u ,
X5 = Ez ∂ Ey − Ey ∂ Ez + H z ∂ H y − H y ∂ H z + w∂v − v∂w + z∂y − y∂z , (35)
X6 = t∂y + ∂v , X7 = t∂z + ∂w , X8 = h 1 ( s ) ∂ y , X9 = h 2 ( s ) ∂ z ,
where h1 and h2 are arbitrary functions of s. 126

Additional conservation laws do not occur for any specific σ. 127
In both the cases above, scheme (31) is invariant. The rotation generator X5 is only 128
admitted for β 1 = β 2 . The remaining generators are admitted by the scheme for any set of 129
parameters α, β 1 , β 2 and γ > 1. 130
The conservation laws possessed by system (31) and their finite-difference counterparts 131
are given in Table 2. Here and further, conservation laws whose fluxes vanish for H 0 = 0 132
are marked with †. In case H 0 = 0, their densities preserve along the pathlines. 133
3.2. The case of infinite conductivity σ → ∞ 134
In this case, system (1) reduces to

1
= us , (36a)
ρ t
( H y )2 + ( H z )2

ut = − p + , xt = u, (36b)
2 s
y
vt = H 0 Hs , yt = v, (36c)
wt = H 0 Hsz , zt = w, (36d)
y
H
= ( H 0 v)s , (36e)
ρ t
z
H
= ( H 0 w)s , (36f)
ρ t
pt = −γpρus , (36g)
where the internal energy is given by (3). 135
In addition to the analogues of conservation laws presented in the previous section,
system (36) possesses the conservation law of angular momentum, namely

(zv − yw)t + H 0 (yH z − zH y ) = 0. (37)
s
As σ → ∞, scheme (31) becomes

1 (0.5)
= us , (38a)
ρ t

(0.5) (0.5)
ut = − p(α) + , vt = H 0 ( H y )s̄ , wt = H 0 ( H z )s̄ , (38b)
2 s̄
y z
H (0.5) H (0.5)
= H 0 vs , = H 0 ws , (38c)
ρ t ρ t
(0.5)
ε t = − p(α) us , (38d)
1
xt = u(0.5) , yt = v(0.5) , zt = w(0.5) , xs = . (38e)
ρ
Table 2. Differential and difference conservation laws for the extended scheme
σ = σ( p, ρ)

1 1
s
y
y

H H
2 ρ − ( Ez + H 0 v)s = 0 ρ − ( Ez )( β1 ) + H 0 v(0.5) = 0 Magnetic flux conservation
t t s
z
z
H H
3 ρ + ( Ey − H 0 w)s = 0 ρ t + (E )
y ( β )
2 − H w 0 ( 0.5 ) =0 Magnetic flux conservation
t s
y y
( H y )2 +( H z )2 H Ĥ + H z Ĥ z

(α)
4 ut + p + 2 =0 ut + p− + − − 2 − − = 0 Momentum conservation
s s

y (0.5)
5† vt − ( H 0 H y )s = 0 vt − H ( H− )0 =0 Momentum conservation
s

6† wt − ( H 0 H z )s = 0 wt − H 0 ( H− z )(0.5) =0 Momentum conservation
s
t + ť
u−x +
( H y )2 +( H z )2 2
h i
7 (tu − x )t + t p + 2 =0 y y
t i Center of mass law
H Ĥ + H z Ĥ z
h
s (α)
t p− + − − 2 − − =0
s
t + ť
y

8† (tv − y)t − (tH 0 H y )s = 0 v − y − tH 0 ( H− )(0.5) = 0 Center of mass law
2 s
t
t + ť
9† (tw − z)t − (tH 0 H z )s = 0 w − z − tH 0 ( H− z )(0.5) =0 Center of mass law
2 t s
u2 +u2+ +v2 +v2+ +w2 +w2+ y 2
+( H z )2

2 2 2 ( H y )2 +( H z )2
ε+ + ( H ) 2ρ +
ε + u +v2 +w + 2ρ + 4 t
t
10 h
(α) y y z z
Energy conservation
h y 2
H z )2
+ p∗ + ( H Ĥ +2H Ĥ )∗ u(0.5)
+ p + ( H ) +( 2 u + Ey H z − Ez H y
y
+( Ey )( β2 ) ( H∗z )(0.5) − ( Ez )( β1 ) ( H∗ )(0.5)
− H 0 (vH y + wH z )

s =0
i
y
− H 0 (v(0.5) ( H∗ )(0.5) + w(0.5) ( H∗z )(0.5) ) = 0
s
H0 = 0
11† (zv − yw)t = 0 (zv(0.5) − yw(0.5) )ť = 0 Angular momentum conservation
H 0 = 0, σ = ρ

sH y sH y y
12 ρ + ( H y − sEz )s = 0 ρ + (( H− )( β1 ) − s− ( Ez )( β1 ) )s = 0 Unknown
t t
z
z

sH sH
13 ρ + ( H z + sEy )s = 0 ρ
z )( β2 ) + s ( Ey )( β2 ) ) = 0
+ (( H− − s Unknown
t t
One can verify that scheme (38) is invariant one. As the symmetries of (36) and the 136
corresponding difference schemes are reviewed in Section 3.2.3, we defer our discussion 137
until then. 138
3.2.1. Conservation of angular momentum and energy 139
Apparently, the latter scheme does not preserve angular momentum, i.e. it does not
possess a difference analogue of the conservation law (37). One can verify it by algebraic
manipulations with the scheme or with the help of the finite-difference analogue of the
direct method [37,38]. We overcome this issue by modifying the latter scheme as follows

1 (0.5)
= us , (39a)
ρ t

y
ut = − p(α) + , vt = H 0 Ĥs̄ , wt = H 0 Ĥs̄z , (39b)
2 s̄
y z
H H
= H 0 vs , = H 0 ws , (39c)
ρ t ρ t
(0.5)
ε t = − p(α) us , (39d)
1
xt = u(0.5) , yt = v, zt = w, xs = . (39e)
ρ
This allows one to obtain the whole set of finite-difference analogues of the conservation
laws of equation (36) excluding the conservation of the entropy along the pathlines. The
conservation laws are presented in Table 3. Notice that the three-layer conservation law of
energy given in the table can be rewritten in the following two-layer form by means of (78c)
" #
u2 + u2+ + v2 + v2+ + w2 + w2+ ( H y )2 + ( H z )2 τ 0 y z
ε+ + + H ( H vs + H ws )
4 2ρ 2
t
( H y Ĥ y + H z Ĥ z )∗ (0.5)

(α) y
+ p∗ + u − H 0 (v(0.5) Ĥ∗ + w(0.5) Ĥ∗z ) = 0 (40)
2 s
Also, in order to verify the conservation law (37), one has to consider the following equa-
tions which can be obtained by integration of (78c)
Hy Hz
ys = , zs = . (41)
H0 ρ H0 ρ
We also notice that the modified scheme (39) is still invariant and a completely conser- 140
vative one. 141
3.2.2. Conservation of the entropy along the pathlines 142
From the latter system (36) it follows

p
= St = 0. (42)
ργ t
This represents the conservation of the entropy S along pathlines which is a crucial differ- 143
ence between the finite and infinite conductivity cases. 144
It is known [42] that the Samarskiy–Popov scheme for polytropic gas does not preserve
the entropy S for arbitrary γ. However, the following relation holds on solutions of the
system
p̂ − p ρ̂ − ρ
= γ (α) , (43)
p(α) ρ
which approximates the differential relation
dp dρ
=γ . (44)
p ρ
The latter relation holds along trajectories of the particles up to O(τ ) for α ̸= 0.5 or up 145
to O(τ 2 ) for α = 0.5. 146
In [42], an entropy preserving invariant scheme for gas dynamics equations in case 147
of polytropic gas with γ = 3 was proposed. This scheme conserves the entropy along the 148
pathlines but has only one conservation law, namely the conservation law of mass. It seems 149
that the conservation of entropy by the difference scheme usually leads to the “loss” of 150
some other conservation laws. 151
Here we propose a way of preserving the entropy along the pathlines for polytropic 152
gas with integer values of adiabatic exponent γ ⩾ 2 for scheme (39). We show that this can 153
be done by choosing appropriate approximations of the state equation (3). 154
We notice that by means of (3) and (36a), equation (36g) can be represented as the
identity
1
ρ γ −1 = ρ γ −2 ρ t . (45)
γ−1 t
In the finite-difference case, the rules of differentiation are different. As a result, not every 155
approximation of the latter identity is a finite-difference identity. For a proper discrete 156
analogue of (45) the right hand side of the identity should also be expressed in the divergent 157
form as well as the left hand side. Choosing the difference approximation for the scheme 158
in the case of a polytropic gas, one has an additional “degree of freedom”: the choice of 159
approximation for the state equation (3). This should be done so that both the left and right 160
hand sides of the resulting approximation for (45) are divergent expressions. Notice that 161
this does not affect the conservativeness of the total energy conservation law equation since 162
it does not depend on any specific form of the equation of state. 163
Further we consider the shifted version of the equation (38d)

(0.5) 1
ε̌ t = − p̌(α) ǔs = − p̌(α) . (46)
ρ̌ t
First, we choose the following approximation of the state equation (3) for γ = 2,
p(α)
ε= . (47)
ρ̂
Substituting (47) into (46), one derives
p(α) p̌(α)

(α) 1
− = −τ p̌ . (48)
ρ̂ ρ ρ̌ t
Solving with resect to p̌(α) , one gets
p(α) ρ̌
p̌(α) = . (49)
ρ̂
The latter equation can be rewritten as
p(α) ρρ̂
( )
= . (50)
p̌ α ρ̌ρ
Equation (50) can be integrated, i.e.,

!
p̌(α)
= St = 0. (51)
ρρ̌
t
This means conservation of entropy S along pathlines for γ = 2 on two time layers. We 164
have achieved the integrability of the difference analogue of equation (36g) by choosing a 165
suitable approximation for the state equation. 166
In a similar way one can arrive at the conservation of entropy for γ = 3, namely
!
ρp(α) 2 p̌(α)
ε= , = 0. (52)
ρ̂(ρ̂ + ρ) ρρ̌(ρ + ρ̌)
t
Similarly, for γ = 4
!
ρ2 p ( α ) 3 p̌(α)
ε= , = 0, (53)
ρ̂(ρ̂ + ρρ̂ + ρ2 )
2 ρρ̌(ρ + ρρ̌ + ρ̌2 )
2
t
etc. 167
Thus, by induction, one establishes the following general formula for an arbitrary
natural γ ⩾ 2
!
p(α) (γ − 1) p̌(α)
ε = γ −2 , γ −2
= 0. (54)
∑k=0 ρ̂γ−k−1 ρk−γ+2 ∑k=0 ργ−k−1 ρ̌k+1 t
Entropy preservation formula (54) are presented in Table 3 among the other conservation 168
laws. 169
Remark 4. From the preservation of entropy St = 0 in the differential case it follows (for simplicity,
we consider the specific case γ = 2)
Z T
p p( T, s) p(0, s)
2
dt = 2 − 2 = const. (55)
0 ρ t ρ ( T, s) ρ (0, s)
Since the constant can be omitted, this means
p(0, s) p( T, s)
2
= 2 .
ρ (0, s) ρ ( T, s)
In the finite-difference case, by means of (51), one derives the following analogue of (55)
!
N
αpnm+k + (1 − α) pnm−1+k αpnm+ N + (1 − α) pnm−1+ N αpnm + (1 − α) pnm−1
∑ n −1+ k
ρnm+k ρm
τ =
ρnm+ N ρnm−1+ N
−
ρnm ρnm−1
= 0,
k =0 t
where N = ⌈ T/τ ⌉ and we recall that p(α) = α p̂ + (1 − α) p. Similar to the differential case, the
latter gives
αpnm + (1 − α) pnm−1 αpn+ N + (1 − α) pn−1+ N
n − 1
= m n+ N n−1+ Nm
ρnm ρm ρm ρm
which means entropy preservation for a given liquid particle. 170
Remark 5. The approach described above can also lead to entropy conservation for rational values
of γ. Without proof of the existence of a general formula we present the result for γ = 5/3 which
occurs for one-atomic ideal gas. One can verify that for γ = 5/3 the approximation
ρ̂2/3 + (ρρ̂)1/3 + ρ2/3 3p

ε = p(α) = + O(τ ) (56)
ρ1/3 ρ̂(ρ̂1/3 + ρ1/3 ) 2ρ
for the internal energy ε leads to the following preservation of entropy

!
2 (α) ρ̌2/3 + (ρρ̌)1/3 + ρ2/3
p̌ = 0. (57)
3 ρρ̌(ρ̌1/3 + ρ1/3 )
t
Table 3. Differential and difference conservation laws for the modified scheme (39) for an arbitrary
entropy S(s) in case σ → ∞

1 1
s

Hy Hy
2† − ( H 0 v)s = 0 − H0 v

ρ ρ s =0 Magnetic flux conservation
t t

Hz Hz
3† − ( H 0 w)s = 0 − H0 w

ρ ρ s =0 Magnetic flux conservation
t t
y y
( H y )2 +( H z )2 H Ĥ + H z Ĥ z

(α)
4 ut + p + 2 =0 ut + p− + − − 2 − − = 0 Momentum conservation
s s

y
5† vt − ( H 0 H y )s = 0 0
vt − H H− = 0 Momentum conservation
s
6† wt − ( H 0 H z )s = 0 wt − H 0 H− z

s =0 Momentum conservation

t + ť
u−x +
( H y )2 +( H z )2 2
h i
7 (tu − x )t + t p + 2 =0 y y
t i Center of mass law
H Ĥ + H z Ĥ z
h
s (α)
t p− + − − 2 − − =0
s

y
8† (tv − y)t − (tH 0 H y )s = 0 (tv − y)t − t̂H 0 Ĥ− =0 Center of mass law
s
9† (tw − z)t − (tH 0 H z )s = 0 z

(tw − z)t − t̂H 0 Ĥ−

s =0 Center of mass law
2
( H y )2 +( H z )2 +ǔ2+ +v̌2 +v̌2+ +w̌2 +w̌2+

2 2 2 ǔ y y z z
ε + u +v2 +w + 2ρ + ε̌ + 4
+H
+ H Ȟ 2ρ Ȟ
t t
10 y 2
Energy conservation
H z )2 y y z z
h h
(α)
+ p + ( H ) +( 2 u + Ey H z − Ez H y + p̌∗ + ( H Ȟ +2H Ȟ )∗ ǔ(0.5)
i
y
− H 0 (vH y + wH z ) − H 0 (v̌(0.5) H∗ + w̌(0.5) H∗z ) = 0

s =0
s

0 z y
11† H 0 (yH z − zH y )

(zv − yw)t + s = 0. (zv − yw)t + H (ŷ Ĥ− − ẑ Ĥ− ) =0 Angular momentum conservation
s
p(α)
ε= γ −2
, γ ∈ N\{1}
∑k=0 ρ̂γ−k−1 ρk−γ+2
!
(γ − 1) p̌(α)

p
12 =0 γ −2
=0 Entropy conservation
ργ t ∑k=0 ργ−k−1 ρ̌k+1 t
Remark 6. Notice that in the case H 0 = 0, according to Table 3, scheme (39) possesses an infinite
set of conservation laws for the following form
( !)
( γ − 1) p ( α ) Hy Hz
Φ ,
γ −2 γ − k −1 k +1 ρ
, , v, w, y − tv, z − tw =0 (58)
∑ ρ̂ ρk =0
ρ
t
where γ ∈ N\{1} and Φ is an arbitrary function of its arguments. 171
Remark 7. From (51) it follows that
p̌(α)
− S = 0. (59)
ρρ̌
The Taylor series expansion of the latter equation is

p pρt pt
− S + + ( α − 1 ) τ + O(τ 2 ) = 0. (60)
ρ2 ρ3 ρ2
Equation (43) for γ = 2 can be represented as
p(α) ρ2t
− = 0. (61)
( ρ ( α ) )2 pt
The corresponding expansion is
ρ2t ρpt − 2ρt p (ρt ptt − 2pt ρtt )ρt

p
− + α + τ + O(τ 2 ) = 0. (62)
ρ2 pt ρ3 2p2t
Equations (61) and (59) approximate the conservation of entropy with the same order O(τ ). In 172
contrast to (61), approximation (59) can be written in a divergent form. Thus, it represents a 173
conservation law of the scheme, while (61) does not. This gives an advantage in the case of isentropic 174
flows when additional conservation laws include entropy. Then the expression for the entropy given 175
by equation (59) can be considered as a constant and included into conserved quantities. Invariant 176
schemes and their conservation laws in case of isentropic flows are discussed in the next section. 177
3.2.3. On specific symmetries and conservation laws in case of isentropic flows (S = const) 178
According to [1], in case S = p/ργ = const, equations (36) admit the following 179
symmetries. 180
1. If H0 ̸= 0, the admitted Lie algebra is
X1 = ∂ t , X2 = ∂ s , X3 = ∂ x , X4 = t∂ x + ∂u ,
X5 = z∂y − y∂z + w∂v − v∂w + Ez ∂ Ey − Ey ∂ Ez + H z ∂ H y − H y ∂ H z ,
X6 = t∂t + 2s∂s − u∂u − v∂v − w∂w + 2ρ∂ρ , (63)
X7 = −s∂s + x∂ x + y∂y + z∂z + u∂u + v∂v + w∂w − 2ρ∂ρ ,
X8 = q 1 ( s ) ∂ y , X9 = q 2 ( s ) ∂ z , X10 = t∂y + ∂v , X11 = t∂z + ∂w ,
where q1 , q2 are arbitrary functions of s. 181

Scheme (39) supplemented by the state equation (54) admits all the generators (63). 182
2. In case H 0 = 0, the admitted Lie algebra is
X1 = ∂ t , X2 = ∂ s , X3 = ∂ x , X4 = t∂ x + ∂u , X5 = q3 (s)( H z ∂ H y − H y ∂ H z ),
X6 = t∂t + 2s∂s − u∂u + 2ρ∂ρ , X7 = −s∂s + x∂ x + u∂u − 2ρ∂ρ ,
X8 = 2s∂s + 2ρ∂ρ + p∂ p + H y ∂ H y + H z ∂ H z .
(64)
In case γ = 2, there are two additional generators, namely
X9 = q 4 ( s ) ρ ( ∂ H y − H y ∂ p ) , X10 = q5 (s)ρ(∂ H z − H z ∂ p ). (65)
Here q3 , q4 and q5 are arbitrary functions of s. 183

Scheme (39), (54) admits all the generators (64). However, the scheme does not admit 184
the generators X9 and X10 . 185
There are the following additional conservation laws for system (36). 186
a) In case H 0 ̸= 0, there is an additional conservation law which corresponds to the 187

generator ∂s 188
u vH y + wH z γS γ−1 u2 + v2 + w 2

+ + ρ − = 0. (66)
ρ H0 ρ t γ−1 2 s
b) Case H 0 = 0. 189
• The conservation law corresponding to the generator ∂s is
γS0 γ−1 u2

u
+ ρ − + ρB0 = 0 (67)
ρ t γ−1 2 s
provided
( H y )2 + ( H z )2
S0 = S = const and B0 = = const. (68)
ρ2
The latter follows from system (36). When conductivity of the medium tends to 190
infinity, the phenomenon of frozen-in magnetic field is observed (see, e.g. [46]). 191
In this case, in the absence of the longitudinal component H 0 of the magnetic 192
field, the quantity B0 which is proportional to the magnetic pressure turns out 193
to preserve along the pathlines. 194
• In case γ = 2, the admitted generator
5X6 + 3X7 − 4X8 (69)
corresponds to the conservation law
u2 u2

u 2
5tρA0 + 5t − s − 3xu + ((5tu − 3x )ρ − 2sρ) A0 + s = 0 (70)
2 ρ t 2 s
provided
( H y )2 + ( H z )2 ( H y )2 + ( H z )2

S p
A0 = + = + = const (71)
γ−1 2ρ2 γ =2 ρ2 2ρ2
which follows from system (36). 195
Remark 8. Conservation law (70) is a basis one. Its partial derivative with respect to s
is equivalent to (67), and its partial derivative with respect to t is
A0 ( ρ t + ρ2 u s ) + u ( u t + ( A0 ρ2 ) s ) = 0 (72)
which is a combination of (36a) and (36b) provided (71). 196
By virtue of the content of Remark 6, one can verify that the finite-difference analogues
of (68) and (71) hold along the pathlines for scheme (39), namely
( H y )2 + ( H z )2 H y Ȟ y + H z Ȟ z

= 0 or =0 if H 0 = 0, (73)
ρ2 t ρρ̌ t
and
! !
p(α) ( H y )2 + ( H z )2 p(α) H y Ȟ y + H z Ȟ z
+ = 0 or + =0 if H 0 = 0, γ = 2.
ρ̌ρ 2ρ2 ρ̌ρ 2ρρ̌
t t
(74)
Scheme (39) also admits the generators ∂s and (69) under the same conditions as for 197
the differential case. 198
Analyzing scheme (39), one can conclude that for the additional conservation laws (66), 199
(67) and (70) there is no approximations in terms of rational expressions. This means that 200
construction of finite difference analogues of the mentioned conservation laws is extremely 201
hard. 202
Further we restrict ourselves to the case γ = 2 and S = S1 = const, and consider 203
another invariant scheme on an extended finite difference stencil. 204
We introduce the pressure for the polytropic gas as
p = S1 ρ̂ρ̂+ . (75)
Then, the conservation law of entropy

p̌
= ( S1 ) t = 0 (76)
ρρ+ t
is defined by the following invariant expression
p p̌ p̌− p−
= = = = S1 . (77)
ρ̂ρ̂+ ρρ+ ρρ− ρ̂ρ̂−
The scheme under consideration is based on scheme (39) and it has the following form

1
= u∗s , (78a)
ρ t
y
!
Ĥ+ Ĥ y + Ĥ+
z Ĥ z
y
ut = − p + , vt = H 0 Ĥs , wt = H 0 Ĥsz , (78b)
2
s̄
y
Hz

H
= H 0 vs̄ , = H 0 ws̄ , (78c)
ρ t ρ t
p p̌ p̌− p−
= = = = S1 , (78d)
ρ̂ρ̂+ ρρ+ ρρ− ρ̂ρ̂−
1
xt = u∗ , y+
t = v, z+
t = w, xs = . (78e)
ρ
One can verify that the latter scheme is invariant. It admits the same symmetries as
scheme (39), (54). The following quantities hold for (78)
y
!
H+ H y + H+z Hz
= ( B1 )t = 0 if H 0 = 0, (79)
ρρ+
t
y
!
p̌ H H y + H+
z Hz
1
+ + = (2S1 + B1 )t = 0 if H 0 = 0, γ = 2. (80)
ρρ+ 2ρρ+ 2
t
Scheme (78) possesses the difference analogues of (66) and (67), namely
!
u v∗ Ĥ y + w∗ Ĥ z uu− + v̂2− + ŵ2−

+ + 2ρ̂∗ S1 − = 0, (81)
ρ H 0 ρ̂ t 2
s

u uu−
+ ρ̂∗ (2S1 + B1 ) − = 0. (82)
ρ t 2 s
To construct the latter conservation law one should use the following relation
y y
Ĥ+ Ĥ y + Ĥ+
z Ĥ z Ĥ Ĥ y + Ĥ+
z Ĥ z
1
= + = ρ̂ρ̂+ B1 . (83)
2 2ρ̂ρ̂+ 2
Remark 9. The angular momentum and center of mass conservation laws are

z y
(zv− − yw− )t + H 0 (ŷ Ĥ− − ẑ Ĥ− ) = 0, (84)
s
y
" # !
Ĥ Ĥ y + Ĥ− z Ĥ z
(tu − x )t + t̂ p− + −
∗
= 0, (85)
2
∗ s

(tv − y+ )t − t̂H 0 Ĥ y = 0, (86)
s

0 z
(tu − z+ )t − t̂H Ĥ = 0. (87)
s
The remaining conservation laws of mass, momentum, magnetic flux and entropy follow directly 205
from the scheme as it is written in a divergent form. 206
4. Numerical experiments 207
In this section, we consider the problem of deceleration of a plasma bunch in a crossed 208
electromagnetic field under the presence and absence of a longitudinal component of 209
magnetic field. We use scheme (31), and consider how the conservation laws hold on the 210
solutions of this scheme. In addition to the transverse component H y of the magnetic field, 211
we also consider the case of the presence of a longitudinal magnetic field H 0 ̸= 0. 212
A plasma bunch is considered, which moves from left to right in a railgun channel. The
channel is filled with a relatively cold weakly conducting gas. With the help of an external
electric circuit, a strong transverse magnetic field is generated in the channel, which causes
the bunch to decelerate. During its motion, the plasma bunch closes the electric circuit
and moves along the background gas; therefore, the magnetic field and pressure at the
left boundary of the computational domain are considered equal to zero. The differential
boundary conditions are as follows
p(0, t) = 0, H y (0, t) = 0, H z (0, t) = 0, (88a)
u(S, t) = 0, Ey (S, t) = 0, H y (S, t) = 4π J (t), (88b)

dJ
L0 + R0 J − V (t) + Ez (S, t) = 0, (88c)
dt
dV
= − J/C0 , V (0) = V0 , J (0) = 0, (88d)
dt
where 0 ⩽ s ⩽ S and 0 ⩽ t ⩽ tmax , S is the total mass of the gas, J and V are current and
voltage, and C0 , L0 , R0 are the external circuit parameters. The boundary conditions (88c)
and (88d) are approximated in the same way as in [13], namely
L0 Jt + R0 J (0.5) − V (0.5) + EzM (0.5) = 0, Vt = − J (0.5) /C0 , (89)
where M = ⌊S/h⌋. 213

All calculations were carried out using the dimensionless version of scheme (31) with 214
the value of the coefficient κ = 4π. For the dimensionless form of the scheme, the initial 215
conditions are: ρ0 = 1.0, p0 = 0.0056, R0 = 1.17, C0 = 1.64, L0 = 0.0035, S = 4.0, the 216
temperature of the plasma T0 = 3.0, the initial speed of the plasma bunch u0 = 0.75. 217
The gas is considered polytropic with γ = 5/3. The uniform mesh steps are h = 0.067 218
and τ = 0.003, and tmax = 0.7. The initial voltage V0 is varied between 1.67 and 2.6 219
which approximately correspond to the voltage 650 and 1000 V. In experiments where 220
the longitudinal magnetic field H 0 is present, a value close to 1 is taken for H 0 . In the 221
calculations, a linear artificial viscosity is used, with a viscosity coefficient ν = 2h. 222
The problem under consideration is close to the problem described in [47] in which, 223
however, tabulated real plasma parameters, including electrical conductivity, were used. In 224
our problem, we used the ideal gas equation and an exponential conductivity function. 225
Scheme (31) is implemented using the iterative methods described in [13]. In this case, 226
the scheme equations are divided into two parts, dynamic and magnetic. The dynamic 227
part is preliminarily linearized using the Newton method, and for the magnetic part a 228
flow version of the sweep method is used [48], which is well suited for the case of finite 229
conductivity, especially when its values are small. The bunch motion is modeled by a shock 230
wave. Conductivity σ of the plasma bunch is proportional to T 3/2 , and the conductivity 231
function σ = σ (ρ, T ) is very sensitive to the density ρ in such a way that in the rarefied 232
background gas region it has values close to zero. 233
Three essentially different cases are considered: 234
1. The bunch is decelerated using a transverse magnetic field Hy

at a relatively low 235
voltage in the circuit. 236
2. The bunch is decelerated using a transverse magnetic field at a high voltage in the 237
circuit. 238
3. A rather strong longitudinal magnetic field H 0 is added to the previous case. (Calcula- 239
tions show that a weak longitudinal magnetic field has little effect on the experimental 240
results.) 241
In all cases, at the initial moment of time, the gas particles are given a small constant 242
transverse velocity v > 0. This is necessary in order to track the influence of the longitudinal 243
magnetic field on the transverse component of the particle velocity, which should be 244
observed only in the third numerical experiment. 245
Figure 2 shows the evolution of the magnetic field and plasma temperature in the 246
first experiment. The magnetic field is not strong enough to stop the bunch. If the bunch 247
reaches the right boundary of the computational domain, the reflection of the wave can 248
be observed due to the boundary condition u(S, t) = 0. Figure 3 shows the second case 249
where the transverse magnetic field is strong enough. The plasma bunch is decelerated by 250
the magnetic field and after a short period of time begins to move backward. Adding a 251
sufficiently strong longitudinal magnetic field H 0 to the previous experiment leads to an 252
intermediate picture: the magnetic field is “smeared” over the computational domain, the 253
plasma deceleration process is not as intense as in the previous case, and is inhomogeneous 254
along the mass coordinate, which leads to a kind of fragmentation of the temperature 255
profile (see Figure 4). 256
Figure 2. Evolution of the magnetic field H y and the temperature T for the first experiment.
Figure 3. Evolution of the magnetic field H y and the temperature T for the second experiment.
Figure 4. Evolution of the magnetic field H y and the temperature T for the third experiment.
In Figures 5– 7 the evolution of the work A = − p us performed on the gas and the
electromagnetic force f x in the direction of the x axis are shown. At the beginning of the
process at the shock wave front, A is positive, which corresponds to gas heating due to
compression. At the left boundary of the computational domain, A is negative, and the
rarefaction wave cools the gas. The electromagnetic force f is mainly localized in the front
part of the bunch. With an increase in the total current, the electromagnetic force increases,
which leads to the deceleration of the wave and further to its stop and reverse motion.
y
Notice that the component f y = H 0 Hs̄ appears only in the third experiment (H 0 ̸= 0). Its
evolution is depicted in Figure 8. Also recall that, as follows from (31),

x 1 σ̂∗ z y y z σ∗ z y y z
f =− ( Ê H∗ − Ê H∗ ) + ( E Ĥ∗ − E Ĥ∗ ) . (90)
2 ρ̂∗ ρ∗
Figure 5. Evolution of the electromagnetic force − f x and the work on gas A for the first experiment.
Figure 6. Evolution of the electromagnetic force − f x and the work on gas A for the second experiment.
Figure 7. Evolution of the electromagnetic force − f x and the work on gas A for the third experiment.
Figure 8. Evolution of the electromagnetic force f y for the third experiment (H 0 > 0).
In Figure 9 the trajectories of particles under the action of magnetic fields are shown. 257
The left part (Figure 9, a)–c)) shows x-trajectories of particles for three experiments. The 258
right side of the figure shows y-trajectories associated with the transverse velocity compo- 259
nent v. Figure 9, d) corresponds to the first and second experiments where v has a constant 260
value and H 0 = 0. Figure 9, e) and Figure 9, f) correspond to the third experiment at H 0 > 0 261
and H 0 < 0 where under the action of the longitudinal magnetic field the transverse 262
velocity component increases or slows down accordingly. Notice that the choice of sign of 263
the value H 0 otherwise does not affect the results of the third experiment. 264
Figure 9. a), b) and c) show x-trajectories for the cases 1, 2 and 3; d) y-trajectories for H 0 = 0; e)
y-trajectories for H 0 > 0; f) y-trajectories for H 0 < 0.
In Figures 10–12 the finite-difference conservation laws of energy, magnetic flux 265
(along the y axis), momentum and center-of-mass motion (along the x axis) are given 266
for the selected moment of time, when the interaction of magnetic fields and the plasma 267
bunch is already quite intense. The results are provided only for the third experiment, 268
since in other cases the control of conservation laws gives similar results. The accurate 269
enough preservation of the conservation laws on solutions is due to the conservativeness 270
of scheme (31). 271
Figure 10. Conservation laws of energy (solid line) and y-flux (dashed line) at t = 0.64.
Figure 11. Conservation law of x-momentum at t = 0.64.
Figure 12. Conservation law of center-of-mass along axis x at t = 0.64.
5. Conclusion 272
Finite-difference schemes for MHD equations in the case of plane one-dimensional 273
flows are considered. The Samarsky–Popov classical scheme for the case of finite conduc- 274
tivity is taken as a starting point. Symmetries and conservation laws of this scheme are 275
investigated. It is shown that the scheme admits the same symmetries as the original differ- 276
ential model. It also has difference analogues of the conservation laws of the original model. 277
In addition to the conservation laws previously known for the scheme, new conservation 278
laws are given, which are obtained on the basis of the group classification recently carried 279
out in [1]. 280
The classical Samarskiy–Popov scheme is generalized to the case of arbitrary vectors 281
of electric and magnetic fields, as well as to the case of infinite conductivity. In the case 282
of finite conductivity the scheme possesses difference analogues of all differential local 283
conservation laws obtained in [1], some of which were not previously known. In the case 284
of infinite conductivity, straightforward generalization of the scheme leads to a scheme that 285
does not preserve angular momentum. The proposed modification makes it possible to 286
obtain an invariant scheme that also possesses the conservation law of angular momentum. 287
In addition, it is shown how to approximate the equation of state for a polytropic gas to 288
preserve the entropy along the pathlines on the extended stencil for two time layers. 289
A numerical implementation of the generalized Samarsky-Popov scheme for the case 290
of finite conductivity is performed for the problem of deceleration of a plasma bunch 291
by crossed electromagnetic fields. Various cases of the action of fields on a plasma are 292
considered. Calculations show that the finite-difference conservation laws are preserved 293
on the solutions of the scheme quite accurately. 294
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, V.D.; methodology, V.D. and E.K.; software, E.K.; valida- 295
tion, E.K; investigation, V.D. and E.K.; data curation, E.K.; writing—original draft preparation, V.D. 296
and E.K.; writing—review and editing, V.D. and E.K.; visualization, E.K.; supervision, V.D.; project 297
administration, V.D.; funding acquisition, V.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published 298
version of the manuscript. 299
Funding: This research was supported by Russian Science Foundation Grant No. 18-11-00238 300
“Hydrodynamics-type equations: symmetries, conservation laws, invariant difference schemes”. 301
Data Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are available on request from the 302
corresponding author. 303
Acknowledgments: The authors thank E. Schulz and S.V. Meleshko for valuable discussions. E.K. 304
sincerely appreciates the hospitality of the Suranaree University of Technology. 305
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. 306
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Article

Invariant Finite-Difference Schemes For Plane One-Dimensional

Abstract: Invariant finite-difference schemes are considered for one-dimensional magnetohydro- 1

Keywords: classical symmetries; conservation law; numerical scheme 15

Citation: Kaptsov, E.; Dorodnitsyn, V.

under the terms and conditions

Version February 27, 2022 submitted to Mathematics https://www.mdpi.com/journal/mathematics

2. Conservative schemes for MHD equations with finite conductivity 77

Figure 1. A plane one-dimensional flow for the chosen coordinates

where κ = 1/(4π ) and q is Joule heating per unit mass. 95

or in the divergent form

Further we assume κ = 1 since it can be discarded by means of the scaling transforma-

2.1. Conservative Samarskiy–Popov’s schemes for system (2) 96

The family of Samarskiy–Popov’s conservative difference schemes for system (2) is

S (ϕ(tn , sm , unm , ...)) = ϕ(tn±1 , sm , unm±1 , ...),

S (ϕ(tn , sm , unm , ...)) = ϕ(tn , sm±1 , unm±1 , ...).

τn = τ̂ = tn+1 − tn = t̂ − t, τn−1 = τ̌ = tn − tn−1 = t − ť,

Following the Samarskiy–Popov notation throughout the text we denote

S (ϕ) = ϕ+ , S (ϕ) = ϕ− , S (ϕ) = ϕ̂, S (ϕ) = ϕ̌, (11)

ϕ(α) = αϕ̂ + (1 − α)ϕ (12)

2.2. Invariance of Samarskiy–Popov’s schemes 102

pt = −γρpus + (γ − 1)σE2 , (18e)

The group generator

The scheme of the form

h+ = h− = h, τ̂ = τ̌ = τ, (⃗τ ,⃗h) = 0 (23b)

To preserve uniformness and orthogonality of the mesh it is also needed [24,28]

where D and D are finite-difference differentiation operators

2.3. Conservation laws possessed by Samarskiy–Popov’s scheme 108

An additional conservation law

X5 = s∂s − x∂ x − u∂u + 2ρ∂ρ − E∂ E ,

Table 1. Differential and difference conservation laws

3. Generalizations of the Samarskiy–Popov schemes for MHD equations 115

3.1. The case of finite conductivity 116

We consider a more general case H = ( H 0 , H y , H z ), E = (0, Ey , Ez ), i = (0, iy , iz ), 117

pt = −γpρus + (γ − 1)σ (( Ey )2 + ( Ez )2 ), (30)

A generalization of scheme (8) for E = (0, Ey , 0) and H = ( H 0 , 0, H z ) is given in [13].

1. If H0 = 0 and σ is arbitrary, then the admitted Lie algebra is

In case σ = ρ, there are two additional generators are admitted, namely

X1a = s∂s − x∂ x − u∂u + 2ρ∂ρ − Ey ∂ Ey − Ez ∂ Ez ,

2. If H 0 ̸= 0 and σ is arbitrary then the admitted Lie algebra is

X5 = Ez ∂ Ey − Ey ∂ Ez + H z ∂ H y − H y ∂ H z + w∂v − v∂w + z∂y − y∂z , (35)

where h1 and h2 are arbitrary functions of s. 126

3.2. The case of infinite conductivity σ → ∞ 134

In this case, system (1) reduces to

As σ → ∞, scheme (31) becomes

11† (zv − yw)t = 0 (zv(0.5) − yw(0.5) )ť = 0 Angular momentum conservation

3.2.1. Conservation of angular momentum and energy 139

3.2.2. Conservation of the entropy along the pathlines 142

From the latter system (36) it follows

Further we consider the shifted version of the equation (38d)

Substituting (47) into (46), one derives

Solving with resect to p̌(α) , one gets

The latter equation can be rewritten as

Equation (50) can be integrated, i.e.,

Since the constant can be omitted, this means

ρ̂2/3 + (ρρ̂)1/3 + ρ2/3 3p

for the internal energy ε leads to the following preservation of entropy

9† (tw − z)t − (tH 0 H z )s = 0 z

where γ ∈ N\{1} and Φ is an arbitrary function of its arguments. 171

Remark 7. From (51) it follows that

The Taylor series expansion of the latter equation is

Equation (43) for γ = 2 can be represented as

The corresponding expansion is