SAS (software)

SAS (previously "Statistical Analysis System")[1] is a statistical

SAS
software suite developed by SAS Institute for data management,
advanced analytics, multivariate analysis, business intelligence,
criminal investigation,[2] and predictive analytics.

SAS was developed at North Carolina State University from 1966 Developer(s) SAS Institute
until 1976, when SAS Institute was incorporated. SAS was further Initial release 1972
developed in the 1980s and 1990s with the addition of new
statistical procedures, additional components and the introduction Stable release 9.4M8 /
of JMP. A point-and-click interface was added in version 9 in January 31,
2004. A social media analytics product was added in 2010. 2023
Written in C
Technical overview and terminology Operating system Windows, IBM
mainframe,
SAS is a software suite that can mine, alter, manage and retrieve Unix/Linux,
data from a variety of sources and perform statistical analysis on OpenVMS
it.[3] SAS provides a graphical point-and-click user interface for Alpha
non-technical users and more through the SAS language.[3]
Type Numerical
SAS programs have DATA steps, which retrieve and manipulate analysis
data, and PROC steps, which analyze the data.[4] Each step License Proprietary
consists of a series of statements.[5]
Website www.sas.com
The DATA step has executable statements that result in the /en_us/home
software taking an action, and declarative statements that provide .html (https://w
[4]
instructions to read a data set or alter the data's appearance. The ww.sas.com/en
DATA step has two phases: compilation and execution. In the _us/home.htm
compilation phase, declarative statements are processed and syntax l)
errors are identified. Afterwards, the execution phase processes
each executable statement sequentially.[6] Data sets are organized into tables with rows called
"observations" and columns called "variables". Additionally, each piece of data has a descriptor and a
value.[4][7]

The PROC step consists of PROC statements that call upon named procedures. Procedures perform
analysis and reporting on data sets to produce statistics, analyses, and graphics. There are more than 300
named procedures and each one contains a substantial body of programming and statistical work.[4] PROC
statements can also display results, sort data or perform other operations.[5]

SAS macros are pieces of code or variables that are coded once and referenced to perform repetitive
tasks.[8]

SAS data can be published in HTML, PDF, Excel, RTF and other formats using the Output Delivery
System, which was first introduced in 2007.[9] The SAS Enterprise Guide is SAS's point-and-click
interface. It generates code to manipulate data or perform analysis automatically and does not require SAS
programming experience to use.[10]
The SAS software suite has more than 200[11] components[12][13] Some of the SAS components
include:[3][12][14]

Base SAS – Basic procedures and data management

SAS/STAT – Statistical analysis
SAS/GRAPH – Graphics and presentation
SAS/OR – Operations research
SAS/ETS – Econometrics and Time Series Analysis
SAS/IML – Interactive matrix language
SAS/AF – Applications facility
SAS/QC – Quality control
SAS/INSIGHT – Data mining
SAS/PH – Clinical trial analysis
Enterprise Miner – data mining
Enterprise Guide – GUI based code editor & project manager
SAS EBI – Suite of Business Intelligence Applications
SAS Grid Manager – Manager of SAS grid computing environment
SAS CI360 - Customer Intelligence

History

Origins

The development of SAS began in 1966 after North Carolina State University re-hired Anthony Barr[15] to
program his analysis of variance and regression software so that it would run on IBM System/360
computers.[16] The project was funded by the National Institutes of Health.[17] and was originally intended
to analyze agricultural data[12][18] to improve crop yields.[19] Barr was joined by student James Goodnight,
who developed the software's statistical routines, and the two became project leaders.[15][16][20] In 1968,
Barr and Goodnight integrated new multiple regression and analysis of variance routines.[21][22] In 1972,
after issuing the first release of SAS, the project lost its funding.[17] According to Goodnight, this was
because NIH only wanted to fund projects with medical applications.[23] Goodnight continued teaching at
the university for a salary of $1 and access to mainframe computers for use with the project,[17] until it was
funded by the University Statisticians of the Southern Experiment Stations the following year.[16][23] John
Sall joined the project in 1973 and contributed to the software's econometrics, time series, and matrix
algebra. Another early participant, Caroll G. Perkins, contributed to SAS' early programming. Jolayne W.
Service and Jane T. Helwig created SAS' first documentation.[21]

The first versions of SAS were named after the year in which they were released.[24] In 1971, SAS 71 was
published as a limited release.[3][25] It was used only on IBM mainframes and had the main elements of
SAS programming, such as the DATA step and the most common procedures in the PROC step.[24] The
following year a full version was released as SAS 72, which introduced the MERGE statement and added
features for handling missing data or combining data sets.[26] In 1976, Barr, Goodnight, Sall, and Helwig
removed the project from North Carolina State and incorporated it into SAS Institute, Inc.[27]

Development
SAS was redesigned in SAS 76 with an open architecture that allowed for compilers and procedures. The
INPUT and INFILE statements were improved so they could read most data formats used by IBM
mainframes. Generating reports was also added through the PUT and FILE statements. The ability to
analyze general linear models was also added[28] as was the FORMAT procedure, which allowed
developers to customize the appearance of data.[24] In 1979, SAS 79 added support for the CMS operating
system and introduced the DATASETS procedure. Three years later, SAS 82 introduced an early macro
language and the APPEND procedure.[24]

SAS version 4 had limited features, but made SAS more accessible. Version 5 introduced a complete macro
language, array subscripts, and a full-screen interactive user interface called Display Manager.[24] In 1985,
SAS was rewritten in the C programming language. This allowed for the SAS' Multivendor Architecture
that allows the software to run on UNIX, MS-DOS, and Windows. It was previously written in PL/I,
Fortran, and assembly language.[20][24]

In the 1980s and 1990s, SAS released a number of components to complement Base SAS. SAS/GRAPH,
which produces graphics, was released in 1980, as well as the SAS/ETS component, which supports
econometric and time series analysis. A component intended for pharmaceutical users, SAS/PH-Clinical,
was released in the 1990s. The Food and Drug Administration standardized on SAS/PH-Clinical for new
drug applications in 2002.[20] Vertical products like SAS Financial Management and SAS Human Capital
Management (then called CFO Vision and HR Vision respectively) were also introduced.[29] JMP was
developed by SAS co-founder John Sall and a team of developers to take advantage of the graphical user
interface introduced in the 1984 Apple Macintosh[30] and shipped for the first time in 1989.[30] Updated
versions of JMP were released continuously after 2002 with the most recent release being in
2016.[31][32][33][34][35][36][37]

SAS version 6 was used throughout the 1990s and was available on a wider range of operating systems,
including Macintosh, OS/2, Silicon Graphics, and PRIMOS. SAS introduced new features through dot-
releases. From 6.06 to 6.09, a user interface based on the Windows paradigm was introduced and support
for SQL[38] was added.[24] Version 7 introduced the Output Delivery System (ODS) and an improved text
editor. ODS was improved upon in successive releases. For example, more output options were added in
version 8. The number of operating systems that were supported was reduced to UNIX, Windows and
z/OS, and Linux was added.[24][39] SAS version 8 and SAS Enterprise Miner were released in 1999.[20]

Recent history

In 2002, the Text Miner software was introduced. Text Miner analyzes text data like emails for patterns in
business intelligence applications.[40] In 2004, SAS Version 9.0 was released, which was dubbed "Project
Mercury" and was designed to make SAS accessible to a broader range of business users.[41][42] Version
9.0 added custom user interfaces based on the user's role and established the point-and-click user interface
of SAS Enterprise Guide as the software's primary graphical user interface (GUI).[41] The Customer
Relationship Management (CRM) features were improved in 2004 with SAS Interaction Management.[43]
In 2008 SAS announced Project Unity, designed to integrate data quality, data integration and master data
management.[44]

SAS Institute Inc v World Programming Ltd was a lawsuit with developers of a competing implementation,
World Programming System, alleging that they had infringed SAS's copyright in part by implementing the
same functionality. This case was referred from the United Kingdom's High Court of Justice to the
European Court of Justice on 11 August 2010.[45] In May 2012, the European Court of Justice ruled in
favor of World Programming, finding that "the functionality of a computer program and the programming
language cannot be protected by copyright."[46]
A free version was introduced for students in 2010.[47] SAS Social Media Analytics, a tool for social media
monitoring, engagement and sentiment analysis, was also released that year.[48][49] SAS Rapid Predictive
Modeler (RPM), which creates basic analytical models using Microsoft Excel, was introduced that same
year.[49][50] JMP 9 in 2010 added a new interface for using the R programming language from JMP and an
add-in for Excel.[51][52] The following year, a High Performance Computing appliance was made available
in a partnership with Teradata and EMC Greenplum.[53][54] In 2011, the company released Enterprise
Miner 7.1.[55] The company introduced 27 data management products from October 2013 to October 2014
and updates to 160 others.[56] At the 2015 SAS Global Forum, it announced several new products that
were specialized for different industries, as well as new training software.[57]

Releases date

SAS had many releases since 1972.[58] Since release 9.3, SAS/STAT has its own release numbering.
Release Date Comment

72 January 1972

76 July 1976
79.5 April 1981

82.4 January 1983

4.06 March 1984

5.03 January 1985

6.01 July 1986 PC DOS

6.03 March 1988

6.06 March 1990

6.07 April 1991

6.08 March 1993

6.09 October 1993

6.10 October 1994

6.11 October 1995

6.12 November 1996

7.0 October 1998

8.0 November 1999

8.1 July 2000

8.2 March 2001

9.0 October 2002

9.1 December 2003

9.1.3 August 2004

9.2 March 2008 STAT 9.2

9.2M2 April 2010 STAT 9.22

9.3 July 2011 STAT 9.3

9.3M2 August 2012 STAT 12.1

9.4 July 2013 STAT 12.3

9.4M1 December 2013 STAT 13.1

9.4M2 August 2014 STAT 13.2

9.4M3 July 2015 STAT 14.1

9.4M4 November 2016 STAT 14.2

9.4M5 September 2017 STAT 14.3

9.4M6 November 2018 STAT 15.1

9.4M7 August 2020 STAT 15.2

9.4M8 Jan 2023 STAT 15.3
Software products
As of 2011 SAS's largest set of products is its line for customer intelligence. Numerous SAS modules for
web, social media and marketing analytics may be used to profile customers and prospects, predict their
behaviors and manage and optimize communications.[37][59] SAS also provides the SAS Fraud
Framework. The framework's primary functionality is to monitor transactions across different applications,
networks and partners and use analytics to identify anomalies that are indicative of fraud.[60][61][62][63]
SAS Enterprise GRC (Governance, Risk and Compliance) provides risk modeling, scenario analysis and
other functions[64][65] in order to manage and visualize risk, compliance and corporate policies. There is
also a SAS Enterprise Risk Management product-set designed primarily for banks and financial services
organizations.[66]

SAS' products for monitoring and managing the operations of IT systems are collectively referred to as
SAS IT Management Solutions.[67] SAS collects data from various IT assets on performance and
utilization, then creates reports and analyses.[68] SAS' Performance Management products consolidate and
provide graphical displays for key performance indicators (KPIs) at the employee, department and
organizational level.[69][70] The SAS Supply Chain Intelligence product suite is offered for supply chain
needs, such as forecasting product demand, managing distribution and inventory and optimizing pricing.[71]
There is also a "SAS for Sustainability Management" set of software to forecast environmental, social and
economic effects and identify causal relationships between operations and an impact on the environment or
ecosystem.[72]

SAS has product sets for specific industries, such as government, retail, telecommunications and aerospace
and for marketing optimization or high-performance computing.[73]

Free University Edition

SAS previously offered a Free University Edition which could be downloaded by anyone for non-
commercial use. The first announcement regarding this Free University Edition seems to have appeared in
newspapers on 28 May 2014.[74] However, in 2022, SAS Free University Edition was replaced by two
entirely web-based versions: SAS OnDemand for Academics and SAS Viya for Learners.[75]

Comparison to other products

In a 2005 article for the Journal of Marriage and Family comparing statistical packages from SAS and its
competitors Stata and SPSS, Alan C. Acock wrote that SAS programs provide "extraordinary range of data
analysis and data management tasks," but were difficult to use and learn.[76] SPSS and Stata, meanwhile,
were both easier to learn (with better documentation) but had less capable analytic abilities, though these
could be expanded with paid (in SPSS) or free (in Stata) add-ons. Acock concluded that SAS was best for
power users, while occasional users would benefit most from SPSS and Stata.[76] A 2014 comparison by
the University of California, Los Angeles, gave similar results.[77]
Competitors such as Revolution Analytics and Alpine Data Labs advertise their products as considerably
cheaper than SAS'. In a 2011 comparison, Doug Henschen of InformationWeek found that start-up fees for
the three are similar, though he admitted that the starting fees were not necessarily the best basis for
comparison.[78] SAS' business model is not weighted as heavily on initial fees for its programs, instead
focusing on revenue from annual subscription fees.[79][80]

SAS Viya

In 2016, SAS Viya was introduced,[81] with a new architecture optimized for running SAS software in
public clouds. Viya also increased interoperability with open source software, allowing models to be built
in tools such as R, Python and Jupyter, and then executed on SAS's Cloud Analytics Services (CAS)
engine.[82] In 2020, a further architectural revamp in Viya 4 containerized the software.[83] SAS sell Viya
alongside SAS 9.4, and have not positioned it as a replacement for SAS 9.4.[84]

Adoption
According to IDC, SAS is the largest market-share holder in "advanced analytics" with 35.4 percent of the
market as of 2013.[85] It is the fifth largest market-share holder for business intelligence (BI) software with
a 6.9% share[86] and the largest independent vendor. It competes in the BI market against conglomerates,
such as SAP BusinessObjects, IBM Cognos, SPSS Modeler, Oracle Hyperion, and Microsoft Power
BI.[87] SAS has been named in the Gartner Leader's Quadrant for Data Integration Tool and for Business
Intelligence and Analytical Platforms.[88] A study published in 2011 in BMC Health Services Research
found that SAS was used in 42.6 percent of data analyses in health service research, based on a sample of
1,139 articles drawn from three journals.[89]

See also
Comparison of numerical-analysis software
Comparison of OLAP servers
JMP (statistical software), also from SAS Institute Inc.
SAS language
R (programming language)

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Further reading
Greenberg, Bernard G.; Cox, Gertrude M.; Mason, David D.; Grizzle, James E.; Johnson,
Norman L.; Jones, Lyle V.; Monroe, John; Simmons, Gordon D. Jr. (1978). Nourse, E.
Shepley (ed.). "Statistical Training and Research: The University of North Carolina System".
International Statistical Review. 46 (2): 171–207. doi:10.2307/1402812 (https://doi.org/10.23
07%2F1402812). JSTOR 1402812 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1402812).

Wikiversity:Data Analysis using the SAS Language

External links
Official website (https://www.sas.com/en_us/home.html)
SAS OnDemand for Academics (https://welcome.oda.sas.com/login) No-cost access for
learners (free SAS Profile required)
A Glossary of SAS terminology (https://go.documentation.sas.com/doc/en/pgmsascdc/v_02
3/pgmsasgl/glossary.htm?homeOnFail)
SAS for Developers (https://developer.sas.com/)
SAS community forums (https://communities.sas.com/)

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