Student

Guide
Pg. 9

Axis Naming
Convention

www.axis.com
 Product Line

AXIS P3225-LVE
Product lines (Q – P – M – F – V – T – A – C – S)

Q P M F V T A C S
A range of
Flexible,
Most accessories
Versatile Affordable, modular
advanced, that
and secure intuitive & system for a Live Access Network
secure video increase Total
advanced dependable wide variety Streaming control audio
solutions for the benefit solutions
video video of discreet cameras products solutions
mission-critical of
systems solutions solutions surveillance
network
products
video

www.axis.com
 Product Types

AXIS P3225-LVE
Product type (1-9)

1-2 3-4 5-6 7 8 9

Fixed Fixed dome PTZ Encoders/ System

Accessories
cameras cameras cameras decoders products

www.axis.com
 Product Series

AXIS P3225-LVE
Fixed Fixed dome PTZ Onboard Thermal Video
cameras cameras cameras cameras cameras Encoders

AXIS Q8414-LVS Q37 Series AXIS V59 Series AXIS P39-R Series AXIS Q29 Series AXIS Q74 Series

AXIS Q17 Series AXIS Q35 Series AXIS Q87-E Series AXIS Q19 Series AXIS P72 Series

AXIS Q16 Series AXIS P33 Series AXIS Q86 PT Series AXIS M70 Series

AXIS P85 Series AXIS P32 Series AXIS Q61 Series AXIS 291 1U
AXIS P14 Series AXIS M30 Series AXIS Q6000-E AXIS Q7920
AXIS P13 Series AXIS Q60 Series
AXIS P12 Series AXIS P56 Series
AXIS M2014-E AXIS P55 Series
AXIS M11 Series AXIS P54 Series
AXIS M10 Series AXIS M50 Series
AXIS F Series
www.axis.com
 Running Number

AXIS P3225-LVE
Running number
Used to differentiate products; for example, within a series

www.axis.com
 Resolution or Number of Channels

AXIS P3225-LVE
Resolution or Channels
# Resolution Channels
1 VGA – 640x480 1
2 4CIF –704x480 -
3 SVGA – 800x600 -
4 HDTV 720 (1 MP) – 1280x720 4
5 HDTV 1080 (2MP) – 1920x1080 -
6 3MP – 2048x1536 6
7 5MP – 2592x1944 -
8 4K UHD – 3840x2160 -
9 > 4K UHD -
www.axis.com
 Distinguishing Properties

AXIS P3225-LVE
Extension ( -C -E -L -P -R -V -W -S )

-C -E -L -P
Cooling enclosure Outdoor enclosure LED illumination Panoramic
o
view 360

-R -V -W -S
Rugged Vandal-resistant Wireless Stainless steel
enclosure

www.axis.com
 What’s in a Name?

AXIS P3225-LVE

Product line
Versatile & secure Series Running Extension
Product type Resolution
advanced video number number Vandal-resistant
Fixed Dome 2 MP, 1920X1080 Outdoor enclosure
solutions Camera
LED

Series name
P32

www.axis.com
Student
Guide
Pg. 13

Introduction to Axis
Technologies

www.axis.com
 Axis Technologies

Continuous R&D of new technologies adds

value to your installation.
Focus on enhancing:
> Image usability
> Reliability and quality
> Ease of installation and use
> Intelligent applications and analytics
> System integration
> Efficient operation in all conditions

www.axis.com
 Zipstream

Much more efficient H.264 implementation, lowering

bandwidth and storage requirements by average of 50%
for many cases of 24/7 surveillance use.
More video, less storage:
> Keep the resolution
> Keep the frame rate
> Keep the forensic details ~40% of the image

Technology
Page

www.axis.com
 Lightfinder

Axis’ Lightfinder technology offers extreme light

sensitivity, capable of delivering color images in light
levels of 0.18 lux or lower.
A combination of:
> Axis’ expertise in image processing
> In-house system-on-chip development
> Selection of the best optical components

Technology
Page

www.axis.com
 4K Ultra HD

Provides up to four times higher resolution than standard HDTV

1080p resolution, using the current 16:9 aspect ratio format.

Technology
Page

www.axis.com
 Wide Dynamic Range

In scenes with extremes of lighting or backlight

situations, typical cameras produce images where
objects in dark areas would hardly be visible.
WDR solves this by applying various techniques to
enable objects in both bright and dark areas to be
visible.
Three technologies:
WDR- Forensic Capture
WDR- Dynamic Capture
WDR- Dynamic Contrast

Technology
Page

www.axis.com
 OptimizedIR

Allows for automatic adjustment of the angle of

illumination based on zoom level, always providing for
maximum amount of light in image.
Based on:
> New and power-efficient LED technology
> Optimized image quality with an adaptable angle of IR
illumination
> Smart saturation controlled exposure that adapts to the
scene to avoid overexposure

Technology
Page

www.axis.com
 Electronic Image Stabilization

Greatly improves video quality in

situations where camera is subject to
vibrations.
Reduces effects of:
> High winds
> High & low amplitude vibrations
Offers:
> More flexible installation options
> Reduced bandwidth & storage

Technology
Page

www.axis.com
 Axis’ Corridor Format

Monitor areas which are more vertical

than horizontal, such as; staircases,
hallways and aisles.
Gives you the right perspective to:
> Maximize image quality
> Reduce wasted bandwidth and storage

Technology
Page

www.axis.com
 P-iris
Without P-iris
Improves contrast, resolution and depth of field in all
lighting conditions.
Precise iris control:
> Avoid blurring
> Maximize image quality
With P-Iris
> Improve depth of field for sharpness
over a longer range

Technology
Page

www.axis.com
 Multi-view Streaming

View separate, digitally-zoomed video streams

simultaneously as a full resolution image.
Increase system efficiency:
> Minimizes installation and maintenance cost by utilizing one
camera instead of multiple
> Streaming of selected areas only to minimize bandwidth
and storage need
> Allowing digital PTZ for each stream, including guard tour

Technology
Storage Page

www.axis.com
 ONVIF

An open industry forum for the development of

global standards for the interface of network
video products. Full members

> Standardization of communication between

IP-based physical security devices
> Interoperability between IP-based physical
security products, regardless of
manufacturer
> Open to all companies and organizations

Technology
Page

www.axis.com
 Analytics & Other Applications

ACAP (AXIS Camera Application Platform) is an open

platform available on most Axis products allowing the
addition of analytics and other applications to meet
specific security and business needs.
More video, less storage:
> Available 24/7/365
> Creates new business possibilities
> Enables users to be proactive
> Lower total cost

Technology
Page

www.axis.com
Student
Guide
Pg. 17

Axis Network
Video Portfolio

www.axis.com
 The market’s broadest portfolio

Fixed cameras PTZ cameras

AXIS M10 Series AXIS M11 Series AXIS P13 Series AXIS Q16 Series AXIS 212 PTZ/-V AXIS P55 Series AXIS Q60 Series
AXIS M1004-W AXIS M1103/M1104 AXIS P1353/-E AXIS Q1602/-E AXIS 214 PTZ AXIS P5512/-E AXIS Q6032/-E/-C
AXIS M1013/M1014 AXIS M1113/-E AXIS P1354/-E AXIS Q1604/-E AXIS M50 Series AXIS P5522/-E AXIS Q6034/-E/-C
AXIS M1033/M1034-W AXIS M1114/-E AXIS P1355/-E AXIS Q1614/-E AXIS M5013/-V AXIS P5532/-E AXIS Q6035/-E/-C
AXIS M1054 AXIS M1143/M1144-L AXIS P1357/-E AXIS Q17 Series AXIS M5014/-V AXIS P5534/-E AXIS Q6042/-C/-E/-S
AXIS M2014-E AXIS Q1755/-E AXIS P54 Series AXIS P5544 AXIS Q6044/-C/-E/-S
AXIS Q1765-LE AXIS P5414-E AXIS Q6045/-C/-E/-S
AXIS P5415-E
Fixed Dome cameras
AXIS M30 Series AXIS M31-R Series AXIS M32 Series AXIS P3353
Covert cameras
AXIS M3004-V AXIS M3113-R AXIS M3203/-V AXIS P3354 AXIS P12 Series AXIS P85 Series
AXIS P3363-V/-VE AXIS P1204 AXIS P8514
AXIS M3005-V AXIS M3114-R AXIS M3204/-V
AXIS P3364-V/-LV/-VE/-LVE
AXIS M3006-V AXIS M31-VE Series AXIS P1214/-E
AXIS M3007-P/-PV AXIS P3367-V/-VE
AXIS M3113-VE AXIS P33 Series
AXIS M3011/M3014
AXIS M3024-LVE
AXIS M3114-VE AXIS P3301/-V
AXIS P3384-V/-VE
Thermal cameras
AXIS P3304/-V AXIS Q19 Series AXIS Q87 Series
AXIS M3025-VE
AXIS P3346/-V/-VE AXIS Q1910/-E AXIS Q8721-E
AXIS M3026-VE
AXIS Q1921/-E AXIS Q8722-E
Encoders/decoders AXIS Q1922/-E
AXIS Q1931-E
AXIS M70 Series AXIS P72 Series AXIS Q74 Series AXIS Q7424-R
AXIS M7001 AXIS P7210 AXIS Q7401 AXIS Q7436 Blade
AXIS Q7920 Chassis
Software & Solutions
AXIS M7010 AXIS P7214 AXIS Q7404
AXIS 2911U Rack AXIS A1001 AXIS Camera Management
AXIS M7014 AXIS P7224 AXIS Q7406 Blade
AXIS P7701 AXIS Camera Companion AXIS Mobile Monitor
AXIS M7016 AXIS P7216 AXIS Q7411
AXIS Camera Station
AXIS Q7414 Blade
AXIS Video Hosting System
ADP > 800 partners
Accessories

www.axis.com
Student
Guide
Pg. 60

Camera Basics

www.axis.com
 Visible Light

400 nm 700 nm 850 nm 1400nm 8000 nm 14000 nm

www.axis.com
 Color Temperature & White Balance

> Wavelength bias of a light source

> Perceived color depends on wavelength
> Measured in degrees Kelvin (K)
> Human eyes compensate for the differences in
color
6500 K
10000 K - Automatic

2500 K

www.axis.com
 White Balance

> Correct color representation requires neutral colors to remain neutral, regardless of light source
> Cameras use different gain levels to amplify Red, Green and Blue in auto white balance settings
> Cameras adjust for illumination differences through white balance settings

6000 K

3000 K

5000 K

1700 K

www.axis.com
 IR Light

400 nm 700 nm 850 nm 1400nm 8000 nm 14000 nm

www.axis.com
 IR Cut Filter

www.axis.com
 IR Cut Filter

www.axis.com
 IR Cut Filter

www.axis.com
 Thermal Imaging

> Complement to existing systems

> Detect 24/7:
– Complete darkness
– Difficult daylight conditions
– Demanding weather conditions

> Perimeter and area protection

> People detection for safety and security

400 nm 700 nm 850 nm 1400nm 8000 nm 14000 nm

www.axis.com
 Johnson Criteria

> Used to characterize objects:

̶ Man (1.8m x 0.5m)

> The ability of observers to

identify targets under various
conditions with 50 % probability

Pixels on Target
Detection Recognition Identification*
1.5 6 12

* Distinction between friend and foe

www.axis.com
 Weather Effects

Visible light and infrared affected in same way

> Water vapor amount and particle size
Light rain
> 4dB/km attenuation
Heavy rain
> 10dB/km attenuation
Light fog (500m visibility)
> 10dB/km for infrared energy (8-14µm)
> 30dB/km for visual light
Heavy fog (200m visibility)
> Equal for visual and LW infrared, 80dB/km

www.axis.com
 Lens Functions

Focal length

Lens Iris Mount

element
www.axis.com
 Fields of View

Wide angle Normal Telephoto

www.axis.com
 Iris & Aperture
Iris
Aperture
Fixed-iris
Aperture cannot be adjusted
Exposure time and/or gain
compensate for changes in light
Typical use: indoor environments
with constant light levels
www.axis.com
Types of Iris Control
DC-iris
Motor-driven, automatically
adjustable iris
In bright situations, the iris
opening becomes very small –
diffraction and blur can occur
Required for outdoor camera
placement
P-iris
Stepper motor and specialized
software in camera optimize
image quality
Limits the iris aperture to avoid
blur and diffraction
Developed jointly by Axis
Communications and Kowa
Company of Japan
 F-number (F-stop)

> Smaller F-number (larger aperture)

– More light gathering capability Low F-stop
– Less depth of field value- Large
aperture
> Larger F-number (smaller aperture)
– Less light gathering capability
– More depth of field

High F-stop
value- Small
aperture

www.axis.com
 Aperture Opening vs. Depth of Field

The area in
front of and
behind the
focal point
that still
remains in
focus.

www.axis.com
 Lens Artifacts: Chromatic Aberrations

> Failure to focus all colors to same convergence

point
> Seen as “fringes" of color along dark and
bright boundaries of the image
> Reduced by:
– Low dispersion lens material like fluorite
– Combining two or more different lens materials

www.axis.com
Student
Guide
Pg. 152

IP Networking for
Axis Products

www.axis.com
 The First 4 Layers

Layer Data Unit Function Examples

End-to-end connections and

4. Transport Segment reliability TCP, UDP

Path determination and logical Router, layer 3 switch, IP

3. Network Packet addressing Address

Physical addressing (MAC &

2. Data Link Frame LLC) MAC Address, layer 2 switch

Media, signal and binary

1. Physical Bit transmission Wireless, cabling

www.axis.com
 Connecting Camera to Network

> Twisted pair copper (10/100/1000 Mbps)

– Twist rate determines:
– Throughput capacity
– Immunity to crosstalk and EMI
– Maximum distance is 100m

> Fiber optic (100/1000 Mbps)

– Distance based on mode and light source
– Immune to EMI (electromagnetic interference)

> Wireless Technology

– IEEE 802.11 b/g/n/ac
– Point-to-point
– Point-to-multipoint
– Mesh

www.axis.com
 Ethernet Cables

> UTP (unshielded twisted pair)

– Two unshielded wires twisted around one another
– Low cost
– Used for local area networks (LANs)

> STP (shielded twisted pair)

– Each pair surrounded by metal foil and a separate
metal conductor used as a ground (drain wire)
– Reduces EMI & emissions
– Recommended for exterior installations

www.axis.com
 IEEE 802 Ethernet Standards

Throughput and distance

# of wire pairs
Type Data rate Transmission media Distance required

100BASE-TX 100 MBit/s Twisted Pair Cable (TP) Cat. 5 100 m 4

100BASE-FX 100 MBit/s Fiber Optic Cable (MMF) 2.000 m

1000BASE-SX 1,000 MBit/s Fiber Optic Cable (MMF) 500 m

1000BASE-LX 1,000 MBit/s Fiber Optic Cable (MMF or SMF) 2 m to 5 km

1000BASE-T 1,000 MBit/s Twisted Pair Cable (TP) Cat. 5e 100 m 4

10GBASE-LX4 10,000 MBit/s Fiber Optic Cable (MMF or SMF) 2 m to10 km

10GBASE-T 10,000 MBit/s Twisted Pair Cable(TP) Cat. 6a to 7 100 m 4

www.axis.com
 Daisy Chain Topology

> Advantages
> Minimum of cabling
> Quick, easy installation

> Disadvantages
> Not recommended
> Potential bottleneck issues
> Low redundancy
> Single point of failure

www.axis.com
 Star Topology

> Advantages
– Increased performance
– Easily scalable
– Centralized management

> Disadvantages
– More cabling required
– Central device requires higher
capacity/functionality

www.axis.com
 Redundant Star Topology

> Advantages
– Higher level of redundancy
– Minimized network load
– Reduced load on server

> Disadvantages
– More cabling required
– Requires additional hardware
– Additional cost

www.axis.com
 Partial Mesh Topology

> Advantages
– Some level of redundancy
– Scalable

> Disadvantages
– Network load not optimized
– Redundancy not optimized

www.axis.com
 Full Mesh Topology

> Advantages
– Data transmitted from different
devices simultaneously
– Multiple traffic routes available
– Does not require broadcasting or
switching to relay traffic

> Disadvantages
– High cost
– Difficult set-up and maintenance

**Not all routes shown**

www.axis.com
 Power over Ethernet Classes

Class Type Power available at the Power available at

Power Sourcing the Powered Device
Equipment (PSE) (PD)
0 802.3af 15.4 W 0.44 - 12.95 W
1 802.3af 4.0 W 0.44 - 3.84 W
2 802.3af 7.0 W 3.84 - 6.49 W
3 802.3af 15.4 W 6.49 - 12.95 W
4 802.3at PoE+ 30 W 12.95 - 25.5 W
N/A High PoE 60 W (2 x 30 W) 51 W

www.axis.com
 Network Interface Cards (NIC)

> Operates at:

– Physical Layer (Layer 1)
– Data Link Layer (Layer 2)

> 48-bit unique address hardware address

– MAC Address: Media Access Control

> Allows computers to communicate with

each other through the network

www.axis.com
 MAC Address

> Each device must have a unique identity MAC Address/Serial number

– MAC Address

> Corresponds to hardware address

– Assigned by the manufacturer
– Often used as serial number

> Example: 00:40:8C:71:04:CB

AC:CC:8E:0C:DB:2F

Product uniqueUnique
Organizationally identifier
Identifier
assigned
(OUI) by manufacturer
assigned by IEEE

www.axis.com
 Layer 2 Switch

> Data transmission based on destination MAC Address

– Uses ARP to determine MAC Address
> Basic switch functionality:
– Provides connections and forwards packets to specific ports
> Benefits of Layer 2 switching:
– Fast performance
– Easy setup & administration
– Low cost

www.axis.com
 Layer 3 Switch

> Data transmission based on destination IP Address

> Benefits of layer 3 switching:
– Hardware-based packet forwarding
– High-performance packet switching
– High-speed scalability
– Low latency over traditional router
– Lower per-port cost
– Flow accounting
– Quality of service (QoS)

www.axis.com
 Router

> Forwards data packets destined for different

networks based on IP Address
> Uses both hardware & software to ‘route’ data
> Commonly called ‘Gateway’
> Operates on Layer 3 of OSI Model

www.axis.com
 IP Address (Internet Protocol)

> Uniquely identifies device on network

> Serves 2 primary functions:
– Host or network interface ID
– Location addressing

> Two methods of obtaining IP Address:

– Dynamic
– Static

> Two systems of IP Addresses:

– IPv4 contain 32 bits (4 Octets): 192.168.0.90
– IPv6 contain 128 bits (8 Hex-tets) : 2001:0db8:85a3:08d3:1319:8a2e:0370:7334
www.axis.com
 Routable (Public) IPv4 Address Classes & Default Subnet Masks

Class Start IP range End IP range Subnet Mask

A 0.0.0.0 126.255.255.255 255.0.0.0
B 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255 255.255.0.0
C 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255 255.255.255.0
D (Multicast) 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255 Undefined

*The 127.0.0.0/8 network is a Class A IP Address, designated for loopback and cannot be assigned to a network.
www.axis.com
 Non-routable (Private) IPv4 Addresses

Class Start IP End IP Subnet Mask

A 10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 255.0.0.0

B 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 255.255.0.0

C 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255 255.255.255.0

www.axis.com
 Packets & Packet Switching

> Packet
– A group of bits transmitted independently
over a network

> Packet switching is used to:

– Optimize capacity of network
– Minimize transmission latency
– Increase robustness of communication

> Packets contain:

– Header: contains destination information
– Payload: contains cargo of data transmission
www.axis.com
 Protocols

> Network “traffic rules”

> An agreement or standard
> Typical tasks:
– “Handshake”
– How to start and end message
– Error correction
– Message formatting
– Connection characteristics
– Detection of physical connection

www.axis.com
 DNS – Domain Name Server

> Associates IP address and it’s associated URL

> Translates URL into correct IP address:
– www.axis.com is translated as 195.60.68.25

> Compare with:

– Phone book
– Social Security Number

www.axis.com
 Dynamic DNS

> Keeps a host name pointed to a pre-

DDNS
defined dynamic public IP address server

– Provides the functionality of static IP IP 212.247.88.127

Addressing
– Allows for remote access to a specific
URL even if IP Address changes Public IP
10.92.127.142
Router Port Forward rule:
“Forward all incoming traffic
to 192.168.0.102”. Private IP
192.168.0.100

Replies from 192.168.0.102 will be

passed back to sender of request
IP 192.168.0.102
www.axis.com
 Network Address Translation (NAT)

> The translation of IP address/port number from one network to a different

IP address/port number from another network
– Destination may not be local
– Allows use of less public
IP Addresses for remote
access
– Allows remote computers
to connect to a specific
computer or service within
private local-area networks

www.axis.com
 NAT in Practice

DDNS server
IP: 212.247.88.127
Public IP:
10.92.127.142

Router Port Forwarding Rule:

All incoming traffic on port Private IP
8081 redirect to port 82 192.168.0.100

Remote connection
established to 192.168.0.120
IP: 192.168.0.120

www.axis.com
 Network Management

> Networks can be organized in different ways:

– Physical
– The placement of network components including device location and cable
installation
– Logical
– How data flows within a network, regardless of physical design

> Devices on same switch can belong to different subnets or VLAN’s

> Dependent on requirements:
– Hardware
– Software
– Administration

www.axis.com
 Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN)
> Virtual grouping of physical ports into single broadcast domain
– Allows broadcast traffic to be confined
– Reduces traffic to rest of network
– Provides guaranteed amount of bandwidth

> Advantages:
– Performance
– Security
– Grouping of Workgroups
– Simplified administration

> Layer 2 Function

www.axis.com
 Subnetting

> Division of a network into smaller, more manageable parts

> Advantages
– Performance enhancement as size of Broadcast Domain is reduced
– Data transfer can be restricted on the subnet for increased safety

> Disadvantages
– Part of address range is lost as the number of hosts are reduced
– Router or Layer 3 Switch required for data transfer between Subnets

> Layer 3 function

www.axis.com
 User Authentication – Username/Password

Prevents access to device, but does not prevent device from connecting to network

www.axis.com
 User Authentication – Username/Password

Prevents access to device, but does not prevent device from connecting to network

www.axis.com
 Device Authentication – IP Address Filtering

Provides access only from authorized devices in ‘allow list’

192.168.1.147

192.168.1.58

www.axis.com
 Server Authentication – IEEE802.1X

Devices connected to network are authenticated using a RADIUS server

– If the device (supplicant) is not verified, the switch will not activate the port

www.axis.com
 Virtual Private Network (VPN)

> Encrypted data path across public networks

> Benefits of private network:
– Functionality
– Security
– Management policies

> Establishes virtual point-to-point

connection using:
– Dedicated connections
– Virtual tunneling protocols
– Traffic encryption
www.axis.com
 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)

> Encrypts data packets

– Signed and Self-signed certificate

www.axis.com
 Wireless LAN encryption technologies

> WEP
– Static preshared Key
– Weak Encryption & Not recommended
> WPA
– Dynamic keying with TKIP
– Preshared key or 802.1x authentication

> 802.11i / WPA2

– AES encryption (Strong)
– Dynamic keying
– Preshared key or 802.1x authentication

www.axis.com
 Edge Storage

> Three standards available:

– SD up to 2 GB
– SDHC up to 32 GB
– SDXC up to 2 TB

> Axis supports SD/SDHC/SDXC memory cards

with ext4 file system, up to 128 GB*

* 64GB Recommended – NAS recommended for higher

storage capacities

www.axis.com
 Edge Storage

> Complements VMS solutions

> Provides new possibilities for efficient
surveillance
– Fail over recording
– High Quality video in low bandwidth
environment
– Remote site storage

www.axis.com
 RAID Concepts

> Multiple independent physical hard disks connected as a single logical unit
> Key concepts
– Mirroring: data copied to more than one disk
– Striping: data split across more than one disk
– Parity: checksum used to re-create lost data

www.axis.com
Student
Guide
Pg. 85

Optimizing Bit Rate

www.axis.com
 What is Compression?

Re-organizing and removing redundant information

while not always losing image usability.
> Lossless compression
– Allows exact original data to be reconstructed
– Example: GIF & ZIP

> Lossy compression

– Removes data permanently, often with no negative
impact on image quality
– Example: JPEG

www.axis.com
 Bit Rate Variables

Video codec
Scene complexity
Frame rate and size
Resolution

www.axis.com
 Motion JPEG

> Image compression

> Intra-frame coding
– Complete independent JPEG images at a specific interval, i.e., frame rate

> Reduces color nuances and removes small, unimportant parts of the picture

www.axis.com
 H.264

> Video compression

> Inter-frame coding
– Compares adjacent images and removes unchanged details

> First frame is always an I-frame, then only changes are encoded and
transmitted until a new I-frame is required – based on GOP length

www.axis.com
 Inter Frame Coding

> I-frames
– Inter-frame coded, similar to JPEG image

www.axis.com
 Inter Frame Coding

> P-frames
– Predictive coded
– Difference from the previous I or P picture

www.axis.com
 Inter Frame Coding

> B-frames
– Bidirectional-predictive coded
– Difference from proceeding or succeeding I or P-frame

Axis network video products do not utilize B-frames.

www.axis.com
 Group of Pictures

> GOP length

– The I-frame and following P-frames before repeating

Group of Pictures* (GOP)

* Older product FW may still reference Group of Video (GOV)

www.axis.com
 AXIS’ Zipstream Technology

> Cost-effective, fully dynamic compression:

– High, unstructured and static
– Medium, structured and static
– Default, structured and motion

> Optimized for surveillance

> Intelligent noise reduction
> Works with market’s leading video
management software without additional
investment

www.axis.com
 Dynamic Regions Of Interest (ROI)

www.axis.com
Student
Guide
Pg. 109

Video Encoders

The technology & the terminology primer

www.axis.com
 What is an Encoder?

www.axis.com
 Interlaced Video – What is it?

> “Painting" images on screen by displaying each row of pixels

> Two scan fields create single frame
– One field contains all odd lines
– Other field contains all even lines

> Enhances motion perception

and reduces flicker using the
persistence of vision effect

www.axis.com
 Artifact of Interlaced Video

> Combing:
– Recorded objects move fast enough
to be in different positions when
each field is captured
– More visible when still frames are
displayed
– Antialiasing is used to soften the
details
– Reducing the jagged lines

www.axis.com
 Deinterlacing Video

> Converting interlaced video into a non-interlaced format

> Minimizes artifacts such as combing
> Axis video encoders offer choice of de-interlacing techniques:
– None
– Blending
– Adaptive interpolation
– Motion adaptive interpolation

www.axis.com
 Progressive Scan Video

> Each line (field) is scanned and displayed sequentially, producing full frame image

> Better representation of moving objects, especially when ‘paused’

Interlaced Progressive
www.axis.com
 Migration from analog to IP

> Advantages of video encoders

– Video performance is controlled by the video encoder
– Multiple simultaneously different video streams
– Different compression, resolution and frame rate
– Motion detection/video analytics at the video encoder
– Options for local storage (SD card) and/or failover recording
– Video encoder can be protected against power failures by using
UPS (centralized protection against power failures)

www.axis.com
Student
Guide
Pg. 115

Advanced Features
& Capabilities

www.axis.com
 Analytics at the Edge

> Pros
– Less network bandwidth
– Uses bandwidth only when needed data is transmitted
– Recording and analysis of video not dependent on
network functionality
– All video frames can be recorded on the edge, with no
loss of video detail

> Cons
– Limited processing capacity
– Maintenance
- Each individual camera will need attention

www.axis.com
 Analytics Centralized

> Pros
– More processing power available
– Scalable
– Easy maintenance
– Readily available data access

> Cons
– All data and video must be continuously transmitted
from remote sites
– Strain on bandwidth and network traffic
– Viability and integrity of video data can be reduced

www.axis.com
 Analytics as a Hybrid Solution

> Pros
– Scalable
– Each server can handle hundreds of channels
– Bandwidth management is maximized
– Each camera doesn’t require 24/7 streaming across the
network

> Cons
– Requires well defined interfaces between cameras and
server

www.axis.com
 Axis Camera Application Platform

> Supports installation of downloadable applications:

– Adding value beyond product’s core functionality
– Making use of the device’s processing power
– Enabling distributors and system integrators
to create unique solutions

> Ease of integration, deployment and distribution

> Compatible applications from Axis and ADPs on
www.axis.com/applications

www.axis.com
 Intelligent Video Applications

> Tampering alarms

> Tripwire or Cross Line detection
> Loitering detection
> Tailgating detection
> Counter-flow detection
> Left luggage detection
> Crowd detection
> Car pulled off the road
> Car made illegal U-turn

www.axis.com
 The Event Timeline

Event occurs Action Rule Action

Trigger Type

Timeline:

Missing the root cause!

Pre- & Post Buffers capture event

Images/Video Event Occurs Action Rule Action

Uploaded Trigger Type

Timeline:

www.axis.com
 Axis Video Motion Detection- Using motion trigger windows
Included
Mailroom
Excluded Included
Excluded
Hallway

www.axis.com
 AXIS Video Motion Detection 3

> VMD 3
– Installed:
– Using AXIS Camera Application
Platform
– Using AXIS Camera Station
– Using AXIS Camera Management
– Manually
– Available in FW 5.4 or higher
– Free and requires no licenses
– Easy to configure
– Better detection rate and less false
detections

www.axis.com
 Guard Tour

www.axis.com
 Gatekeeper

www.axis.com
 Advanced Gatekeeper

www.axis.com
 Active Gatekeeper

www.axis.com
 AXIS Camera Tampering

> Builds a contour-based dynamic background model

> Detects scene changes
– Not based on motion detection
> Resistant to image noise and vibrations
> Works with day/night

www.axis.com
 Adding Functionality

> Input and Output devices (I/O)

> Uses:
– System integration
– Improve image quality
– Save bandwidth/storage
– Improve trigger accuracy

> AXIS P8221

– 8 configurable I/O
– 2-way full duplex audio
– Phantom power

www.axis.com
 The I/O Port

I/O

4 3 2 1
www.axis.com
 What is VAPIX®?

“Language” used by applications to integrate Axis’ network products

Send live video at highest

resolution

Send alerts when there is

motion in the store during the
night

Pan camera 20° to the left and

tilt 10° down

www.axis.com
 VAPIX®

> Allows control of Axis broad range of capabilities

– IP configuration – Real-time streaming

– Device Discovery – Event Handling
– Device Management – PTZ Control
– Media Configuration – Security
– PTZ Tour Recording – Edge Storage
– De-warped images – ACAP
– View areas – Access Control
– Zipstream – etc.

www.axis.com
Student
Guide
Pg. 162

System Design

www.axis.com
 Adding External Light

Advantages Disadvantages
Visible deterrent Light pollution
Quick start (LED) Reduced distances
White-light
Full color rendition
Easy set up
Covert or Semi Covert Limited deterrent
Infra-Red Longer distances More difficult to set up
No light pollution
715 - 730nm – Overt; visible to the human eye
815-850nm - Semi-covert; visible with faint red glow 940-950nm – Covert; invisible to the human eye
www.axis.com
 Adding External Light

Doubling the object distance requires

four times the light!

Light
source

Object distance 1m 2m 4m 8m
Lux level 64 lux 16 lux 4 lux 1 lux
Light required 1 4 16 64
www.axis.com
 Level of Detail

The main goal of your surveillance is to:

Detect Recognize

Identify

www.axis.com
 What is a Pixel?

Picture Element –
its only one small
part of a complete

Pixel
image

www.axis.com
 Resolution = h * v

h
> Each square (photodiode) seen at left
is a pixel
> Larger pixels - > More light gathering
capacity
> Maximum number of pixels ->
v maximum resolution of image sensor
– 2,000,000 photodiodes = 2 MP
– More pixels per image sensor ->
smaller pixels -> less light sensitive

www.axis.com
 Pixel Density

Detection: Recognition: Identification Identification

4 px/face 20 px/face (Good conditions): (Challenging conditions):
7 px/ft. 37 px/ft. 40 px/face 80 px/face
75 px/ft. 150 px/ft.

www.axis.com
 Camera Resolution & Scene Coverage
1280x720 Level of detail Scene width
ID: Challenging 1280/150 = 8.5 ft
ID: Good 1280/75 = 17 ft
Recognition 1280/37 = 35 ft
Detection 1280/7 = 183 ft
640x480 Level of detail Scene width
ID: Challenging 640/150 = 4.25 ft
ID: Good 640/75 = 8.5 ft
Recognition 640/37 = 17 ft
Detection 640/7 = 91 ft
www.axis.com
 Pixel Density & Scene Width

A person is positioned where the scene is 5 ft across.

Will 1280x720 be sufficient for identification in poor
conditions (150 pixels per ft)?
1280 pixels / 5 ft = 256 px/ft > 150 px/ft 10 ft.

The person moves to where the scene is 10 ft across.

Will 1280x720 still be sufficient?
1280 pixels / 10 ft = 128 px/ft < 150 px/ft 5 ft.

You change to a Full HD camera (1920x1080). Will this

be enough to identify the person where the scene is 10
feet across?
1920 pixels / 10 ft = 192 px/ft > 150 px/ft

www.axis.com
 Densidad de píxel (metros)

Detección: Reconocimiento: Identificación Identificación

4 px/rostro 20 px/rostro (Buenas condiciones): (Condiciones difíciles):
25 px/m 125 px/m 40 px/rostro 80 px/rostro
250 px/m 500 px/m

www.axis.com
 Camera Resolution & Scene Coverage
1280x720 Level of detail Scene width
ID: Challenging 1280/500 = 2.56 m
ID: Good 1280/250= 5.12 m
Recognition 1280/125 = 10.2 m
Detection 1280/25 = 51.2 m
640x480 Level of detail Scene width
ID: Challenging 640/500 = 1.28 m
ID: Good 640/250 = 2.56 m
Recognition 640/125 = 5.12 m
Detection 640/25 = 25.6 m
www.axis.com
 Pixel Density & Scene Width

A person is positioned where the scene is 2 m across.

Will 1280x720 be sufficient for identification in poor
conditions (500 pixels per m)?
1280 pixels / 2 m= 640 px/m > 500 px/m 5 m.

The person moves to where the scene is 5 m across.

Will 1280x720 still be sufficient?
1280 pixels / 5 m = 256 px/m < 500 px/m 2 m.

You change to a Full HD camera (1920x1080). Will this

be enough to identify the person where the scene is 5 m
across?

1920 pixels / 5 m = 384 px/m < 500 px/m

www.axis.com
 Customer Requirement Example
Lens 8 mm Lens 3 mm
“As a principal, I’d want to be able to identify
Capture line for 80 pixels Capture line for 80 pixels
• Width 7’ 6”
• Width 7’ 6”
students roaming the hallways during class!”
• Distance 16’ 6” • Distance 6’ 4”
End of hall - 45 pixels End of hall - 17 pixels

www.axis.com
 Determine the Object Distance

> Use Pythagorean Theorem: a² + b² = c²

– Images must have sufficient pixel density i.e. Identification: 80 pixels/face or 500
px/m
– do not take into account geometrical distortion of a lens
> Height: 50 m
> Distance: 100 m
> (50 x 50) + (100 x 100) = C (Actual object distance)
> 2500 + 10000’ = 12500
> 12500 = 111.8
> Actual object distance = 111.8 m

www.axis.com
 SMPTE

> Most valid standards for HDTV video surveillance:

– SMPTE 296M (720p) – Broadcast of HDTV
– Resolution:1280x720 in 16:9 format
– Full frame rate 25/30 and/or 50/60 fps
– Wider color spectrum than standard TV
– 16 x 9 aspect ratio
– SMPTE 274M (1080p/i) – Blu-ray and computer graphics
– Resolution: 1920x1080 in 16:9 format
– Full frame rate 25/30 and/or 50/60 fps
– Wider color spectrum than standard TV
– 16 x 9 aspect ratio

www.axis.com
 IK Rating

# Impact Impact energy

00 No test -
01 Drop of 200 g object from 7.5 cm height 0.15 J
02 Drop of 200 g object from 10 cm height 0.2 J

03 Drop of 200 g object from 17.5 cm height 0.35 J

04 Drop of 200 g object from 25 cm height 0.5 J

05 Drop of 200 g object from 35 cm height 0.7 J

06 Drop of 500 g object from 20 cm height 1J
07 Drop of 500 g object from 40 cm height 2J
08 Drop of 1.7 kg object from 29.5 cm height 5J
09 Drop of 5 kg object from 20 cm height 10 J
10 Drop of 5 kg object from 40 cm height 20 J

www.axis.com
 IP Rating

# Objects Liquids
0 No protection No protection
1 > 50 mm (hand) Vertically dripping water
2 > 12.5 mm (finger) Dripping water at a 15 degree angle

3 > 2.5 mm (tools) Spraying water up to 60 degrees off vertical

4 > 1 mm (wires) Water splash from any direction

5 Dust protected Water jets

6 Dust tight Powerful water jets
6K Dust tight Increased pressure water jets
7 - Immersion up to 1 m
8 - Immersion beyond 1 m
9K - Powerful high temperature water jets

www.axis.com
 NEMA Enclosure Types

Type Objects IP equivalent

1 General purpose indoor use IP21
2 Drip tight -
3, 3S, 3X Weather resistant, X = corrosion resistance IP54

3R Outdoor use, protection against rain and ice IP54

4, 4X Water tight IP65, IP66

5 Dust tight -
6, 6P Submersible IP67, IP69
7, 8, 9 Certified for areas with hazardous conditions -
10 Mine Safety and Health Administration approved -
11 General purpose protection against corrosive liquids and gases -
12, 12K, 13 General purpose indoor use -

www.axis.com
Software Installation
Tools

www.axis.com
 What is AXIS Camera Management?

> An installation, configuration and management tool designed to manage Axis video
products

> Functionality includes:

̶ Automatic discovery of Axis video products
̶ Multiple site management
̶ Setting of IP addresses
̶ Parameter configuration
̶ Distribution of compatible ACAP
applications
̶ Firmware management
̶ Restart or factory default devices

www.axis.com
 AMC Overview

> Purpose of AMC

– ActiveX component for playing media streams cameras and video servers.

> Main features

– plays live media streams
– saves media streams
– plays media files stored on disk (file view)
– interactive PTZ control of devices
– motion detection configuration
– access to the currently displayed image

www.axis.com
 Basic Actions

> If the camera is accessible: > If the camera is not accessible:

Firmware update Verify power to camera

AXIS Media Control Connect directly to

update powered camera

Verify network and

Factory default settings
settings

www.axis.com
 Status LEDs
Status LED
LED Color Indication

Green Normal operation

Power
Amber Flashes green/amber during firmware upgrade

Steady for connection to a 100 Mbit/s network.

Green
Flashes for network activity.

Network Steady for connection to a 10 Mbit/s network.

Amber
Flashes for network activity.

Unlit No network connection

Power LED Green Steady green for normal operation

Steady during startup, during reset to factory default

Status Amber
or when restoring settings
Network LED
Red Slow flash for failed upgrade

www.axis.com
 Logs & Reports

> Valuable information for Axis support in

the troubleshooting process
> Indicates configuration errors and other
potential problems
> Contains information such as:
– Camera model and firmware version
– Camera log, Access log
– Parameter list
– Running processes
– Network and file system information

www.axis.com
www.axis.com