J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No.

6A

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694 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

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696 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

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2
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J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 697

jynfaxmifzuf[k okH;EIef;ac:a0:cJhMuonf/ yk*HacwfwGif rdzk&m;zGm;apmonf

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698 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

]]tcsif;csif; trsuftþ wpfaphr&Sd? cspfaomrsufpdjzifh ½IMu

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w&m;ESvkH;oGif;í usifhBuHaexdkifaom tjrifhjrwfqkH;ESifh tpifMu,fqkH; pdwftvSukd

1
Nidrf;armif? 1982? 28/
2
Nidrf;armif? 1982? 29/
3
Nidrf;armif? 1982? 29/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 699

awGU&Sd&onf/ acwftqufquf yk*HacwftrsdK;orD;wdkY\ pdwftvSukd yk*Hacwf

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aus;Zl;wkHYjyefrIwdkYukd rufarmwG,fwmpdwf r&Sdol? w&m;oabmukdodol ponfh
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700 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

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jrifa,mifvm? twk,l vufcH usifhokH;wwfvmEkdifatmif vrf;ñTef a&;zGJU
xm;Edkifonfh uAsmwpfyk'f jzpfonf/
yk*Hacwfpmayrsm;wGif a½S;acwfjrefrmtrsdK;orD;wdkY\ cHpm;rI? qifjcif
EkdifrI? tMuifemw&m;½SdrI? avmuD? avmukwå&mtwGuf tusdK;½Sd½Sd aqmif½Guf
EdkifrI? ukd,fusifhoDv vkHNcHKrIwkdYESifh jynfhpkHaom jrwfEdk;zG,f&m pdwftvSwkdYukd
*kPf,lzG,f&m awGU½Sd&onf/

2? 2/ tif;0acwf jrefrmtrsdK;orD;wkdY\ pdwftvSukd ay:vGifapaom

ta&;tzGUJ
tif;0acwf pum;ajyESifh uAsmrsm;wGifvnf; trsdK;orD;wkdY\ pdwftvSukd
awGU&onf/ yg&m,e0w¬KwGif Ak'¨vufxufawmfu {w'*f& trsdK;orD;
wpfOD;\ w&m;todjzpfay:ykHukd-
]]jrwfpGmbk&m; tyg;awmfüaeí t½Itom aysmfyg;zG,f
jzpfaom bk&m;jrwfpGmukd rzl;jrifrdbJ MumwifvSav\
wum;/ ,yfawmfcHaom owkdYorD;\ aemufvdkuf tvkyf
tauR;rQ ig rjzpfaumif;yavwum;? ightrSwfum; cRwfav

1
jrefrmpmnGefYaygif;usrf;(ywGJ)? 1921? 16/
2
jrefrmpmnGefYaygif;usrf;(ywGJ)? 1921? 16/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 701

pGwum;[k tvJvJ tvkdYvkdY&Sdvsuf ,yfawmfcHaom owdkYorD;ukd

Munfhí csD;rGrf;wkHwkH csD;rGrf;aom acrmrdzk&m;}}1
[lí a&;om;xm;onf/ acrmrdzk&m;onf OmPftajrmftjrifBuD;ol? oHa0*
owd&Sdol jzpfonf/ þazmufjyefajymif;vJoGm;aom ,yfawmfcH owdkYorD;\
udk,fESifh ig\cE¨mudk,fum; twlwlomwnf;/ wpfaeYwGif þodkYjzpfvwåHU[k
oHa0*,lonf/ ½kyfcE¨monf ESpfvkdwyfrufzG,f r&Sd[k awG;awmqifjcifOmPf
&Sdol jzpfonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\ w&m;tqkH;wGif tuRwfw&m;&í &[EÅmr
jzpfonf/ bk&m;&Sif\ omoem0,f xif&Sm;cJYol? aumovrif;BuD; ar;aom
odrfarGUeufeJaom jyóemrsm;udk ajzMum;EdkifrIwkdYaMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;u ynm
t&mü {w'*ft&m ay;cJh&ol jzpfonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\ tqkH;tr
w&m;awmfudk cGJjcm;a0zefí eufeJpGm awG;jrifNyD; tusifhjrwfwdkYE Sifh jynfhpkHatmif
qufvufenf;cHusifhokH;aom acrmax&D\ pdwftvS*kPf&nfrSm av;pm;
jrwfEdk; twk,lp&m jzpfygonf/ ,yfawmfcHowdkYorD;ukdMunfh&if; qifjcifOmPf
ESifh qifjcifrdonfh avoHygatmif q&mawmf ½Sifr[moDv0Hou Ak'¨vufxufu
OmPf&nfxufjrufNyD; w&m;tod½Sdaom acrmax&DuJhokdY trsdK;orD;rsm;ukd pHjyK
twk,lzG,fjzpfatmif a&;zGJUcJhonf/ tif;0acwf trsdK;orD;wkdYtm; pHjyKap
cJhonf/
jynfpkef armfuGef;wGif-
]]ESr&if;ukd? oeif;jynfh&Sif? rsufESmjrifaomf? tMuifrQavmuf?
usLpdwfaESmufvnf;? raemufpaw? oD'ga&vQif? MunfaxG
oefYvGif? jrL&dyfpifokdY? a&muf0ifxHyg;? &Spfaomif;zsm;vQif?
w&m;jynfhvQrf;? arwåmrGrf;í? rif;crf;tavsmuf? av;ql
ajrmufom;? vufaumufoHav;? &nf&Sifay;rS? rif;a&;acsiH?
zsnfwm;usHaomf? t½GHvnf;yg? ocF,mESifh? ausmfpGmpkHaygif;?
vkyfBuHaumif;onf? taMumif;jyefvSm avmfvJwnf;}}2
[k zGJUqkdxm;onf/ wdkif;a&;jynfa&;wGifvnf; wpfzufwpfvrf;rSaeí ½Sifbk&if\
tusdK;ukd ulnDyg0ifaqmif&Gufay;onfh? cspfMunfpnf;vkH;rI nDñGwfrI&Sdap&ef
yl;aygif;pGrf;aqmifay;onfh a&S;acwf rdzk&m;wkdY\ pdwfxm;tvSukd rSwfwrf;wif
1
oDv0Ho? r[m? ½Sif? 1966? 115/
2
&SifaxG;ndK? 1965? 26/
702 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

zGJUqkdxm;onf/ jynfpkefrif; r[moD[ol&\ rdzk&m;BuD;onf vufaumufukd

cRwfí arwåm"mwf ul;pufvmatmif aqmif½GufykHukd pmqkdu rdrd&&
rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif; jzpfonf/
tif;0acwfonf ysdKUacwf jzpfonfhtavsmuf ysdKUpmayrsm;wGifvnf;
tif;0acwf jrefrmtrsdK;orD;wdkY\ pdwftvSukd a&;zGJUcJhonf/ Zmwfvrf;wGif
yg0ifaom bk&m;avmif; [w¬dygv\rdcif ykaPÖ;rBuD;\ pGrf;aqmif&nfESifh
vifa,mufsm;ukd iJhñSmykH? tdrfrIudpöukd wuf<uEdk;Mum;pGm pDpOfaqmif½GufykH
wdkYukd ukd;cef;ysdKUwGif-
]]vifukdrcdkif;? aeYwdkif;nOfhu? Edk;vkHYvvsuf? pdrfxrsdK;yJ?
xGefBuJwBudKuf? aumufpkdufysdK;Ekwf? NcHxkwfuRJEGm;? v,ftm;
a&avmif;? oGef;clarmif;ESifh? zGyfaxmif;csufjyKwf? EIwfrnHhvQif;?
aqmfzefjyif;onf? ajrmfwif;pD&if&ef\wnf;/}}1
[kvnf;aumif;?
]]Adkif;rI0grI? nDapwkokdY? zefjyKzspfBudwf? tdrfvkH;xdwfrQ?
rqdwfrnH? csnfiifoHvnf;? wpf&Hrjywf? csm;&[wfESifh?
csnfoGyfrcsm? csnfpm,lx? rtm;Muonfh? csnfcs csnf&S,f?
vkyfzG,frysuf? vuf,uf,OfckH? okH;yg;pkHvsuf/}}2
[kvnf;aumif; zGJUqkdxm;onf/ [w¬dygvwkdY\rdcif ykaPÖ;rBuD;onf ZeD;
0wå&m; ausyGefol? ZeD;aumif;yDool? tdrfrIudpöwkdYukd uRrf;usifydkifEdkifol
jzpfaMumif;? aumif;pGm pDpOfwwfoljzpfaMumif; zGJUqkdxm;onf/ pmqkdt½Sifonf
Ak'¨bk&m;½Sif yGifhawmfrrlrDu ZmwfaMumif;yg ykaPÖ;rBuD;\ykH&dyfukd zGJUqkd&mwGif
pmqkd awGUjrifae&aom tif;0acwf jrefrmtrsdK;orD;wdkY\ ykH&dyfukdMunfhí
zGJUqkdcJh[ef ½Sdonf/ ½Sift*¾orm"d\ aerdbkHcef;ysdKUwGif AD&PDewforD;onf
twdwfb0u olwpfyg;tdrfwGif uReftjzpf ckdif;apcH&ol jzpfonf/ twdwf
b0wGif ½SmazG&orQukd vSL'gef;rIjyKcJhonfukd-
]]EGJUaESmif;jymMunf;? aqGr,fenf;vQif? &Smqnf;ukd,fusdK;?
jyKpkysdK;u? aumufrsdK;aejref;? aoGUrmvSef;okdY? &[ef;ykPÖm;?

1
&|om&? r[m? ½Sif? 1956? 78/
2
t*¾orm"d? ½Sif? 1977? 70/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 703

vSLcHtm;vnf;? r,fbGm;ESpfvdkY? pm;&mbkdYwGif? wcsdKUcGJa0?

ay;vSLaxGESifh? &yfajra0;pGm? {nfhonfvmvnf;? Muifem
pkHruf? ac:pkdufpufom;? &ifxufydkufjzm;? arG;onfhom;okdY}}1
[kvnf;aumif; tvSLtwef;omru OykofoDwif;aqmufwnfjcif;? aeYpOf
ykwD;pdyf? ½Sdckd;jcif; aumif;rIudpöwkdY jyKcJholjzpfaMumif;ukd-
]]rkefY<uyfwpfvTm? oumwpfcJ? wifvJwpfrIwf? vufokwf
wpfxnf? qD&nfwpfpuf? xGef;vufqDrD;? opfoD;wpfvkH;?
yef;ukH;wpfoG,f? ukd,f0,f&pfywf? wxnf0wfu? tjrwf
acgif;xuf? wpfydkif;0ufí? &uf&ufpGefYav? t0SefYaeom;?
oaAÁowåm? ow0gvnf;? 0rf;omvlvl? om"krGuf[?
trQrQvQif? r,fvsukokdvf? &apqkdvsuf? [if;csdKa,mufr?
wpfprusef? vSLa0zefí? olYuRefjzpfvsuf? olYtdrfxuf0,f?
olYvufruif;? olYtcsif;vnf;? 0gwGif;0gy? apmifhoDvESifh?
n[loa&GU? MoZmaiGUvnf;? rawGUrGwfodyf? olYtdrf&dyfwGif?
tdyfvnf;&Sdckd;? aqmufwnfEdk;u? ykwD;pmwD? vuftkyfcsDí}}2
[kvnf;aumif; twdwfb0wGif aumif;rIukodkvfwkYd jyKvkyfcJhonfh pdwfapwem
tvSwkdYaMumifh ypöKyÜefb0wGif ta&mift0gwkdYjzifh wifhw,fonfh AD&PD
ewforD; jzpf&yHkukd-
]]EIwfvQifrGefawmif;? usifh&nfaumif;onf? vrf;aMumif;ewfjynf
c&D;wnf;}}3
[k zGJUqdkcJhygonf/ qif;&Jaomfvnf; Ak'¨\t&dyfrS jrefrmtrsdK;orD;yDyD o'¨gpdwf?
arwåmpdwf? aus;Zl;odpdwfwdkYjzifh pdwftvSqifí ½SifoefoGm;ykHukd pmzwfolwdkY
ul;pufcHpm;Edkifatmif a&;zGJUcJhonf/ ½Sift*¾orm"donf bk&m;avmif; aerdrif;
b0jzifh ewfjynfwGif qkHcJh&aom AD&PDewforD;\ twdwfb0 pdwfxm;ukd
zGJU&mü tif;0acwf trsdK;orD;wdkY\ vlrItzGJUtpnf;ukd xif[yfí ykHazmfxm;jcif;
jzpfygvdrfhrnf/

1
t*¾orm"d? ½Sif? 1977? 75/
2
t*¾orm"d? ½Sif? 1977? 77/
3
t*¾orm"d? ½Sif? 1977? 78/
704 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

tif;0acwfpmqkd rdjzL\ eef;wGifrdjzL&wkwGif rdjzLonf rdrdukd,fudk

edAÁmeful;olwdkY ajzmihfwef;pGm ul;Mu&aom ul;wdkYqdyfjzpfonfh? wkEdIif;zG,f&m
r&Sdonfh ZrÁL'DyguRef;? &eHYarT;NyD; jrifolwdkif; rcl;bJraeEkdifaom yef;wumh
yef;wdkYu OD;ñGwf&onfh rOÆLouewfyef;wdkYESihf EdIif;,SOfazmfjycJhonf/ &wk
tqkH;wGif-
]]eef;wGifrdjzL? uREfkyf[lom;? BuD;xlynm? Opöm&nfoGm;?
rsdK;rnftm;ESifh? om;vnfpkHtif? Mu,fokdYxifvsuf? jrifjrif
orQ? odyÜacgifxGwf? wwfygonfcsnf;? zGJUenf;uAsm?
vuFm&wk? qkdrI½G½G? Mum;uajyjypf? unpfikHcRef;? a&;ol
yef;vdrfh? a&Teef;pHwif? bufrjrifonf/ / eef;wGifrdjzLom
wum;/}}1
[lí zGJUqkdxm;onf/ a&Teef;awmfxufwGif pHwifxm;xdkufol? rnfolurQ
r,SOfNydKifEdkifoljzpfonfh olY*kPfudk a&;zGJUxm;onf/ eef;wGifrdjzL\ ukd,f&nfaoG;
tzGJUwGif tif;0acwf trsdK;orD;wdkYonf todynm? twwfynmrsm;ukd
wwfajrmufol? pmayrsm;ukdyif a&;zGJUEdkifolrsm;tjzpf xdxdrdrd *kPfwifzGJUqkd
xm;onfukd awGU&ygonf/ ynm*kPftwGuf rme½SdouJhokdY pdwftvSw&m;
twGufvnf; rdrdukd,fukd auseyfoljzpfaMumif; zGJUqkdxm;onf/
eef;wGifrdndK&wkwGifvnf; rdndKonf ol\t&nftcsif;udk bk&m;&Sif
tbd"r®mw&m; a[mMum;cJhaom jrihfrdk&fawmif? txl;jcm;qHk;jzpfonfh A[dk&fpnf
wdkYESihf cdkif;EdIif;í zGJUqkdxm;onf/
]]eef;wGifrdndK? uREkfyfqkdom;? arSmifukdy,fcGif;? qDrD;0if;okdY?
owif;ig;rnf(tqif;ig;rnf)? oDvwnfvsuf? nufMunf
ajcmufaxG (vS&nfnufao;)? oa&oH;k xyf? apmifhMuyfruGm?
½kdaopGmom;? q&ma½S;u? qHk;rpum;? cGef;q,fyg;ukd?
rSwfom;"avh? ajymírqkd (ajy;írqkd)? olYukdESdyfpuf?
rmefrxGufwnfh? 0Sefwufynm? vuFm&wk? qkdrI½G½G? Mum;u
pdwf0rf;? olem;csrf;vdrfh? pGJvrf;udk,fwGif? awmifES,f
xifonf/ / eef;wGifrdndKomwum;/}}2
1
jrefrmpmnGefYaygif;usrf;(ywGJ)? 1921? 82/
2
jrefrmpmnGefYaygif;usrf;(ywGJ)? 1921? 82/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 705

[lí zGJUxm;onf/
txufyg&wkrsm;wGif wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; wpfzufESifhwpfzuf tNydKif pmpyfqkd
Muaomfvnf; *kPfodu©mukd rxdcdkufbJ? &efvkda'gorjzpfbJ Nidrf;csrf;pGmjzifh
rdrdwdkY\*kPfukd ynmwwfpmqkdrsm;yDyD ,SOfNydKifwwfMuonfh rdjzL? rdndKwdkY\
pdwfxm;tvSukd ¤if;wdkY\ pmayrsm;u ajymjyaeonfukd awGU&onf/ pdwfxm;
vdr®m,Ofaus;í ynm½Sd½kHomru pmuAsmrsm;ukdyif zGJUqkdEdkifMuonfh tif;0acwf
trsdK;orD;*kPf&nfjy tzGJUrsm; jzpfonf/
tif;0acwf pmayrsm;wGif Ak'¨vufxuf ynmt&mü {w'*ft&m
ay;tyfjcif;cHc&Jh ol rdzk&m;wpfyg;? wdkif;jynfta&;twGuf cifyGef;onf ½Sifbk&if\
yg&rDjznfhzuf yDopGm wwfpGrf;onfhzufrS yHhydk;ulnD aqmif&Gufay;onfh
tif;0acwf rdzk&m;wpfyg;? ZeD;0wå&m; wm0efausyGefol ynm&SdykPÖm;BuD;\
ZeD; ykaPÖ;rBuD;? twdwfb0u o'¨gpdwf? arwåmpdwf? aus;Zl;odpdwfwdkY
&SdcJhonfh AD&PDewforD;? tif;0acwf trsdK;orD;eef;wGif;pmqkd jzpfaom rdjzL?
rdnKd wkdY\ pdwfxm;tvSwkYd ukd MunfnKd zG,f? av;pm;ESpfoufzG,f awGU&Sd&onf/

2? 3/ awmifilacwf jrefrmtrsdK;orD;wkdY\ pdwftvSukd ay:vGifapaom

ta&;tzGUJ
awmifilacwf&wkrsm;wGif jrefrmtrsdK;orD;wkdY\ pdwftvSxif[yfae
onfukd awGU&onf/ jynfrdzk&m;\ ]b0*fqlvdIuf} &wkwGif awmifilacwf
rdzk&m;wpfyg;\ vuf½kH;&nfjynfhpkHol armifawmftwGuf *kPf,lwwfonfh
pdwftvSukd tuJcwfEdkifayonf/ &efrSeforQukd NzdKcGif;Edkifol? bkef;vuf½Hk;ESihf
jynfhpHkoljzpfaMumif;udk-
]]rkd;qHk;atmuf0,f? ESpfa,mufrwl? r,fhMuifolukd? ZrÁLywfuHk;?
NydKifwkdif;½IH;onf? vuf½Hk;a½Twkdif pkdufvSnfhaom/}}1
[lí zGJUqdkxm;onf/ armifawmf\ *kPfowif;ukdvnf;-
]]&JpGrf;owåd? rkd;xdbkef;acgif? &efvHk;atmif[k? onfarmif
owif;? vQifjyif;rMum? qufpmwref? ,HkuRefbefrsm;?
avQmufvmMum;u? ½Tiftm;uJp? 0rf;uMuifem? oufwpf&mvnf;?
1
rdrdav;? a':? 2003? 67/
706 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

arwåmrajymif;? Muifayaumif;onf? bkef;a[mif;r,fESifh?

BudKufvSnfhaom/}}1
[lí zGJUqkdxm;onf/ armifawmfonf &JpGrf;owådESifh jynfhpkHol? &eftaygif;ukd
atmifjrifpGm wdkufcdkufEdkifoljzpfonf/ a½S;a&pufaMumifh awGUqkH&onfh armifawmfukd
toufwdkifatmif cspfarwåmwdkYjzifh cspfcifMuifemaernfh rdzk&m;BuD;\arwåmpdwf
tvSukd cHpm;&&Sdapygonf/ ppfESifhruif;onfh rif;\rdzk&m;yDyD tm;ay;ESpfodrfhwwf?
*kPf,lwwf? rSwfwrf;wifwwfaom t&nftaoG;rsm;ukd ukd,fwdkifa&; &wk
rsm;wGif awGU&onf/
yJcl;rdzk&m;onf [Hom0wDig;ql'g,umrif;\ rdzk&m;jzpfonf/ ol\
]ausmfaoG; aMunm Oy&m} &wkwGif ppfcsDxGufoGm;onfh tdrfa½SUrif; om;awmfukd
rdcifjzpfonfh yJcl;rdzk&m;\ om;tay:xm;&Sdaom rdcifarwåmukd-
]]vGrf;a[mif;uJq? csDav<uaomf? ½lwac:pdkuf? arQmfvdkuf
vQifyif}}2
[lí a&;zGJUxm;onf/ rdcifwpfOD;\ arwåm? tcspf? tvGrf;wkdYukd &wkuAsm
rSwpfqifh cHpm;&ayonf/ om;awmfarmif ppfajrjyifrS tvQiftjref jyefa&muf
apvkdaMumif;? ab;tEÅ&m,fuif;apvdkaMumif; oDwif;oDvaqmufwnfum
bk&if;&SifxH MunfndKpGm ½Sdckd;OD;wif qkawmif;aeonfh rdcifwpfOD;\
oGifjyifESifh arwåm apwemwkdYukd-
]]om;armifyifudk? jyefvQifapaom? jrwfarmfa"m0,f? oabm
MunfEl;? wif&SdOD;rnf}}3
[lí zGJUqkdxm;onf/ ppfcsDxGufaeaom om;awmfarmif\ ac:oHukdyif em;xJü
Mum;a,mifrdaeonfh rdcifwpfOD;\ aomuukd-
]]zufvJwuif;? ac:oHn§if;ESihf? r,Gif;em;rS Mum;v
uvQif}}4
[lí a&;zGJUxm;onf/
1
rdrdav;? a':? 2003? 68/
2
rdrdav;? a':? 2003? 114/
3
rdrdav;? a':? 2003? 115/
4
rdrdav;? a':? 2003? 115/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 707

yJcl;rdzk&m;\ &wkrSwpfqifh rdcifwpfOD;\tcspfESifh arwåm apwem

tvSwdkYukd ESpfoufMunfEl;zG,f awGU&ygonf/
&a0½SifaxG;\ udk,fa&;udk,fwmqkdif&m tefcsif;rsm;wGif rdrdonf
vSyol? usufoa&&Sdoltjzpf owif;arT;aMumif;udk-
]]q,fESpft0if? vludk,fjyifESihf ½kyfoGifewfavsm? ajrUacsm
toa&? &a0&SifaxG;? aMunmarT;onf}}1
[lí a&;zGJUxm;onf/ q,fESpft&G,fuyif uAsmrsm; zGJUqkdcJhaMumif;ukdvnf;-
]]avomajz;ñSif;? cef;omwGif;0,f? tefcsif;qdkp? q,fESpf
uvQif}}2
[lí zGJUqkdxm;onf/ awmifilacwf trsdK;orD;pmqkd &a0½SifaxG;onf
i,f½G,fvSyol? OmPf&nfxufjrufol? pmayrsm;pGm zGJUqkdEkdifcJholjzpfaMumif;
*kPf,lzG,f od½Sd&onf/ ]ryef&vnf;ryefcsif} uAsmwGif pmqkdu oljrwfEdk;
&olukd cspfcGihfr&aMumif;wGif-
]]ryef&vnf;? ryefcsif}}3
]]rMuif&vnf;? rMuifcsif}}4
]]rcspf&vnf;? rcspfcsif}}5
[lí cspfcJh&oltay: jrwfEdk;wG,fwmcJhrdaompdwfukd BudK;pm;ajzodrfhcJhykHrSm
csD;usL;p&myif jzpfonf/ cspfolrSm jrifhjrwfonfhol jzpfaMumif;udkvnf;-
]]eef;yGifhavmif;onf? &SifaESmif;pH&m? zl;tHhvmaomf}}6
]]oefvsuf&NyD;? jrif;,mOfpD;í apmxD;rif;vsm? uREkfyfrSmodkY?
qdkufvSmaomav}}7

1
&a0&SifaxG;? 1958? 100/
2
&a0&SifaxG;? 1958? 100/
3
&a0&SifaxG;? 1958? 93/
4
&a0&SifaxG;? 1958? 93/
5
&a0&SifaxG;? 1958? 93/
6
&a0&SifaxG;? 1958? 97/
7
&a0&SifaxG;? 1958? 99/
708 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

[lí cspfol\oGifjyifukd azmfjyum a&;zGJUxm;onf/ cspfolonf eef;avmif;

eef;vsmjzpfyHk? oefvsufudkifcGifh&oljzpfykHwkdYukd ol\uAsmwGif azmfjyxm;onf/
xkdodkYaom cspfolukd taMumif;aMumif;aMumifh cGJcGmcJh&ykHukd-
]]t&SifESihfuRef? bkef;rwefonf? rSef\av[k}}1
[lí &a0&SifaxG;\ tcspftwGuf pGefYvTwfcJhonfh pdwfxm;tvS? ESdrhfcs
wwfonfh pdwfxm;tvSwdkYukd awGU&onf/ tcspftwGuf b0ukd r&if;cJhbJ
rSefuefpGm okH;oyfqifjcifEdkifpGrf;½SdoljzpfaMumif; olYpmrsm;u azmfjycJhonf/
awmifilacwfonf tcspfESifh ppfacwf[k wifpm;&avmufatmif ppfruf
xlajymaomacwf? 'kwd,jrefrmEdkifiHxlaxmifcsdefacwf? tcspfpmqkd? tvGrf;pmqkdwdkY
rsm;pGm ay:xGef;onfh acwfvnf; jzpfayonf/ awmifilacwfpmayrsm;rS jrefrm
trsdK;orD;wkdY\ wdkif;jynfcspfpdwf? rdrdwdkY\ cifyGef;onfukd jrwfEdk;*kPf,l
av;pm;onfhpdwf? rdcifarwåmpdwf? pGefYvTwfwwfonfh pdwftvSrsm;jzifh
jynfhvQrf;aeonfukd awmifilacwfpmqkdwkdY\ uAsmrsm;u azmfjyaeayonf/

3/ anmif&rf;acwf? ukef;abmifacwf jrefrmtrsdK;orD;wkYd\ pdwftvSESifh

a½S;acwfpmqkw
d kdY\ ta&;tzGUJ
3? 1/ anmif&rf;acwf jrefrmtrsdK;orD;wkdY\ pdwftvSukd ay:vGifapaom
ta&;tzGUJ
anmif&rf;acwf tdkifcsif;pmqkdwkdYonf aus;vufae trsdK;orD;wkdY \
½kd;om;yGifhvif;aom pdwfxm;ESifh rdbarmifESrwdkY tkyfxdef;rIatmufwGif xdef;xdef;
odrf;odrf; aexdkifMu&onfh ukd,fusifhw&m;wdkYukd a&;zGJUcJhonf/ jrefrmtrsdK;orD;
wdkY\ pdwfxm;tvSukd awGU&onf/
anmif&rf;acwf tdkifcsif;rsm;rS cspfoltm; jcifrudkufatmif ,yfawmif
wzswfzswf cwfay;csifonfh rdef;rysdK\ cspfoltay:xm;&Sdonfh apwem
tvSukd ]atmufjynfodkYpkef} tdkifcsif;wGif-

1
&a0&SifaxG;? 1958? 99/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 709

]]yJcl;odYk t0if? oHvsifodYk tqdu

k f ysdKUarmif&if jcifykef;udkufvdkY?
jcifaxmif rygavrvm? r,fomqwfqwf? w½kwf,yfESihf
zswfzswfvl;atmif r½dkufyg&}}1
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vSonf[k cHpm;um u½kPmxm;Muonf/
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]]rdwfovifESifh? csif;ukdvkdvQif? 0gqdki,frS 0gOD;? ajrEl;El;ukd?
wl;ygvSJY&Sif? rdwfovifESihf csif;udkrvdk? ESraxG;r,fhudkvdkvQif
waygif;i,frS wefcl;? a&TzDOD;udk cl;ygvSJY&Sif}}2
[lí a&;zGJUxm;onf/ cspfolukd cspfcifESpfoufygaomfvnf; £ajE´odu©mukd
apmifhxdef;í cspfolukd rdrdtdrfokdY y&d,m,fjzifhzdwfac:onfh jrefrmtrsdK;orD;
wdkY\ pdwftvSyif jzpfonf/
anmif&rf;acwf aus;vufrdef;ri,frsm;twGuf rdbarmifbGm;rsm;tjyif
rdBuD; rdaxG;rsm; yg0ifonfh rdom;pk tzGJUtpnf;\ tkyfxdef;rIatmufwGif
pnf;urf;wus aexdkifMu&onf/ cspfolESifh awGUcGifh? cspfcGifh&&ef rvG,fulyg/
xdkokdY xdef;odrf;rI½Sdaom b0ESifhpdwfcHpm;rIukd a½S;uMur®maiGUaMumifhESifh
orufavmif; tdkifcsif;wdkYwGif awGU&onf/ vlBuD;rdbwdkYtBudKufESifh rdef;rysdK\
tBudKufrwlí aMuuGJcHpm;&aomfvnf; rdbtvdkus t½IH;ay;&½Smonfh b0ESifh
cHpm;rIukd orufavmif;tdkifcsif;ü awGU&ygonf/
]ppfrSmwrl} tdkifcsif;wGif-
]]ESrav; r,fwdkYarmifrSm? ppfoHMum;vQif a&T"m;ydkufum?
tdk;pm;bufudk? vdkufvkdY&Smonf}}3
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BuHK&onf/ rdrd\cspfoltwGuf pkd;&drfpdwfjzpfaejcif;xuf *kPf,ltm;ay;
aeaom BuHUcdkifonfh pdwf"mwfukd a&;zGJUykHazmfxm;onf/

1
aomfZif? OD;? 1966? 128/
2
aomfZif? OD;? 1966? 132/
3
aomfZif? OD;? 1966? 136/
710 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

]qDrvl;onfhayzl;vTm} tdkifcsif;wGif-
]]jrif;reDom;? jrif;usm;cGmrJ? wvHk;xJESihf? tkef;vTJypfwif?
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twGuf *kPf,lwwfonfh pdwfxm;wdkYukd awGU&onf/ wpfcgwpf&H tcspfESifh
oHo,wdkY ,SOfwGJjzpfay:ykHrsm;ukdvnf; awGU&ygonf/
anmif&rf;acwfpmayrsm;wGif aus;vufaetrsdK;orD;wkdY\ b0ESicfh Hpm;rI
wkdYtjyif ½kd;om;yGifhvif;rI? Muifempdwf&SdrI? £ajE´odu©mapmifhxdef;rI? rdbarmifESr
wdkY\ qkH;rvrf;nTefrIwkdYukd emcHwwfrIESifh wdkif;jynfcspfpdwf? rdrdEdkifiH? rdrdvlrsdK;
twGuf toufy"merxm;onfh cspfoltwGuf *kPf,lwwfonfh pdwfxm;tvS
wdkYukd awGU&onf/

3? 2/ ukef;abmifacwf jrefrmtrsdK;orD;wkdY\ pdwftvSukd ay:vGifapaom

ta&;tzGUJ
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aeonfukd pmayrsm;rSwpfqifh cHpm;od&Sd&onf/
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cH&aomtcg a0óEÅ&mrif;BuD;onf 0uFbmawmifokdY oGm;&mc&D;vrf;um;
Murf;wrf;vSí r'D́a'0Dtm; rvkdufapvkdaMumif; rdefYawmfrl&m rif;BuD;\pum;ukd
Mum;vQif r'D́Drdzk&m;onf rif;BuD;oGm;&maemufokdY z0g;ajcxyf vkdufygvkdaMumif;
aejynfawmfü ae&pf&ef wm;jrpfaom cifyGef;onftm; avQmufxm;ykHukd
0w¬KwGif-

1
aomfZif? OD;? 1966? 133/
2
aomfZif? OD;? 1966? 133/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 711

]]pifppf jynfolwkdYESifí t½Sifrif;BuD; xGufoGm;&aomfvnf;

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ESifh auGuGif;vsuf toufxufqHk; ae&rnfjzpfap? touf
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vufwGif aoap/ t½Sifrif;BuD;ESifh auGuGif;&ojzifh touf
½Sifí tb,ftusdK; ½SdawmhtHhenf;/ tvQHajymifajymif
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aumif;\/}}1
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oGm;vkdaom ZeD;aumif;\arwåmw&m;onf ay:vGifvGef;vSygonf/ acsmarGUaom
pum;ajyta&;tzGJUu r'´Da'0D\ arwåmpdwfjzifh El;nHhaeaom pdwftvSukd
azmfjyEdkifonf/ cHpm;rIygaom pum;ajyta&;tom; jzpfonf/
xdkYjyif-
]]t½Sifrif;BuD; tusdK;tjypfukd qifjcifEkdifaomvlukdxm;í
wd&pämefrSaomfvnf; rdrdwkdYvifoGm;&maemufü tpOfwpkduf
vkdufvsuf qif;&JruGm? csrf;omruGJ twlwuG aysmfyg;Mu
ukefao;\/ ukd,fhtoufESifhtwlcspfí tusdK;tjypfukd
jrifajrmfEkdifaom tuREfkyfonf oGm;awmfrl&m aemufawmfokdY
tb,faMumifh rvkdufaeygtHhenf;/}}2
[laom tzGJUwGif r'´Da'0D\ajympum;ü rdef;rjrwfwpfa,muf\ awG;ac:
qifjcifwkHw&m; ygonf/ qifjcifwkHw&m;ukd ay:atmif a&;om;Edkifonf/
tusdK;oifhtaMumif;oifh avQmufxm;[efay:onf/ ar;cGef;0gusrsm; xnfhoGif;í

1
Mobmo? OD;? 1963? 57/
2
Mobmo? OD;? 1963? 57/
712 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

a&;zGJUykH ESpfoufzG,f jzpfonf/ r'´Da'0Dtay: u½kPmoufaponfh &oajrmuf

tzGJU[k qkdEdkifonf/
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aemufokdY qifronf tpOfvkdufouJhokdY t½Sifrif;BuD;
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½kdaopGm vkyfauR;ygtHh[k qkd\/}}1
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aemufokdY rnfrQyif c&D;Murf;apumrl vdkufygao;onf[k pum;cHNyD;rS rdrd
onfvnf; t½Sifrif;BuD; oGm;&maemufokdY vkdufygvkyfauR;rnfjzpfaMumif;
wifavQmufykH ESpfoufzG,f jzpfonf/
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rmw*FtrsdK;jzpfí tESpfajcmufq,frS tm;,kwfojzifh
wifhw,fvSaom qifajymifBuD;wkdY teD;yg;ü oGm;[ef
ae[ef jrnfoHrsm;ukd neHeufwkdif; Mum;&jrif&ojzifhvnf;
pdwfaysmfarGUjcif;jzpfí jynfpnf;pdrfukd ratmufarhbJ aysmufajy
&vdrfhtHh/}}2
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]]om;&Jjzifhjynhfaom xkdawmpHkNrdKifcef;ü vrf;ESpfbufrS
cuf½GufñGefYzl;? ,Suful;okdif;rkdY? pdrf;nd§KUrIdif;a0? yifajc
½Sif;½Sif;? oif;oif;ysHUarT;aom? awmta&;\ wifhw,fjcif;ukd
arQmfum½Ium? &dyfckdumESifh? ruGmwluG? oGm;Mu&vQif? jynfr
&wem? eef;atmifcsmukd? b,frSmocif? atmufarhcsif
awmhtHh/}}3
1
Mobmo? OD;? 1963? 58/
2
Mobmo? OD;? 1963? 59/
3
Mobmo? OD;? 1963? 59/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 713

[kvnf;aumif; trsdK;rsdK;tzkHzkH avQmufxm;[efukd a&;om;xm;onf/ r'´D

a'0D\ ajympum;rsm;ukd q&mawmfOD;Mobmou &wkuAsmqefaom a&;[efjzifh
a&;zGJU wifjyxm;onf/ r'´Da'0D\ cifyGef;onfukd t&dyfwMunfhMunfhESifh
pdwfMunfvifatmif ajymqkdavQmufxm;ay;wwfonfh pdwftvSonf o½kyf
ay:vGifvmygonf/
a0óEå&mysdKUwGif yg&rDjznfhbufyDoonfh at;twlyltrQ aewwfonfh
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tcgwGif rdef;rom;yDyD 0rf;enf;tm;i,fjcif; r½SdbJ om;orD;wkdY\a½SUrSyif
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xm;onf/
tEÅ&m,fESifh &ifqdkif&aomtajctaewGif r'´Da'0D\ cHpm;rIukd-
]]rGef;&drf;uausmf? csdefrawmfatmif? n§dK;a&mfyifyef;? vmwJh
vrf;ukd? pcef;rod? rrSef;rdvkdY? EGrf;&dr½Tif? om;ESifhvifukd?
rjrifyg&? onf'ku©aMumifh? uRefrylwm? ayGwHk;ygukd?
Mur®mzdpD;? r,fr,fa½SUrSm? jcaoFhqD;vkYd? usm;BuD;tv,f?
aMumufpzG,fi,f? aemufqG,fopfrif;? rJhukd0kdif;&H? pm;rJh
BuHonf? [efyefcif;vkdY? vJh0if;nufjym? rajy;om? onfcg
aoyef; yGifhawmhw,f/}}2

1
jrwfEdk;? armif? ckeSpfryg? 41/
2
ykn? OD;? 1913? 12/
714 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

[k zGJUqkdxm;onf/ [dr0EÅmawmwGif aexdkifpOf rdom;pktwGuf om;&Jwd&pämef

ab;ukdyif rawG;awmEdkifbJ opfoD;½Sm&onfh r'D́a'0D\ ZeD;aumif;? rdcifaumif;
yDorI? om;&Jwd&pämefab;xuf vifESifhom;ukd rjrif&í qif;&Jyifyef;&rI
BuD;rm;ykHrsm;jzifh r'´Da'0D\ ZeD;r,m;arwåm? rdcifarwåmrsm;ukd u½kPm
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uif;a&mhygh? jznf;n§if;aq;av;? tarmajyumrSbJ? olYtazukd
ar;awmhr,f}}1
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yg&rDtcH &ifhoefolyDyD cHEdkif&nf½SdrIESifh tvSLtwGuf om"kac:Edkifatmif
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]]onf;pyfukd½SmazG? vSHoGm;ESifharTonfES,f? taronfavmuf?
aqG;&ygw,f? &ifaoG;ESpfudk,f? oif;wkdYvkdukd? rqkdESifhtHk;?
r,fhESvHk;ukd? tqHk;xkwf,l? EIwfvkdYyifvSLuwJ? r,fMunfjzL
Ekdifao;iJh? a½TnmykdifESraxG;? pdwfcsvkdY ckrSat;awmhw,f?
armifay;wJhtvSL? armif,lwJhqk? ukokdvfrIukd? om"kEkarmf?
usrac:yghr,f? pdwfcsawmfrlyga&mh? r,fhocifi,f/}}2
[k a&;om;cJhonf/ pmqkdonf usrf;*efvm r'´Da'0Drdef;rjrwf\ pdwftvSukd
pHjyKzGJUEGJUí ukef;abmifacwf trsdK;orD;wdkY pdwftvS arG;EdkifMu&ef vrf;ñTef
zGJUqkdxm;ygonf/

1
ykn? OD;? 1913? 14/
2
ykn? OD;? 1913? 17/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 715

eef;wGif;pmqkdrsm;jzpfMuaom taemufeef;rawmfrjrav;? vdIifxdyfacgifwif

wdkYonfvnf; b0'ku©? tcspf'ku©rsm;ukd cHpm;Mu&aomfvnf; b0ukd t½IH;
ray;? ya'o&mZfacwf\ om;aumiftjzpf paw;cHMu&aomfvnf; tekynm
tm;rmef½Sdolrsm; jzpfygonf/ b0qkH;oGm;onfhwdkif olwkdY\ cHpm;rIrsm;ukd
&ifwGif;jzpf tEkynmypönf;rsm;tjzpfESifh acwftqufquf raysmufrysufatmif
xm;&pfcJhEdkifonf/ pmqkdESpfOD;\ vuf&m tEkynmypönf; tpkpkonf b0ESifh
cHpm;rIrS aygufyGm;vmcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ ya'o&mZfavmif;&dyfatmufwGif
tmPmtaiGUygaom tcspfukd cHpm;cJhMu&onf/ tmPmtaiGUtqdyf vTrf;aom
trkef;ukd cHpm;cJhMu&onf/ tcspftrkef;wdkYtay: owåd½Sd½Sd tEkynmpGrf;&nfukd
okH;í wkHYjyefcJhonfh xl;jcm;aom tcspf? trkef;ESifh wkHYjyefcHpm;EdkifrI pGrf;&nf
rsm;ukd pmqkdwkdY\ uAsmrsm;wGif awGU&ygonf/
taemufeef;rawmfrjrav;onf om,m0wDrif;\ tcspfukd cHpm;cJh
&onf/ axmifoGif;tusOf;cscH&onfhtxd trkef;ukdvnf; cHcJh&onf/ trkef;
trsufukd taemufeef;rawmfrjrav;onf trkef;jzifh rwkHUjyef? cspf&if;pGJ tcspf
rsm;jzifh wkHYjyefonf/ om,m0wDrif;ukdvnf; tcspfrsm;ukd jyefíwrf;wvm
aponf/ trkef;trsuf'Pf cH&aomfvnf; tcspfjzifhom wkHYjyefwwfonfh
cHpm;rIukd uAsmzGJUjyEdkifaomMumifh tusOf;rS vGwfajrmufcJh&onf/ rjrav;\
cspforQukd ywfysdK;wGif-
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oDwma&ajr qkH;apawmh/ tdk ... b,f rkef;ygawmhEdkif?
uyfvkH;qkH; wdkifwdkif ... }}1
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crf;em;atmif usrf;*efvm twdo,0kwådtvuFmrsm;ukd uAsmwpfyk'fvkH;wGif

1
jrifhMunf? OD;? 2001? 277/
2
jrifhMunf? OD;? 2001? 277/
716 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

qufum qufum okH;xm;ygonf/ pmqkdrjrav;\ rif;\trsufukd wkHUjyef

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cspforQukd ywfysdK;ü ay:vGifaeygonf/ arwåmpGrf;&nfukd tEkynmpGrf;&nfu
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tEkynmwdkYjzifh &ifqdkifckcHrI tvSpGrf;&nfrsm;ukdrl raysmufrysuf xm;&pfEdkifcJh
ygonf/
tif;0acwfwGif rdzk&m; ½SifbkdYr,fonf qifjzL½SifoD[olu ½Sifapmyk
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Oayu©mukd cHcJh&aomfvnf; rkef;pdwfr0ifcJhyg/ emusifcHpm;rIrsm;ukd cHpm;rI
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vspfvsL½IrIukd rjy,faom arwåm? rjy,faom tvGrf;wdkYjzifh wkHYjyefcHpm;cJhykHukd
ukd,fwdkifrSwfwrf;wif a&;zGJUxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/
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jy'kaysmf&,f? <uvmawmfrlbJ}}2
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1
cifat;? OD;(wnf;jzwf)? 1993? 121/
2
cifat;? OD;(wnf;jzwf)? 1993? 121/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 717

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armifawmftm; ukd,fapmifhewfu r,fhxHjyefvmap&ef EId;aqmfay;yg[k awmif;yef
aeykHukd zGJUqkdxm;onf/
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vmNyDxif? prf;rdonfhcif? &dyfMum<uaAGcGifrSm? aocsifatmif
vGrf;ygbdav;}}2
[lí Mumjcnfawmfukd avwdk;cwfvmonfukdyif armifawmfa&mufvmNyD[k
xifrdykHrSm u½kPmoufzG,f jzpfygonf/ rdrd\cHpm;rItrSefukd cspfp&m? oem;
p&m tvSuAsm a&;zGJUí wkHYjyefoem;cHonfh rmerJh pdwftvSrSm ESpfoufp&m
jzpfygonf/
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olYwGif yifukduyif tm;i,fpdwf ½Sdaernfyif/ tm;ukd;cspfcJh&aom tdrfa½SUpH
uaemifrif;om;BuD;\ tjcm;aom ukd,fvkyfawmfrsm;aMumifh rdrdtm; Oayu©m
jyKrIukd cH&aomtcg tm;i,fpdwfjzifh armifawmfhpdwfBudKuf jzpfvkd&m jzpfygap
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awmarGUawmhr,f}}3
[k a&;zGJUcJhygonf/ armifawmf wpfrsufESm wpf½Gmxifí tm;ukd;wG,fwm
ae&aom b0ESifh cHpm;rIukd trsufa'goryg/ tm;i,fcspfjzifh zGifh[ a&;zGJU
xm;ygonf/ vIdifxdyfacgifwif\ ESvkH;om;onf emusif&aomfvnf; trkef;

1
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2
cifat;? OD;(wnf;jzwf)? 1993? 121/
3
cifat;? OD;(wnf;jzwf)? 1993? 127/
718 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

rzuf cspfpdwfoufoufjzifh cHpm;a&;zGJUcJhaom uAsmrsm;t&MunfhvQif aw;uAsmrsm;

vSyNyD; &oajrmuf&jcif;rSm pmqkd\ pdwftvSaMumifh[k qkd&ygrnf/
ukef;abmifacwf aumufpkdufraw;oHrsm;wGif ]ysdKav;wdkY aumufpkduf&m?
vdkufvmeJYav;? vkdufvm&if ½THUpifa&mhr,f? aAmif;aMumh&ifaoG;} 1 qdkonfh
aumufpkdufraw;oHwGif aumufpkdufolwdkYonf rdrdwdkYqif;&Jaomb0ukd em;vnf
Muonf/ aAmif;? em;awmif;wdkYukd aMumhaMumharmharmh 0wfqifxm;aom rSL;BuD;
rwfBuD;wkdY\ om;taeESifh rdrdwkdYukd rBudKufoifhyg/ BudKufrdvQif qif;&J'ku©
a&mufrnf[k qkdjcif;jzpfonf/ rdrdwdkYESifh b0csif;reD;olukd rrSef;? rdrdwdkYb0
ESifh rdrdwdkY auseyfaeolrsm;tjzpf t½kd;cHpdwfukd zGJUqkdxm;onf/
a&TbdkNrdKUteD; wl;ajrmif;BuD;ay:wGif a&Tajrmif;&Gmi,fu aumufpdkufor
rsm;onf rdrdwdkY&Gmonf ajcmufaoGUaom a'owGif wnf&SdonfhtwGuf
wl;ajrmif;u q,fESpf&moD pD;qif;aom a&wdkY\aus;Zl;aMumifh pdrf;pdkom,m
aMumif;udk-
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]tuRefwdkYv,f aumufpdkufwkef;u} uAsmwGif bk&ifrif;jrwf\ vrdkif;
v,fawmfü aumufpkdufonfh atmifyifv,f½Gmol aumufpkduforrsm;onf
t½G,faumif;rsm; jzpfonfhtwGuf tysdKi,frsm;yDyD qif;&Jaomfvnf; vScsif
Muonfh? qif;&JvSaomb0wGif tm;i,fpdwfrxm;bJ ½SdorQESifh tvSqifí
a&mifh&Jwif;wdrfwwfonfh? ,Ofaus;odrfarGUonfholrsm; jzpfMuykHukd vSpfjyxm;
onf/
oHcsdKOD;ausmfvSuvnf; qif;&Jaomfvnf; ukokdvfpdwfxufoefonfh
aumufpkdufor okH;a,muf\ aMu;pnftvSLukd ]aygif;½Spfa,muf aumufpkdufol}
uAsmjzifh zGJUqkdcJhonf/ armif;axmif½Gm {oef&yfol aumufpkdufor½SpfOD;onf
vSnfhvnfaw;qkdí &aomaiGjzifh aMu;pnfvSLMuykHukd-

1
aomfZif? OD;? 1966? 88/
2
aomfZif? OD;? 1966? 115/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 719

]]ajry0&H {oef&yfwGifrS? uHpyfum *a[aqmfMu? oli,fazmf

t½G,faumif;awGaygh? q,facsmif;pD qvHajr§muf aygif;½Spfa,muf
aumufpkdufol}}1
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b0tm;rmef&Sdonfhpdwf? aysmf&Tifwuf<upGm rdrdwkdYtvkyfukd vkyfaqmifwwf
onfhpdwf? wdkif;cspfjynfcspfpdwfwkdYukd aumufpkdufolrsm;u ajymqkd[efjzifh
o½kyfazmfa&;zGJUxm;onfukd awGU&Sd&onf/

NcHKiHkokH;oyfcsuf
pdwfxm;tvSonf jrefrmtrsdK;orD;rsm;\ *kPf&nfwpfckyif jzpfonf/
Ak'¨\tqkH;trESifhtnD jrefrmtrdsK;orD;rsm;onf arwåmw&m;? opömw&m;udk
wefzdk;xm;onf/ tdrfaxmif&Sifjzpfvmaom jrefrmtrsdK;orD;rsm;onf cifyGef;onf\
apmifha&Smuftkyfxdef;rIatmufwGif tdrf&Sifraumif;yDopGm ukd,fusifhw&m;udk
xdef;odrf;onf/ cifyGef;onf\oGefoifrIudk cH,lonf/ jrefrmtrsdK;orD;rsm;onf
a&S;tpOftqufuyif t&SuftaMumufudk xdef;odrf;cJhMuonf/ rdb0wf?
om;orD;0wf? q&m0wf? wynfh0wf? vif0wf? r,m;0wf? rdwfaqG0wf?
t&Sif0wf? uRef0wf? &[ef;0wf? 'um0wf [lí usifh0wftoD;oD;&Sd&m jrefrm
trsdK;orD;wdkYonfvnf; rdrdwkdY qdkif&musifh0wfrsm;udk av;pm;pGm vdkufem
usifhoHk;Muygonf/ jrefrmtrsdK;orD;rsm;onf rdbukd OD;xdyfxm;onf/
cifyGef;onfukd wefzdk;xm;jrwfEdk;onf/ om;orD;ukd arwåmxm;onf/ xdkokdYaom
av;pm;jrwfEdk;zG,f&m pdwftvSydkif&Sifrsm; jzpfayawmhonf/ acwftqufqufwGif
a&S;acwfpmqkdwdkYonf jrefrmtrsdK;orD;wkdYtay: xm;&Sdonfh pmqkdwdkY\
oabmxm;tjrifrsm;? apwemrsm;rSwpfqifh jrefrmtrsdK;orD;wkdY\ pdwftvS
wdkYukd pmayykHoP²meftrsdK;rsdK;jzifh armfuGef;wifcJhayonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh
qkdvQifvnf; jrefrmtrsdK;orD;wkdYtaeESifh xm;½Sdoifhaom ukd,fusifhw&m;ESifh
pdwftvSw&m;wkdYukd pmqkdwkdYu pHjyKzGJUqkdí enf;vrf;aumif;rsm; jyay;cJhonf
[kvnf; qkdEkid fygonf/ pmqkw d dkYonf usrf;*efvm r'D́a'0DuJhokYd aom rdef;rjrwf
1
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720 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

rsm;\ pdwftvS? pdwfpGrf;&nfwdkYukd zwfcsifzG,fjzpfatmifESifh twk,lcsifzG,f

jzpfatmif a&;zGJUcJhMuygonf/ jrefrmtrsdK;orD;pmqkdrsm;üvnf; b0½Sdonf/
tcspf½Sdonf/ pmqkdwkdYonf b0? tcspfESifh avmu"Hw&m;wdkYukd wkHYjyef &ifqkdif
cHpm;&if; uAsmzGJUcJhMujyefonf/ jrefrmtrsdK;orD;wdkY\ avmu"Hukd BuHUBuHUcH
Edkifaom? arwåmpdwf arG;Edkifaom? cGifhvTwfEdkifaom pdwftvSw&m;rsm;onf
acwftqufquf jrefrmpmayavmuü rSwfwrf;wif usef&pfcJhjyefygonf/

ed*;kH
jrefrmtrsdK;orD;rsm;onf bk&m;a[mw&m;awmfrsm;? usrf;*efrsm;ESifh
tnD acwftqufquf aexdkifcJhMuonf/ xkdokdYaom jrefrmtrsdK;orD;wdkY\
pdwfxm;tvSwdkYukd azmfusL;aom pmayrsm;vnf; acwftqufquf &SdcJh
ygonf/ pmqkdwdkY\ pdwful;rsm; uGJjym;ouJhokdY trsdK;orD;wdkY\ pdwftvSukd
½IjrifcHpm;ykH? jyefvnfa&;zGJUykHwkdY rwlnDMuyg/ ausmufpmpum;ajy? 0w¬K
pum;ajy [lí uGJouJhokdY pmayt&omvnf; uGJjym;jcm;em;ygonf/ tJcsif;?
tdkifcsif;? &wk? [efcsif; ponfjzifh uAsmtzGJUykHpH rwlnDouJhokdY a&G;cs,fwifjyonfh
taMumif;t&m? a&;zGJU[efwdkYrSmvnf; uGJjym;jcm;em;Muygonf/ xdkuJhokdYaom
pum;ajy? uAsmtzGJUykHpH trsdK;rsdK;ukd avhvmjcif;jzifh jrefrmtrsdK;orD;wdkY\
pdwftvSwefzdk;ukd tESpfom&csif;rwl uGJjym;pGmcHpm;EdkifMurnf jzpfygonf/

usrf;uk;d pm&if;

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