Dark figure of crime

Human trafficking cases in Chile: challenges for reducing the “dark figure”
Daniel Quinteros Rojas, Roberto Dufraix Tapia, Romina Ramos Rodríguez
The Palgrave international handbook of human trafficking, 1151-1164, 2020
At the global level, human trafficking estimates face a few limitations regarding dark
figure. In addressing this type of crime, the Chilean criminal justice system is
characterized by a deficient performance both in terms of identification of victims and
conviction rates. This concerning situation is largely driven by the operation of several
biases and shortcomings that conceal the perpetration of human trafficking acts in
Chile. A paradigmatic example of this is the fact that there have been no trafficking
cases brought to court in Tarapacá, a trans-border Chilean region with highest
proportion of foreign population. Taken together, these facts point to a structural
problem associated to processes of globalization and securitization of the border in the
context of an institutional culture deeply rooted in a national security doctrine.
In this scenario, drawing on a systematic review of the relevant case law in Chile, this
chapter reflects on human trafficking dynamics in the context of a highly securitized
border region in Latin America. The focus is on the mechanisms by which these cases
are known and processed by the criminal justice system, with special attention to
elements with a high potential for estimating the dark figure through the Multiple System
Estimation method and for reducing these multiple biases and limitations. From this
analysis, critical recommendations are drawn for both law enforcement and border
control agencies to reduce this dark figure of human trafficking cases. This chapter
thereby assumes that situated research is essential to overcome these shortcomings,
since it leads to consider the influence of local, historical, and structural factors in the
study of this largely invisible criminal phenomenon.
Google Scholar. (n.d.-b). https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
as_ylo=2019&q=dark+figures+of+crime&hl=tl&as_sdt=0,5#d=gs_qabs&t=16828360208
41&u=%23p%3DKRNzibS-yF8J.

Social isolation
Social isolation and loneliness in older adults: Opportunities for the health care system
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
National Academies Press, 2020
Social isolation and loneliness are serious yet underappreciated public health risks that
affect a significant portion of the older adult population. Approximately one-quarter of
community-dwelling Americans aged 65 and older are considered to be socially
isolated, and a significant proportion of adults in the United States report feeling lonely.
People who are 50 years of age or older are more likely to experience many of the risk
factors that can cause or exacerbate social isolation or loneliness, such as living alone,
the loss of family or friends, chronic illness, and sensory impairments. Over a life
course, social isolation and loneliness may be episodic or chronic, depending upon an
individual’s circumstances and perceptions. A substantial body of evidence
demonstrates that social isolation presents a major risk for premature mortality,
comparable to other risk factors such as high blood pressure, smoking, or obesity. As
older adults are particularly high-volume and high-frequency users of the health care
system, there is an opportunity for health care professionals to identify, prevent, and
mitigate the adverse health impacts of social isolation and loneliness in older adults.
Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults summarizes the evidence base and
explores how social isolation and loneliness affect health and quality of life in adults
aged 50 and older, particularly among low income, underserved, and vulnerable
populations. This report makes recommendations specifically for clinical settings of
health care to identify those who suffer the resultant negative health impacts of social
isolation and loneliness and target interventions to improve their social conditions.
Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults considers clinical tools and
methodologies, better education and training for the health care workforce, and
dissemination and implementation that will be important for translating research into
practice, especially as the evidence base for effective interventions continues to
flourish.
Google Scholar. (n.d.-c). https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
as_ylo=2019&q=social+isolation&hl=tl&as_sdt=0,5#d=gs_qabs&t=1682836925528&u=
%23p%3DzUyguwYSoQQJ

Safety and Security In Campus

Improving Security Performance in Smart Campuses
Musaab Mohammad Alhaddad
ResearchBerg Review of Science and Technology 2 (4), 17-28, 2019
The idea of a smart campus is to combine devices, apps, and people to achieve
enhanced operational and educational efficiency. One of the major aspects of the
establishment of smart campuses is the building of a smart security system. This
research is an effort to review the security technologies and how to increase the
security performance of a smart campus using these technologies. The main objective
of this study is to discuss asset security and facility access technologies in a smart
campus setting. Universities spend millions of dollars on specialized equipment, yet
maintaining track of such assets may be challenging. We discussed how security
personnel can monitor the whereabouts of high-value items by installing IoT on them
and how Smart locks, intelligent ID, and Geofencing can enable the facilities managers
to manage campus access, tracking, and define zones. Finally, we review the optimal
mix of other technologies and strategies to produce successful deterrent, preventive,
protection, and reaction measures. This study argued that using these technologies
smart campuses can alter the education system by improving campus security and by
offering students and educators an engaged, creative, and safe environment.

Google Scholar. (n.d.-d). https://scholar.google.com/scholar?

hl=tl&as_sdt=0%2C5&as_ylo=2019&q=safety+and+security+in+campuses&oq=safety+
and+security+in+campus#d=gs_qabs&t=1682837232399&u=%23p%3DdJY7nJyn8kAJ