1) Anarchy;; 

The absence of any authority superior to nation-states and capable of arbitrating their
disputes and enforcing  international law. The term anarchy is derived from the ancient
Greek root anarchos (“without authority”), denoting the absence of the rule of law or of settled
government.
2) Authoritarianism;; principle of blind submission to authority, as opposed to individual freedom of
thought and action. In government, authoritarianism denotes any political system that concentrates
power in the hands of a leader or a small elite that is not constitutionally responsible to the body of
the people.
3) Dictatorship;; A dictatorship is a form of government which is characterized by a leader, or a group
of leaders, who hold governmental powers with few to no limitations on them.
4) Globalization;; Globalization, or globalisation, is the process of interaction and integration among
people, companies, and governments worldwide
5) Nationalism;; Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent
with the state. As a movement, it tends to promote the interests of a particular nation, especially with
the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation's sovereignty over its homeland to create a nation-
state.
6) Oligarchy;, government by the few, especially despotic power exercised by a small and privileged
group for corrupt or selfish purposes. Oligarchies in which members of the ruling group are wealthy
or exercise their power through their wealth are known as plutocracies.
7) Sovereignty; sovereignty, in political theory, the ultimate overseer, or authority, in the decision-
making process of the state and in the maintenance of order.
8) Totalitarianism; Totalitarianism is a form of government that attempts to assert total control over
the lives of its citizens. It is characterized by strong central rule that attempts to control and direct all
aspects of individual life through coercion and repression. It does not permit individual freedom.
Traditional social institutions and organizations are discouraged and suppressed, making people
more willing to be merged into a single unified movement. Totalitarian states typically pursue a
special goal to the exclusion of all others, with all resources directed toward its attainment,
regardless of the cost.
9) Welfare state;; welfare state, concept of government in which the state or a well-established
network of social institutions plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the economic and
social well-being of citizens. It is based on the principles of equality of opportunity, equitable
distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to avail themselves of the minimal
provisions for a good life. The general term may cover a variety of forms of economic and social
organization.
10) Xenophobia;; is the fear or dislike of anything which is perceived as being foreign or strange. It is an
expression which is based on the perception that a conflict exists between an in-group and an out-
group and it may manifest itself in suspicion of one group's activities by members of the other group,
a desire to eliminate the presence of the group which is the target of suspicion, and fear of losing a
national, ethnic, or racial identity.
11) Diplomacy; diplomacy, the established method of influencing the decisions and behaviour of
foreign governments and peoples through dialogue, negotiation, and other measures short of war or
violence…….Diplomacy comprises spoken or written communication by representatives of states
(such as leaders and diplomats) intended to influence events in the international system.
12) Embargo;; While sanctions may target specific trading activities or individuals, embargoes are
applied much more broadly. They often comprehensively prohibit trade with a target country, or
imports from, or exports to, that country.
13) Hegemony;; Hegemony is the political, economic, and military predominance of one state over other
states.
14) Imperialism;; Imperialism is the practice, theory or attitude of maintaining or extending power,
particularly through expansionism, employing hard power (economic and military power), but
also soft power (cultural and diplomatic power), establishing or maintaining a hegemony and a more
or less formal empire.
15) Isolationism; Isolationism is a political philosophy advocating a national foreign policy that opposes
involvement in the political affairs, and especially the wars, of other countries. Thus, isolationism
fundamentally advocates neutrality and opposes entanglement in military alliances and mutual
defense pacts.
16) Multilateralism;; , multilateralism refers to an alliance of multiple countries pursuing a common
goal.
17) Neocolonialism; the control of less-developed countries by developed countries through indirect
means. 
18) Neoliberalism; ideology and policy model that emphasizes the value of free market competition.
19) Nonalignment; movement of states considering themselves not formally aligned with or against any
major power bloc
20) Nuclear proliferation;  the spread of nuclear weapons, nuclear weapons technology, or fissile
material to countries that do not already possess them. The term is also used to refer to the
possible acquisition of nuclear weapons by terrorist organizations or other armed groups.
21) Security dilemma; in political science, a situation in which actions taken by a state to increase its
own security cause reactions from other states, which in turn lead to a decrease rather than an
increase in the original state’s security.

22) Transnationalism; economic, political, and cultural processes that extend beyond the boundaries of
nation-states.The concept of transnationalism suggests a weakening of the control a nation-state has
over its borders, inhabitants, and territory.

23) Socialism; socialism, social and economic doctrine that calls for public rather than private ownership
or control of property and natural resources. According to the socialist view, individuals do not live
or work in isolation but live in cooperation with one another. Furthermore, everything that people
produce is in some sense a social product, and everyone who contributes to the production of a good
is entitled to a share in it. Society as a whole, therefore, should own or at least control property for
the benefit of all its members.