KKKT3243

COMMUNICATION DEVICES
Lecture 2 : Overview on
Telecommunication
Evolution
Industrial Revolution
The Telefontornet connecting some Earliest version if the Internet, 1973
5000 phone lines in Stockholm 1890
Present
 Phone to
Environments
 8

Introduction
•  Tele/communications
-  Communication over a long distance
-  (tele = far off)
-  The process of transmitting a message between two remote locations.
-  Message - could be Voice, Music, Textual, Pictorial (graph, diagram, image, etc.) or moving image
(video).
•  Data/code represented by some form of electromagnetic energy – electricity, radio waves, lights –
transmitted through medium‐ wire, cable, atmosphere
•  Better proportion of data communications links and speech is being converted into digital
forms, as well as “data” will eventually be conveyed more naturally in these digital forms.
Introduction
•  The main purpose of telecommunications is to convey information from one location to another.
▫  Data : Precise communication
▫  Voice : More convenient to convey information, that’s why voice communication has predominated for
over a century
•  The telephone network, until the last three decades, was almost entirely analog
•  Purpose of a Communication System:
▫  Deliver as much information as possible from the source to the destination (capacity). Capacity measured in
bits per second (bps) or in call capacity. Information maybe of different natures; voice, video, or data
▫  Deliver information in shortest time (delay). Delays are measured in milliseconds or in round trip delay.
▫  Reduce errors in delivery of information (error detection/correction). Errors can be measured as Bit Error
Rate (BER) or Frame Error Rate (FER).
10
1. INTRODUCTION

Channel Medium: guided (for example, cable, coax, wire, etc.)

and unguided (For example, radio waves, satellite)
•  Public Switched Telecommunication Network (PSTN) or POTs
•  Computer/Data Network
•  Entertainment/Distribution/Broadcast Network
•  Unified/Integrated Network
•  Mobile/Wireless Communication Network
•  Body Sensor Network
•  Heterogeneous Network
•  Wireless Sensor Networks
•  Internet of Things
 WSN  Sensors  

I
m 1
m

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Indoor  Positioning Health  Care  Monitoring

WLAN  Fingerprinting  
Approach

Server

RSS  Data  Collector

Unit

 Artificial  Neural  Network  

Model

Cloud  Architecture  for  

Cloud  Architecture  for  Storing  
Storing  Positing  data  of  WSN
Positing  data  of  WLAN

ANN  Output

Figure  1.  Hybrid  Indoor  Position  System  

(HyIPS)  
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Dedicated Short-Range Communication
(DSRC) System
Wireless Sensor Networks
Ref: Mohammed H. Alsharif, Rosdiadee Nordin, Mahamod Ismail, "Intelligent
Cooperation Management of Multi-Radio Access Technology towards the Green
Cellular Networks for the Twenty-Twenty Information Society",
Telecommunication Systems, 65(3): 497-510, July 2017
Ibraheem Shayea, Mustafa Ergen, Marwan Hadri Azmi, Sultan Aldirmaz-Colak, Rosdiadee Nordin, Yousef Ibrahim Daradkeh, "Key
Challenges, Drivers and Solutions for Mobility Management in 5G Networks: A Survey", IEEE Access (Special Section on Complex Networks
Analysis and Engineering in 5G And Beyond Towards 6G), 2020, Vol. 8, pp. 172534-172552
https://www.majalahsains.com/teknologi-tanpa-wayar-di-masa-hadapan/