FALGUNY MADHANI

STANDARD8"
GEOGRAPHY[FRANK)

NATURALAND MAN-MADE DISASTERS

1-What is Disaster?
leads to a huge oss of ite, propeTy
.ns-W hen a natural or human inuduced event
it
and country's cconony,
and livelihood, thercby attecung a whole community

said to be a disaster.

reduce impact of Disaster? Why?

2-What is needed to
be averted. So
cannot
anywhere at any time. They
.ins-Disasters may stnke
reduce ther impact.
a w a r e n e s s can
preparcdness and
they able to
and California? How
are

3-What is experienced daily in Japan

handle it?
but
in Japan and Calitornia,
daily
occurrence

t r e m o r s are
Ans-Earthquake instances.
disasters in many
measures prevent
preparedness

4-What are the causes of Disaster?

Ans-Therc are severalfactors tha

canlead toadisaster.
-Socio-ccononic backivardness
Li.ck ot awareness

Iliteracy
Poverty
inadequate training to cope ith a disaster
2Lackofproper planningand arca

Absence of routine study in a disas ter prone

in the area
Absence of planned development
team
disaster management
Abseace of well-trained a disaster
manage
ofinfrastructure to
hack exploitation offorests
3-Population explosion,
resulting in indiscriminate
andillegalconstruction ofbuildings
trees
Indiscriminate felling of
Inefficient drainage system

Illegal construction
Over-utilisation ofresources
Over mining and illegal mining
and groundwater
O v e r u s e of surface

of forest
Over exploitation

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 STANDARD 8
GEOGRAPHY[FRANK] FALGUNY MADAN
STANDARI 8
Over
exploitation ot land GEOGRAPHYF
5-Climarechange due to globalwarming 12-What

KIsC ot sea level and loss of land duIe to submergence o 1sds Aind
coastal
arcas

lelting ot glaciers inducing tloods in ises

hange in raintall pattern causing cdroughts and
tiood
C a d to repeated loss of life and property amongst the coastal dweller
of
Bengal Delta and Odisha?
mongst the coastal dwellers of the Bengal delta and Odisha, poverty and
Ot
aareness leads to
repeated loss of land, life and property cduring cyclones,
6-What was the main reason of
Kedarnath flood?
\ns- The
Kedamath floods June 2013 was due to incessant raîns together with
in
melting snow from the
ruptured Chorabari glacial lake in the higher reaches oft the
mountans.

7-What caused massive

devastation in Kedarnath flood?
\ns- Kedarnath fiood
causcd massive devastation due to
1n the overcrowded settlements
landakini valley and lack of
planning to overcome such a situation.
8-What caused floods in
Mumbai?
Ans- The floods in Mumbai in 2005
mainly due to heavyy rains coupled
was
an inefective drainage system, ilegal with
and maintenance.of old buildiings and building construction, poorplanning
shoreline depletion of mangroves from the
9-What causes drought?

No tainfall
fór long time
Excessiv use of surface and underground water
10- Give
example of places experiencing drought
Jarge areas of Bundelkhand (Uttar Pradesh and
. Madhya Pradesh)
Vidarbha (Maharashtra) are facing drought and water
11-What has become
scarcity.
more frequent in Sundarbans?
Ans-Tropical cyclones have become more trequent in the Sundarban
ans

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GEOGRAPHY[FRANK]

12-What is adverse effect of Tropical Cyclone?

Coastal flooding has become very common

The sea level rise is also responible for submergence of many coastal arcas
sOIne
the Sundarbans and
ot the world such as some of the deltaic islands in

islands of the South Pacilic.

and resource to coastal dwellers.
T h i s results in terrible loss of habitat
13-Which are two types of Disaster on their origin?

climatic geological factors

Natural Disasters: Due to
accidents
Human Induced Disasters: Duc to nuclear wars, epidemics,

the basis of the speed of Occurrence

14-Classify disaster on
due heavy rainfall
Slow onset: Drought, famine, flood to

flash flood, accident, terrorist

Sudden onset: Earthquake, cyclone,

activity
due to Forces of Nature
15-Name the Disasters Caused

Flood

Cyclone
Earthquake
ELOOD
1-What is Flood?
of river water, dam
Ans-Floods are mostly caused
due to heavy rainfall, swelling
in coastal areas.
glacial meling
and storm surge
tsunami,
collapse, cyclones,
2-State Imact of lood
and in plains.
Floods can,cause loss of life property
loss of food grains and
output and huge cause

They ca ruin agricultural

livestock. mountainous regions.
landslides in
They usually lead
to

homeless.
People are rendered that causes outbreak of
Floods lead to the contamination
of drinking water and leptospirosis.
waterborne diseases such
as malaria, diarrhoea, jaundice
saline due to tidal flooding and is
land turns

n coastal areas, agricultural

hence rendered unproductive.

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STANDARD 8
9820949959
GEOGRAPHY[FRANK)
Flood?
be followed for
3-What Risk Reduction Measures should
NG
areas is essential to prepare tor precautoary
apping ot tlood-prone
measurcCs.
vulnerable areas.
be done from
Vacuation ot livestock and people should
be built on stilts or on pedestals.
5uildings in coastal arcas slhould and b
as television
mass media such
Warnings should be given through the
radio.
Walls of houses must be made tlood-proot.
local area.
n etficient disaster management team should be organised in the

Disaster management kit must always be kept ready

CYCLONE
1-What is Tropical Cyclone?
causcd
of sudden low pressures over the
area
Ans- Tropical cyclones development
and lightning, accompanied by
by the seas leading to strong winds with thunder
heavy showers.
2-State Impact of Tropical Cyclone

Light-weight shelters are blown away. Coastal arcas are flooded,

there Is contamination of water
embankments are broken, and often

supplies.
and other infrastructure.
winds damage crops, fishing villages
High speed
Sometimes entire islands are submerged.
Measures for Cyclones
3-What are Risk Reduction
vulnerable coastal
built higher ground, away from
Settlepments must he
on

areas.
who are evacuated
can be
must be built, where the people
Cyclone shelfers cyclone.
of the
shelteredbefore the
onset
the coast to
'shelter belts' must be raised parallel to
Rowsóf trees called of the wind and surging
seawater.

ohstruct and reduce

the speed broadcast o n radio and
should be
Cyclone
forecasts and early warnings beneficial to
fishermen in coastal

warnings are especially

television. These the turbulent sea.

can retrain
trom venturing into
areas so that they

4|Page
 TALGUNY MADHANI
STANDARD 8
GEOGRAPHY[FRANK)

EARTHOUAKE
1-What is Earthquake? How are they caused?
The
due the F'ar
of tectonie plates,
1-Earthquakes are caused to movement

yav that tu hke a

Crust is made up of several continental and oceanic plates

Ihe sidng ot these plates under
cach other
tremors ankl
qik causes
CAn
puzzie. weak z0ncs
relatively
massive constructions ofdams in
Olcanic eruptions and
also cause carthquakes.
2-State Impact of Earthquake
constructions
such as roads, building

Earthquakes
cause damage of weak
and bridges.
also crack. buricd under
Water pipelines may people get
leads to loss of life when
The collapse of buildings
the debris.
due to the impact.
Sometimes the ground splits open
road and rail transport.
This often causes disuption of
Measures of Earthquake?
Reduction
3-Wha are Risk
d e l i n e a t e d on maps.
areas are to
be must be
Earthquake-prone
materials 1ke wood
lightweight
of buildings,
construction
For
used. the buildings.
must be used for
Earthquake-resistant
designs construction.
for
be avoided
weaker areas
must issued by
Geologically areas
must
follow guidelines
earthquake-prone
All buldings in
Indian Standards).
the BIS (Buréau of
DISASTERMANAGEMENTININDIA Disaster
safer and
order to build
a

established in India in
1-What wag
Management
resilient Ihdia? disaster
resilient India, the
Disaster

build safer and Authority)

to a
Disaster Management
Ans-In ordér NDMA (National
established the
Act 2005
of NDMA
2-State the composition Chairman
Minister
its
Prime Minister as
NDMA has the
The
Chairman
as a
Vice planning.policy
A Cabinet of responsibilities
various
handing ad
a1/areness

8 Ministers ofState funds,

r e c o n s t r u c t i o n

mitigation,
preparedness,
making,

building
5|Page
 rAL

STANDARD2 Management?

Disaster
GEOGRAPHYFRANKI

NDMA for
guidelines
of
3-What are strategy
Community-based disastermanagement
arcas
disaster-prone i n t e r n a t i o a l

in
development and with
Capaciny NGOs,
with nattonal bodics, Nations
Developmecnt

UNDP (United
ooperaton
Programme)

organisations
such as lEnvironment

Nations
(United
and UNEP
Programme)
management?
disaster
Community-based
is the aim of
disaster

the risk ot
a
4-What
aims at lowering
management
disaster resilient.
Community-based to be more
Ans-
the capacities
of people
ancd management
increasing
of D i s a s t e r ?
important in
case
preparedness
is community
5-Why C ommunity
the tirst responder
in case of a disaster, to respond
capacity of the people
s
Ans-The community
it can increase the within the
as
preparedness
is important of the safe zoncs

The community is also a w a r e

to a disaster eftectüvely.
be rehabilitated.
can
towns/villages
where people
members?
included in community
6-Who all are
health
primary
include people in police stations,
members
Ans-The community

centres, schools, and

local people.
in Community?
7-What is included
in Capacity building
communitywould include:
Ans-Capacity building in
communities
local
authoriies and
Training
an early warning sy'stem
Develop
Practice evacuation drills
operations
search and
rescue
Otganise
and first aid services
Organise health
reliet coordination teams
Orgapise
sanitation tecams
Build water and
Disaster management
operations?
are followed in
8-What steps/phases

includediffcrent phases .ofaction Thesteps

Ans-Disaster managementoperations
are as tollows: reduce the number
of
measures taken up to
Immediate
1. Response and relief
disaster.
casualies after a
that are
This includes those operations
anidre:onstruction
2. Rehabilitation conditions of living in the affected areas.

back the normal

taken up to bring

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 FALGUNY MADHANI

STANDARD8"

GEOGRAPHY[FRANK]
minimise
the nHCt
taken up to
includes actions that are
galion: This measures,
or non-SITcu
be citherstructural mitigation
dIsaster.
They can

mitugation measures. n
sheters
include builkling eyclone
mitigation measurcs
arcas
earthquake-prone
tructural buildings in
carthquake-resistant
coastal
arcas, proofing a village.
enmbankments for flood building,
mapping ba
building include
awareness

mitigationmeasures management team

Non-structural
arcas,
mock drill by disaster NG(s,
local residents,
disaster-prone

done in
advance by the it
This should be
avoded
be
Preparedness: TDisasters c a n
4. better.
the disaster
to cope with
state and country and strengthened.
is conducted, planned
preparedness
adequate
measures?
9-What are Mitigation or non-structura
measures,
structural mitigation
can be ether
.\ns-T here
mitigation measures. shelters in
include building cyclone or
mitigation measures
areas
earthquakc-pronc
in
Structural carthquake-resistant
buildings
c o a s t a l areas,
flood proofing a village.
embankments for awareness building, mapping
building incude
mitigation measures teams.

Non-structural disaster management

mock drill by
disaster-prone areas,
Disaster?
in bandling
Government
10-Wht is the role of rehabilitation lies with the
relief and
responsibility
to organise rescue,
The

state governments.
the etforts
ot the state government
supplements
major disasters
Government
T h e Central
support in case of
byprovidingfinancial
and logistic
aircratft,
central paramilitary
boats,

Logistic suppore
includes providing medical relief and
infrastructure

disaster relief force,

forces, naional
faciities Disaster Management
Responsible for
11-Name thé Nodal Agencies
Resources
Floods: Ministry of Water
Department
Cyclones: Indian MeteorologicalE n v i r o n m e n t and I'orest
of
C h e m i c a l disasters: Ministry

*Railway accidents: Ministry of

Railways
Aviation
accidents: Ministry of Civil
Airway
Department of
mines
M i n e accidents:
Industrial disaster: Ministry of Labour

7| Page
STANDARD8 under the
IDetence,
GEOGRAPHYIFRANK. Civil
lForce and
Disaster
Responsc
National
*Fires:

Home Affairs
linistry of
CASE STUDIES

FLOODSIN ASSAM
1-How is the Land of Assam? with

is a uniquc regioIn ba
vibrant greenery,
cndowed with
.1ns-. \ssam, a land richly
rich biodiversity.
2-Which river causes flood in Assam?

Ans- Brahmaputra River

of Flood in Assam
2-State Natural Causes bed
which makc the
river

rivers carry a lot of sediments

The Himalayan
shallow. monsoons
Massive rainfall in the northcast during
block the rivers and
have often resulted in
landslides, which
Earthquakes
c h a n g e their c o u r s e s .
course
a tendency
to shift its
The Brahmaputra river kas
Causes of Flood in Assam?
3-What are Anthropogenic

has led to soil erosion.

over large
areas
Deforestation

hills has led to soil erosion. The heavy

cultivation in the adjoining
Shifting beds
in over
load of silt is deposited monsoons. These are
e x c e s s water during
.Wetlands yere known tó hold the industrial purposes.
Some are
settlement and
reclaimed for agricultural,
infestédwith weeds. materials and sewage
and are unable to carry
with waste
Rivers arochoked
the rainwatèr. embankments has changed the
railway's and
of roads,
The construction
cOurse of rivers.

in Assam
4-State Impact of Flooding
from the Himalayas carryinga
and its tributaries flow
T h e Brahmaputra of sediments.
volume of water
and a large load
the silt
huge to
increases, the rivers power carry
as the volume
D u r i n g monsopns
ot
increases. a result numbers
their banks and
as
found to swallow
The rivers are

Villages are submerged.

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STANDARD 8
GEOGRAPHY[FRANK]
FALGUNY MADHAN
Majuli, the largest river
threat ot
braking up into island locatecd in the Brahaputra,
two. Its is under the
Shifüng cultivation in existence
doubtlul in the future,
is

heavy soil lossMeghalaya, North

has led to
and choking of Cachar Hills and NAgll
As a result, the streams.
alluvial plain where
The paddy is cultivateed is often
Kazitanga National Park, which thooc.
is the only habitat for the
one-horned rhinoceros, is under severe
Indian,
threat of existence due to tloods,
The severe tlood in 1988
the lives of 85 rhinos. ravaged the Kaziranga Naional Park and caimed

Iloods .Assam
in
usually cut off communication with the rest ot the regton
as the highways and railways are submerged.
The Himalayan slopes the affected
are worst areas,
irstly, becaUIS Of
landslides and then oods.
Ihe embankments that built to save people from over flooding rivers
were

finaly prevented the rainwater from flowing into the river and caused
further flooding in the plains, Survival after floods is really difficult.
People are poverty-stricken after losing all their belongings.
There is a huge economic loss as life activities come to a standstill.

5-Why Himalayan regions were worst affected arcas in Assarm Flood?

The Himalayan slopes are the worst affected arcas, firstly, because of
landslides and then floods. rivers
The embankments that were built to save people from over flooding
into the iver and caused
finally prevented the rainwater from flowing
in the Survival after floods is really difficult.
plains,
further flooding
EARTHOUAKE IN NEPAL (2015)
1-Whendid Earthquake in Nepal happen?
Ans 25 Apal2015.
2-1What was the cause of Nepal Earthquake?
their edges while moving they cause
When two tectonic plates get stuck at
tremors or shakes.
below the Tibetan plate and as a
As the Indian plate moves ahead, it crashes
wavcs.
form of earthquake
result releases its energy in the
called the focus.
T h e location where the earthquake begins is
the
The point directly above the
focus on the surface of the carth is called
epicentre

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 STANDARD 8"
LGUNY MADHANI
GEOGRAPHY[FRANK)
was 60 km cast of
In the case of Nepal carthquake in 2015, the epicentre
Nepal's capital city Kathmandu.
the repcated aftershocks made people
The 7.8 magniude earthquake and
run n panuc tor open ground.
3-What is focus and epicentre?
T h e location where the earthquake bhegins is called the tocus.
T h e point directly above the focus on the surface of the earth is called the
cpicenir
4-State the Impact of Nepal
Earthquake
The
countny was inot
well-cquipped to face a disaster of the kind.
The rapid urban growth in Kathmandu has led to indiscriminate
eXpansion.
Problems created by carthquake increased as roads were blocked by the
rubble.
Landsides and avalanches killed thousands of tourists and mountaineers.
The impact was felt in India and Bangladesh too
The Nepal
government reported that around 130 homes were
destroyed
and 85,856 damaged.
Around two million
people were in need of tents, water, and medicines
over the next few
months
The Durbar Square of Hanuman Dhoka, one of the UNESCOs World
Heritage Sites Kathmandu, as severely damaged.
The number of, casualties was so
high that there was no
place in hospitals
and the injured people had to spend nights on streets.
Mostof the affeted people were from the Kathmandu Valley.
5-Who had sentrelief measure to Nepal Earthquake?
India, China and Pakistan sent reliet measures
The USA, UK, Norway, Germany and France also provided aids.

OIL SPILLS-COASTAL AREAS OE THE UNITEDSTATES

1-How are Oil spills occurring?

Ans-Oil spills are caused due to human activity. Oceans and seas are polluted due
to leaking of crude oil from oil rigs or oil tankers.

10| P age
 sTANDARD 8"
FALGUNY MADHANI
GEOGRAPHYIFRANKJ

2-1What led to Oil spill in Alaska's Prince William Sound?

A major accident led to ocean oil spill in Alaska's Prince Wilam Sound on
24 March 1989,
The Tixxon Vallez oil tankers ran into a recf
dumpin 1| millioin
gaio
Alaskan crude oil into the Gulf
of laska.
-State Impact of Oil spill in Alaska's Prince William Sound

Nillions ofsea birds and large colonies of sea otters perished alonyg with
several other unique marine creatures,
I n the Arctic, wilkdlife tends to stay in large colonies n specitic tavouradic
thus them vulnerable these types of accidents.
to
201nCs, making more
the
billions of dollars to compensate
T h e I:XNOn Shpping Company spent
cnvironmental and cconommc loss.

4-What was the cause of Gulf of Mexico Oil spill?

the worst
Mexico oil spill that took place o 20 April 2010, was
. The Gulf of
Cver marine accident of ts knd.

O i l wel below the sea leaked some millions of barrels of oil into the Gulf of
Mexico. and sank
The Deepwater Horizon oil rig in the (Gulf of Mcxico exploded
board.
killing many workers
on

deep into the occan

5-State Impact of Gulf of

Mexico Oil Spill

A s the oil left the well, it spread throughout.

is called oil slick.
The floating oil on sca surface
sea surface.
to the wind on the open
l t spreads quickly duc
floor damaging sea corals.
Someoil sank to the sea
slow-growing and long-lived
Deep sea coráls are

hundreds of years of growth.

losing
So, deadéorals mean

lost for ever.

Several marine species were

of fishes and prevented them from breathing.

i l entered into gills could
and feathers of the birds were
soaked in oil and hence they
The wings
not fly finally, they dicd out of hunger
beaches?
agencies controlling oil spread
to
6-How are
many
to control the ol spread to beaches by
Ans-Many agencies worked day night and
in
chemical ol dispersants and absorbents. Dispersants help
using tloaing bo, ms,

11|Page
STANDARD8
GEOGRAPHY[FRANK]
FALGUNY MADHAN
nafural breakdown of oil so that it mixes with water more casily. The absorbent
acts like spongeto reduce the oil
spread

FALGU

12 | P a ge
 STANDARD 8 FALGUY AR
GEOGRAPHY[FRANK] 9820949959

HUMAN INDUCED DISASTER

Disaster Causes Risk Reduction Measures
rescue
NUCLEAR DISASTER The world saw its first nuclear disaster with the nuclear Develop emergency reliet and
and war
bombing of Hiroshima Nagasaki during World plan.
II, in August 1945.

About 129000-246000 people were killed.

The after-effects were experienced tor several

as children were born with severe
generations,
impairments
CHEMICAL/INDUSTRIAL In December 1984, the leakage of MIC or methyl a. Awareness building
DISASTER socyanate gas along with } irogen cyanide trom the b. Safe evacuation route
Union Carbide pesticicie factory in Bhopal caused one C. Residential areas must be far
away
of the world's worst industrial disaster. d. Community must be prepared with
the
Air, water and land was so badly contaminated that it e. help of regular mock drills
led to an ecological disaster. t. keep the reliet and rescue team

ready.
About 558,125 people suffered injuries over the years,
3,900wereins tantly disabled, and 3,787
died.
a.
ACCIDENTS (RAIL, ROAD a . Violation of traffic regulation FolloW satery guidelines
b. b. Poor maintenance b. Avoid over specding
AND AIR) c. Follow lane
driving
d. In case you are inside an aircraft,
e. stay calm and follow instructions
of the cabin crew.

13 Page
 ALGUNT MADTAN
9820949959
STANDARD8
GEOGRAPHY[FRANK] belts tastened.
t., Keep seat exists.
8
Know your emergency
infläuamable
any
h. Do not carry
articles.
Cal
a. Call the local fire department.
FIRE (ELECTRIC AND a. Poor wiring 101.
GAS APPLIANCES) b. Overheating of electrical appliances
C. Acidents while cooking of smoke, crawl and
b. in case
materials kept near open wiring
d. Combustüble evacuate.
c. Follow the escape route map.
d. While leaving the house,
closeallelectrical, gas and appliances.
conduct mass a. Do not touch any unidentified
Such heinous crimes are committed to
TERRORISM
killings objects.
b. Remember police helpline-100
C. Fire emergency101
EPIDEMICS a. Poor sanitation .
Develop immunity through
b. Brecding of vectors vaccination
c. Poverty b. Strengthening public health services.
14|PaE
 FALGUNY MADHANI

5 9820949959
MARKS
TIME 90 MINS
NATURALAND MAN-MADE DISASTERS-NATURAL

ARTICLE ANSWER THEFOLLOWING

LWITH REEERENCE TOTHEGIVEN Kedarnath collapsed
due to
the Chorabari lake in
In that year, the
banks of The flooding caused
widespread
had resulted in a major flash flood.
a cloudburst
that agricultural lands,
and led to heavy losses to infrastructure,
destruction in Uttarakhand

human and animal

lives.

the main reason ot Kedarnatlh loou?|2

. What was
devastatuon n Kedarnath lood/|2]
2. What caused massive

2-EXPLAIN IHE FOLLOwING;O1

in Mumbai?|3|
1. What caused floods
causes Disaster?|3)
2. How Over-udisation
of resources
shelter belts raised avoid
to cyclonc?|2 and
3. Why are
forecasts and early wamings should be broadcaston radio
4. Why Cyclone
television?1|
5. What causes drought?||

STATE 2IMPACTS OFE

EACH-[61
1. Flood
2. Tropical Cyclone
3. Earthquake