Solution Manual for Elementary Statistics 6th Edition by

Bluman ISBN 0073251631 9780073251639

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 Chapter 2 - Frequency Distributions and Graphs

EXERCISE SET 2-2 8. H œ 36 L œ 7

Range œ 36 7 œ 29
1. Frequency distributions are used to Width œ 29 ƒ 6 œ 4.83 or 5
organize data in a meaningful way, to
facilitate computational procedures for Limits Boundaries f cf
statistics, to make it easier to draw charts 7 - 11 6.5 - 11.5 2 2
and graphs, and to make comparisons among 12 - 16 11.5 - 16.5 5 7
different sets of data. 17 - 21 16.5 - 21.5 9 16
22 - 26 21.5 - 26.5 2 18
2. Categorical distributions are used with 27 - 31 26.5 - 31.5 0 18

nominal or ordinal data, ungrouped 32 - 36 31.5 - 36.5 1 19

distributions are used with data having a 19
small range, and grouped distributions are

used when the range of the data is large. 9. Limits Boundaries f cf

3. 19 - 21 18.5 - 21.5 2 2
a. ""Þ& ")Þ&ß "## ")
œ #$! œ "&ß 22 - 24 21.5 - 24.5
13 15
")Þ& ""Þ& œ ( 25 - 27 24.5 - 27.5
11 26
28 - 30 27.5 - 30.5 3 29
b. &&Þ& (%Þ&ß &'# (% œ #"$! œ '&ß 31 - 33 30.5 - 33.51 30
(%Þ& &&Þ& œ "* 30
c. '*%Þ& (!&Þ&ß '*&# (!& œ "%!!
#
œ The average speed is about 24.5 mph.
(!!ß
(!&Þ& '*%Þ& œ ""
d. "$Þ&& "%Þ(&ß "$Þ'# "%Þ( œ #)Þ$
#
œ "%Þ"&ß 10. H œ 11,588 L œ 164
"%Þ(& "$Þ&& œ "Þ# Range œ 11,588 164 œ 11,424
e. #Þ"%& $Þ*$&ß #Þ"&# $Þ*$ œ 'Þ!)
#
œ $Þ!%ß Width œ 11,424 ƒ 10 œ 1142.4
$Þ*$& #Þ"%& œ "Þ(* Width œ 1143

4. Five to twenty classes. Width should be Limits Boundaries f cf

an odd number so that the midpoint will 164 - 1306 163.5 - 1306.5 25 25
have the same place value as the data. 1307 - 2449 1306.5 - 2449.5 12 37
2450 - 3592 2449.5 - 3592.5 5 42
5. 3593 - 4735 3592.5 - 4735.5 5 47
a. Class width is not uniform. 4736 - 5878 4735.5 - 5878.5 1 48
b. Class limits overlap, and class width is 5879 - 7021 5878.5 - 7021.5 0 48
not uniform. 7022 - 8164 7021.5 - 8164.5 0 48
c. A class has been omitted. 8165 - 9307 8164.5 - 9307.5 1 49
d. Class width is not uniform. 9308 - 10450 9307.5 - 10450.5 0 49
10451 - 11593 10450.5 - 11593.5 1 50
6. An open-ended frequency distribution has 50
either a first class with no lower limit or a

last class with no upper limit. They are

The majority of the data is clustered in the
necessary to accomodate all the data.
first two classes.
7. Class Tally f Percent 11. H œ 780 L œ 746
A 4 10% M Range œ 780 746 œ 34
Width œ 34 ƒ 6 œ 5.' or 6; round up to 7
28 70%
H 6 15% S
2 5%
40 100%

3
 Chapter 2 - Frequency Distributions and Graphs

11. continued 15. Limits Boundaries f cf

Limits Boundaries f cf 31 - 39 30.5 - 39.5 4 4

745 - 751 744.5 - 751.5 4 4 40 - 48 39.5 - 48.5 5 9
752 - 758 751.5 - 758.5 5 9 49 - 57 48.5 - 57.5 5 14
759 - 765 758.5 - 765.5 7 16 58 - 66 57.5 - 66.5 12 26
766 - 772 765.5 - 772.5 11 27 67 - 75 66.5 - 75.5 13 39
773 - 779 772.5 - 779.5 2 29 76 - 84 75.5 - 84.5 5 44
780 - 786 779.5 - 786.5 1 30 85 - 93 84.5 - 93.5 3 47
30 47

12. H œ 93 L œ 0 16. H œ 775 L œ 5

Range œ 93 0 œ 93 Width œ 775 5 œ 770
Width œ 93 ƒ 7 ¸ 13.29 or 14 Range œ 770 ƒ 8 œ 96.25 or 97
Use w œ 15 for odd number.

Limits Boundaries f cf
Limits Boundaries f cf 5 - 101 4.5 - 101.5 17 17
0 - 14 -0.5 - 14.5 14 14 102 - 198 101.5 - 198.5 6 23
15 - 29 14.5 - 29.5 10 24 199 - 295 198.5 - 295.5 6 29
30 - 44 29.5 - 44.5 4 28 296 - 392 295.5 - 392.5 2 31
45 - 59 44.5 - 59.5 1 29 393 - 489 392.5 - 489.5 2 33
60 - 74 59.5 - 74.5 1 30 490 - 586 489.5 - 586.5 3 36
75 - 89 74.5 - 89.5 2 32 587 - 683 586.5 - 683.5 1 37
90 - 104 89.5 - 104.5 1 33 684 - 780 683.5 - 780.5 2 39
33 39

13. H œ 70 L œ 27 17. H œ 11,413 L œ 150

Range œ 70 27 œ 43 Range œ 11,413 150 œ 11,263
Width œ 43 ƒ 7 œ 6.1 or 7 Width œ 11,263 ƒ 10 œ 1126.3 or 1127

Limits Boundaries f cf Limits Boundaries f cf

27 - 33 26.5 - 33.5 7 7 150 - 1276 149.5 - 1276.5 2 2
34 - 40 33.5 - 40.5 14 21 1277 - 2403 1276.5 - 2403.5 2 4
41 - 47 40.5 - 47.5 15 36 2404 - 3530 2403.5 - 3530.5 5 9
48 - 54 47.5 - 54.5 11 47 3531 - 4657 3530.5 - 4657.5 8 17
55 - 61 54.5 - 61.5 3 50 4658 - 5784 4657.5 - 5784.5 7 24
62 - 68 61.5 - 68.5 3 53 5785 - 6911 5784.5 - 6911.5 3 27
69 - 75 68.5 - 75.5 2 55 6912 - 8038 6911.5 - 8038.5 7 34
55 8039 - 9165 8038.5 - 9165.5 3 37
9166 - 10,292 9165.5 - 10,292.5 3 40
14. H œ 4040 L œ 70 10,293 - 11,419 10,292.5 - 11,419.5 2 42
Range œ 4040 70 œ 3970 42

Width œ 3970 ƒ 8 œ 496.25 or 497

18.
Limits Boundaries f cf H œ 550 L œ 306
70 - 566 69.5 - 566.5 14 14 Range œ 550 306 œ 244
567 - 1063 566.5 - 1063.5 5 19 Width œ 244 ƒ 8 œ 30.5 or 31
1064 - 1560 1063.5 - 1560.5 5 24
1561 - 2057 1560.5 - 2057.5 0 24
2058 - 2554 2057.5 - 2554.5 0 24
2555 - 3051 2554.5 - 3051.5 1 25
3052 - 3548 3051.5 - 3548.5 0 25
3549 - 4045 3548.5 - 4045.5 2 27
27
4
 Chapter 2 - Frequency Distributions and Graphs

18. continued 2. continued

fM , cfM = McGwire fS , cfS œ Sosa
25

Limits Boundaries fM cfM fS cfS 20

frequenc
306 - 336 305.5 - 336.5 1 1 0 0 15
10
337 - 367 336.5 - 367.5 6 7 10 10 5

y
368 - 398 367.5 - 398.5 19 26 16 26 0

399 - 429 398.5 - 429.5 15 41 21 47 0 3 8 13 18 23 28

33
430 - 460 429.5 - 460.5 18 59 15 62
Years of Service
461 - 491 460.5 - 491.5 6 65 3 65
492 - 522 491.5 - 522.5 3 68 1 66 8
0
60
523 - 553 522.5 - 553.5 2 70 0 66

cumulative
40

frequency
70 66 20
0
0.5 5.5 10.5 15.5 20.5 25.5
19. The percents add up to 101%. They 30.5
should total 100% unless rounding was used. Years of
Service

EXERCISE SET 2-3

The majority of employees have worked for
1. less than 11 years.
3.
50 30
frequency

40
25
30
20 20
10
0 15
frequency

89.5- 98.5- 107.5- 116.5- 125.5-

10
98.5 107.5 116.5 125.5 134.5
5
I.Q.
0
201.5-204.5 204.5-207.5 207.5-210.5 210.5-213.5 213.5-216.5 216.5-219.5

Scores

60
frequency

40 30
20
25
0
20
85 94 103 112 121 130 139
frequency

15
I.Q.
10

120 0
100 201 203 206 209 212 215 218 221

80 Scores
cumulative

60
frequency

40
20
0 80

89.5 98.5 107.5 116.5 125.5 70

cumulative frequency

134.5 60

I.Q.

50

Eighty applicants do not need to enroll in the 40

30
summer programs. 20

10

2. 0
201.5 204.5 207.5 210.5 213.5 216.5 219.5

Scores
25
frequenc

20

15 The distribution appears to be slightly left

y

10
5 skewed.
0
0.5- 5.5- 10.5- 15.5- 20.5- 25.5-
5.5 10.5 15.5 20.5 25.5 30.5

Years of Service

5
 Chapter 2 - Frequency Distributions and Graphs

4. 6.
14
15
12

fre qu e n cy
frequency 10 10
8

6 5
4

2 0
6 9 .5 - 5 6 6 .5 - 1 0 6 3 .5 - 1 5 6 0 .5 - 2 0 5 7 .5 - 2 5 5 4 .5 - 3 0 5 1 .5 - 3 5 4 8 .4 -

0 5 6 6 .5 1 0 6 3 .5 1 5 6 0 .5 2 0 5 7 .5 2 5 5 4 .5 3 0 5 1 .5 3 5 4 8 .5 4 0 4 5 .5
39.85-42.85 42.85- 45.85 45.85-48.85 48.85-51.85 51.85-54.85 54.85- 57.85

F a ta litie s
M illion s of Dolla rs

14
15

fr e qu e n cy
12
10
10
frequency

8 5
6
0
4 0 318 815 1 3 1 2 1 3 0 9 2 3 0 6 2 8 03 3 3 0 0 3 7 9 7

2 Fatalitie s
0
38.35 41.35 44.35 47.35 50.35 53.35 56.35 59.35

Millions of Dollars
30

20
35

cf
10
30
cumulative frequency

25 0
69.5 566.5 1063.5 1560.5 2057.5 2554.5 3051.5 3548.5 4045.5
20

15
Fatalities

10

5
The data are clustered to the left. There are
0
38.85 42.85 45.85 48.85 51.85 54.85 57.85 two gaps in the histogram, one between
Millions of Dollars
1560.5 and 2554.5 and the other between
3051.5 and 3548.5. The ogive shows a
The distribution is left skewed or negatively
sharp increase in values at the beginning,
skewed.
followed by a leveling off of values.
5.
7.
15
frequency

25
10
5 20
frequency

0 15

7.5- 12.5- 17.5- 22.5- 27.5- 10

12.5 17.5 22.5 27.5 32.5
5
MPG 0
-0.5- 27.5- 55.5- 83.5- 111.5- 139.5- 167.5-

27.5 55.5 83.5 111.5 139.5 167.5 195.5

15 Air Quality (Days ) - 1993

frequency

10

5 20
0
15
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
frequenc

MPG 10
y

30 0
-0.5- 27.5- 55.5- 83.5- 111.5- 139.5- 167.5-

20 27.5 55.5 83.5 111.5 139.5 167.5 195.5

6
 Chapter 2 - Frequency Distributions and Graphs

cumulative
frequency
10 Air Quality (Days ) - 2002

0
7.5 12.5 17.5 22.5 27.5 32.5

MPG

7
 Chapter 2 - Frequency Distributions and Graphs

7. continued 9. continued
Both graphs are similar in that they are
15
positively skewed. Also, it looks as if the air

frequency
quality has improved somewhat in that there 10

are slightly more smaller values in 2002, 5

which means fewer days with unacceptable
0
levels of pollution.
35 44 53 62 71 80 89
8. Age
12
10
50
frequency

8
6 40
4
2 30
0

cumulative
frequency
2.25- 2.95- 3.65- 4.35- 5.05- 20
5.75-
2.95 3.65 4.35 5.05 5.75 6.45 10

Tim e 0
30.5 39.5 48.5 57.5 66.5 75.5 84.5
93.5
15
Age
frequenc

10

5
The histogram has a peak at the class of
66.5 75.5 and is somewhat negatively
y

0
1.9 2.6 3.3 4.0 4.7 5.4 6.1
skewed.
6.8
Tim e 10.
cumulative frequency

20
frequency

50
40 15
30 10
20 5
10
0
0 17.5 - 22.5 - 27.5 - 32.5 - 37.5 - 42.5 -
2.25 2.95 3.65 4.35 5.05 5.75 6.45 22.5 27.5 32.5 37.5 42.5 47.5

Tim e % At or Above Reading Level

The data values fall somewhat on the left

side of the distribution. The histogram is 20

right skewed. There are no gaps in the 15

frequenc

histogram. 10
5
y

9. 0
22.5 - 27.5 - 32.5 - 37.5 - 42.5 -
17.5 -
27.5 32.5 37.5 42.5 47.5
15 22.5

% At or Above Math Level

frequency

10

5
The distribution of math percentages is more
0
bell-shaped than the distribution of reading
30.5 - 39.5 - 48.5 - 57.5 - 66.5 - 75.5 - 84.5 -

39.5 48.5 57.5 66.5 75.5 84.5 93.5

percentages, and its peak in the class of
Age
32.5 37.5 is not as high as the peak of the
reading percentages.

11.
20

15
frequency

10

5
4.5- 101.5 101.5- 198.5 198.5-
0

8
 Chapter 2 - Frequency Distributions and Graphs

295.5

295.5- 392.5- 489.5- 586.5- 683.5-

392.5 489.5 586.5 683.5 780.5

Acres

9
 Chapter 2 - Frequency Distributions and Graphs

11. continued 13. continued

20

relative frequency
0.4
15
frequency
0.3
10
5
0.2
0 0.1
53 150 247 344 441 538 635 732 829 0
Acres
85 94 103 112 121 130 139
I. Q.
cumulative frequency

40

30

20

cumulative relative
1
10
0.8

frequency
0 0.6
4.5 101.5 198.5 295.5 392.5 489.5 586.5 683.5 780.5
0.4
Acr e s
0.2
0
The peak is in the first class, and then the 89.5 98.5 107.5 116.5 125.5 134.5
histogram is rather uniform after the first I. Q.

class. Most of the parks have less than

101.5 thousand acres as compared with any The proportion of applicants who need to
other class of values. enroll in a summer program is 0.26 or 26%.

12. 14.

relative frequency
0.4
fr e qu e ncy

20 0.3
0.2
10
0.1
0 0
305.5- 336.5- 367.5- 398.5- 429.5- 460.5- 491.5- 522.5- 0.5- 5.5- 10.5- 15.5- 20.5- 25.5-

336.5 367.5 398.5 429.5 460.5 491.5 522.5 553.5 5.5 10.5 15.5 20.5 25.5 30.5
Years

Feet - McGwire
0.4
relative frequency

0.3
30
20 0.2
fr e q u e

10 0.1
n cy

0 0
305.5 - 336.5- 367.5 - 398.5 - 429.5 - 460.5 - 491.5- 522.5 -
367.5 398.5 429.5 460.5 491.5 522.5 553.5 3 8 13 18 23 28 33 38
336.5

Years
Feet - Sosa

The histograms show that the distances of 1

McGwire's homeruns are more variable 0.8

cumulative relative

(spread out) than Sosa's homerun distances. 0.6

frequency

0.4

13. 0.2

0
0.4
0.5 5.5 10.5 15.5 20.5 25.5 30.5
0.3
Years
frequency

0.2
relative

0.1
0

89.5- 98.5- 107.5- 116.5- 125.5-

The proportion of employees who have been
98.5 107.5 116.5 125.5 134.5 with the company longer than 20 years is
I. Q. 0.187 or 18.7%.

15. H œ 270 L œ 80
Range œ 270 80 œ 190
Width œ 190 ƒ 7 œ 27.1 or 28
10
 Chapter 2 - Frequency Distributions and Graphs

Use width œ
29 (rule 2)

11
 Chapter 2 - Frequency Distributions and Graphs

15. continued 16. continued

Limits Boundaries f rf crf
80 - 108 79.5 - 108.5 8 0.17 0.17 0.45
0.4
109 - 137 108.5 - 137.5 13 0.28 0.45 0.35
138 - 166 137.5 - 166.5 2 0.04 0.49 0.3
0.25

frequency
167 - 195 166.5 - 195.5 9 0.20 0.69 0.2

relative
0.15
196 - 224 195.5 - 224.5 10 0.22 0.91 0.1
0.05
225 - 253 224.5 - 253.5 2 0.04 0.95 0

11.5-19.5 19.5-27.5 27.5-35.5 35.5-43.5 43.5-51.5

51.5-59.5
254 - 282 253.5 - 282.5 2 0.04 0.99* Gram s

0.99
0.45
0.4

*due to rounding 0.35

relative frequency
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.3 0.15
0.1
0.25
0.05
0.2 0
frequency

0.15
relative

7.5 15.5 23.5 31.5 39.5 47.5 55.5 63.5

0.1
Gram s
0.05

0
79.5-108.5 108.5-137.5 137.5-166.5 166.5-195.5 195.5-224.5 224.5-253.5 1.2
153.5-282.5

Calorie s
1
0.8

cumulative relative
0.6
0.3

frequency
0.25 0.4
relative frequency

0.2 0.2
0.15 0
0.1
11.5 19.5 27.5 35.5 43.5 51.5 59.5

0.05 Gram s

0
65 94 123 152 181 210 239 268 297

Calorie s
The histogram is positively skewed.

1.2 17.
1 Boundaries rf crf
cumulative relative

0.8
-0.5 - 27.5 0.63 0.63
0.6
27.5 - 55.5 0.20 0.83
frequency

0.4

0.2 55.5 - 83.5 0.07 0.90

0
79.5 108.5 137.5 166.5 195.5 224.5 253.5 83.5 - 111.5 0.00 0.90
282.5
Calories
111.5 - 139.5 0.00 0.90
139.5 - 167.5 0.10 1.00
The histogram has two peaks. 167.5 - 195.5 0.00 1.00
100.0
16.
H œ 57 L œ 12
Range œ 57 12 œ 45
Width œ 45 ƒ 6 œ 7.5 or 8

Limits Boundaries f rf crf

12 - 19 11.5 - 19.5 7 0.175 0.175
20 - 27 19.5 - 27.5 17 0.425 0.600
28 - 35 27.5 - 35.5 10 0.25 0.850
36 - 43 35.5 - 43.5 4 0.10 0.950
44 - 51 43.5 - 51.5 1 0.025 0.975
52 - 59 51.5 - 59.5 1 0.025 1.000
40 1.000

12
 Chapter 2 - Frequency Distributions and Graphs

17. continued 18. continued

0.7 50
relative frequency 0.6
0.5 40
0.4 30

fre q u e
0.3
20

n cy
0.2
0.1 10
0
0
-0.5- 27.5- 55.5- 83.5- 111.5- 139.5- 167.5- 2.25 2.95 3.65 4.35 5.05 5.75 6.45

27.5 55.5 83.5 111.5 139.5 167.5 195.5 Seconds

Air Quality (Days ) - 2002

Based on the histograms, the older dogs

have longer reaction times. Also, the
0.7
0.6
reaction times for older dogs is more
relative frequency

0.5 variable.
0.4
0.3 19.
0.2
0.1
Limits Boundaries Xm f cf
0 22 - 24 21.5 - 24.5 23 1 1
13.5 41.5 69.5 97.5 126 154 182 25 - 27 24.5 - 27.5 26 3 4
Air Quality (Days) - 2002 28 - 30 27.5 - 30.5 29 0 4
31 - 33 30.5 - 33.5 32 6 10
34 - 36 33.5 - 36.5 35 5 15
1.2 37 - 39 36.5 - 39.5 38 3 18
frequency

1
40 - 42 39.5 - 42.5 41 2 20
relative
cumulative

0.8
0.6
20
0.4
0.2 8
0 6
fr e q u e

-0.5 27.5 55.5 83.5 112 140 196 4

168
ncy

Air Quality (Days) - 2002 2

0
23 26 29 32 35 38 41
18. Seconds

20
fr e q u e ncy

15
25
10
fr e q u e n cy

20
5 15
0 10
2.25- 2.95 2.95- 3.65 3.65- 4.35 4.35- 5.05 5.05- 5.75 5.75- 6.45 5
0
Seconds
21.5 24.5 27.5 30.5 33.5 36.5 39.5 42.5

Seconds

20
fr e q u e n cy

15
20. a.
10
5
0 b.
0
14 c.
2.6 3.3 4 4.7 5.4 6.1 10 d.
Seconds 16

13
 Chapter 2 - Frequency Distributions and Graphs

EXERCISE SET 2-4 5.

50

1. 40

Percent
30

70 20

60 10
50 0
Percent

40 Petroleum Coal Dry Natural Hy droelectric Nuclear Other

Gas
30
20
10

Drug Violent Property Weapons Other Immigration

6.
Offenses Offenses Offenses
11

Number of Departures
10.5
The majority of the money should be spent 10
9.5
for drug rehabilitation. 9
8.5
8
7.5
2. 7
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6 Year
Homicides (per 100,000)

4 Departures increased until 2000, decreased

3 in 2001, then increased in 2002.
2
1 7.

Consumption (in billions)

0 11
PA NY CT NJ ME 10.5
10
State
9.5
9

3. 8.5
8
300 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
250 Year
200

100 There is a steady increase in consumption of

50
tobacco products.
0

Homes Lg. Companies Sm. Schools Govt.

Companies Agencies
Lo cat io n
8.
Number of Reactors

110
The best place to market products would be 108
106
to residential users.
104
102
4. 100
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
700
Year
600
500
Numbe

400 9.
300
r

200 120

100 100

0 80
North Europe Asia Australia
Percen

Americ South Af rica 60

a America
t

40

20

0
1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000

The graph shows a decline in the

percentages of registered voters voting in
presidential elections.
14
 Chapter 2 - Frequency Distributions and Graphs

10. 12. continued

Personal Business 146 14.6% 52.56°
Calcium
Visit friends or family 330 33.0% 118.8° 4.7%
Other
7.8%
Work-related 225 22.5% 81.0° Iron
6.2%
Leisure 299 29.9% 107.64° Aluminum
Oxygen
45.6%
8.4%
1000 100% 360°

Silicon
Pe r s o n a l
27.3%
L e is u r e
1 4 .6 %
2 9 .9 %
V is it
W ork 3 3 .0 %
13.
2 2 .5 %
Career change 34% 122.4°
New job 29% 104.4°
Start business 21% 75.6°
About "3 of the travelers visit friends or
Retire 16% 57.6°
relatives, with the fewest travelling for
personal business. 100% 360.0°

11. Pie chart:

Principal Residence 7.8% 28.08°
Liquid Assets 5.0% 18.0° Retire
16.0% Career
Pension Accounts 6.9% 24.84° change
34.0%

Stocks, Funds, and Trusts 31.6% 113.76° Start

business
Business & Real Estate 46.9% 168.84° 21.0%

Miscellaneous 1.8% 6.48° New job

100.0% 360.00° 29.0%

Pareto chart:
Pr i nci pal Resi dence
Mi scel l aneous
7.8%
1.8% 40%
Li qui d Assets
5.0% 35%
30%
Pensi on Accounts
6.9% 25%
20%

Busi ness &Real Estate 15%

46.9%
10%
5%

Stock, Funds, &T r usts

0%
31.6% Career change New job Start business Retire

The pie graph better represents the data

since we are looking at parts of a whole.

14.
a. time series graph
12. b. pie graph
Oxygen 45.6% 164.16° c. Pareto chart
Silicon 27.3% 98.28° d. pie graph
Aluminum 8.4% 30.24° e. time series graph
Iron 6.2% 22.32° f. Pareto chart
Calcium 4.7% 16.92°
Other 7.8% 28.08°
100.0% 360.00°

15
 Chapter 2 - Frequency Distributions and Graphs

15. 19.
4 2 3 1 3 4 8 9
4 6 6 7 8 9 9 2 5 8 9
5 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 8
5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 4 1
6 0 1 1 1 2 4 4
6 5 8 9 20.

The distribution is somewhat symmetric and 40

unimodal. The majority of the Presidents 30

were in their 50's when inaugurated. U. S.
20
Japa
10
16. n
$ ) 0
% " 1993 1994 1995 1996
1997
& ! ! # $ $ ' ) *

' ' ) * * The United States has many more launches

( ! ! $ % & ) than Japan. The number of launches is
) ! " $ $ % % % & ( * * * relatively stable for Japan, while launches
* ! # % varied more for the U. S. The U. S.
launches decreased slightly in 1995 and
The majority of automobile thefts occurred increased after that year.
in the 50's and 80's . The data is grouped
towards the higher end of the distribution. 21.

1500
17.
Variety 1 Variety 2 1000
Veal
# " $ ) Lamb
$ ! # & 500
* ) ) & # $ ' )
$ $ " % " # & & 0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
* * ) & $ $ # " ! & ! $ & & ' ( *
' # #
In 1950, veal production was considerably
The distributions are similar but variety 2 higher than lamb. By 1970, production was
seems to be more variable than variety 1. approximately the same for both.

18. 22.
Females Males 800
700
5 0 3 600
500
1 5 9
Number of

400
Aircraft

300
2 2 200
100
7 4 3 2 0 3 1 1 0

6 4 1 4 6 6
9 6 3 0 5 2 6 6 6 9
8 5 6 0 0 6 6
7 2 0 7 7
8 7 6 6 0 0 8 7 8 A Pareto chart is most appropriate.
4 2 9 6 8

The distribution for unemployed males is

more variable than the distribution for
unemployed females. There are more
unemployed females than males world-wide.
16
 Chapter 2 - Frequency Distributions and Graphs

23. 4.
90
Number of Winners 80
60 baseballs
footballs
50 16%
40 20%
30
20
golf balls
10 soccer
20%
0 balls
20% tenni
s
balls
24%

24. The bottle for 2004 is much wider, More tennis balls were sold than any other
giving a distorted view of the difference type of ball.
since only the heights of the bottles should
be compared. 5.
Class f cf
25. The values on the C axis start at 3.5.
11 1 1
Also there are no data values shown for the
12 2 3
years 2004 through 2011.
13 2 5
14 2 7
REVIEW EXERCISES - CHAPTER 2
15 1 8
16 2 10
1.
Class f 17 4 14
Newspaper 10 18 2 16
Television 16 19 2 18
Radio 12 20 1 19
21 0 19
Internet 12 22 1 20
50 20

2. 6.
How People Receive New s
4
3.5
Internet New spaper
frequency

3
24% 20%
2.5
2
1.5
Radio Television
32% 1
12.5-13.5

24%
0.5
14.5-15.5

15.5-16.5

16.5-17.5

17.5-18.5

18.5-19.5

0
10.5-11.5

11.5-12.5

13.5-14.5

19.5-20.5

20.5-21.5

21.5-22.5

3. B.U.N. Count
Class f
baseball 4
golf ball 5
tennis ball 6 4
3
frequency

soccer ball 5
2
football 5
1
25
20

22

0
12

14

16
10

18

B. U. N. Count

17
 Chapter 2 - Frequency Distributions and Graphs

6. continued 8. continued
The distribution is negatively skewed with
20
most of the data in the two classes
cumulative
frequency
15

10 147.5 168.5 and 168.5 189.5.

5
10.5

12.5

14.5

16.5

18.5

20.5

22.5
0 9.
Limits Boundaries f cf
B. U. N. Count 170 - 188 169.5 - 188.5 11 11
189 - 207 188.5 - 207.5 9 20
The distribution is somewhat unifo rm, with a 208 - 226 207.5 - 226.5 4 24
slight peak in the 16.5 - 17.5 class. There is 227 - 245 226.5 - 245.5 5 29
a gap in the 20.5 - 21.5 class. 246 - 264 245.5 - 264.5 0 29
265 - 283 264.5 - 283.5 0 29
7. 284 - 302 283.5 - 302.5 0 29
Limits Boundaries f cf 303 - 321 302.5 - 321.5 1 30
85 - 105 84.5 - 105.5 4 4 30
106 - 126 105.5 - 126.5 7 11
127 - 147 126.5 - 147.5 9 20 10.
148 - 168 147.5 - 168.5 10 30
169 - 189 168.5 - 189.5 9 39 15

fr e qu e n cy
190 - 210 189.5 - 210.5 1 40 10
5
40
0
169.5- 188.5- 207.5- 226.5- 245.5- 264.5- 283.5- 302.5-
8. 188.5 207.5 226.5 245.5 264.5 283.5 302.5 321.5

12 Millions of Dollars
10
frequency

4 15
2 10
fr e q u e

0
84.5- 105.5- 126.5- 147.5- 168.5- 5
n cy

189.5-
105.5 126.5 147.5 168.5 189.5 210.5
0
Cos t pe r M o tor is t
179 198 217 236 255 274 293 312

Millions of
Dollars

12

10
8 40
frequenc

fr e q u e ncy

6 30
4
y

20
2
10
0
0
95 116 137 158 179
200 169.5 188.5 207.5 226.5 245.5 264.5 283.5 302.5 321.5

Cost per M Millions of Dollars

otorist

45 The typical value of the franchises is

40
35 between $169.5 - $188.5 million. All but
30 one of the franchises are valued between
frequency

25
20 $169.5 and $245.5 million.
15
10
5
0
84.5 105.5 126.5 147.5 168.5 189.5 210.5
Cost per Motoris t

18
 Chapter 2 - Frequency Distributions and Graphs

11. 13.

900
0.3

Number of homicides
800
relative frequency 0.25 700
600
0.2 500
400
0.15 300
200
0.1 100
0.05 0

0 Chicago New Was hington, Baltimore Atlanta

Orleans D. C.
84.5 - 105.5 - 126.5 - 147.5 - 168.5 - 189.5 -
City
105.5 126.5 147.5 168.5 189.5 210.5

Cost Per Vehicle

14.
0.25 500
relative frequency

0.2 400
300
0.15 200
100
0.1 0
0.05
0
95 116 137 158 179 200
Cost Per Vehicle

0.8
15.
frequency

0.6
relative
cumulative

0.4 6
5
0.2
4
Wage
0
3
84.5 105.5 126.5 147.5 168.5 189.5
210.5 2

Cost Per 1
Vehicle 0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

12. Ye ar
re la tive fre que ncy

0.4 The minimum wage has increased over the

0.3 years with the largest increase occurring
0.2 between 1975 and 1980.
0.1

0 16.
169.5 - 188.5 - 207.5 - 226.5 - 245.5 - 264.5 - 283.5 - 302.5 -

188.5 207.5 226.5 245.5 264.5 283.5 302.5 321.5 250

Millions of Dollars 200

Failure

150
1993

1996

1998

2001

100
s

1994

1999

2002

0.4 50
r e lative fr e q ue

0.3 0
1989

1990

1991

1995

1997

2000
1992

0.2
Year
0.1
n cy

0 Failures decreased to only one failure in

1 79 1 98 21 7 234 255 274 1 93 31 2

Millions of
1997, increased slightly from 1998 to 1999,
Dollars decreasing through 2001, then increasing in
2002.
1.5
lative fr e q u e
cum ulative r e

1
ncy

0.5

0
169.5 188.5 207.5 226.5 245.5 264.5 283.5 302.5 321.5

19
 Chapter 2 - Frequency Distributions and Graphs

Millions of Dollars

20
 Chapter 2 - Frequency Distributions and Graphs

17. 21.
80 First Debate
1 2 4
Viewers 70 Second Debate 1 6 7 8 8 9
60
50 2 0 2 3 4
40 2 5 5 5 6 6 9 9
30
20 3 2 3
0
10
1992 1996 2000 2004 3 5 7 8 8 9
Ye ar
The peak of the distribution is in the range
of 25 29.
About the same number of people watched
the first and second debates in 1992 and
22.
1996. After that more people watched the
20 0 4 9
first debate than watched the second debate.
21 0 1 2 7 8 8
22 2 7 7 7 8
18.
23 0 1 3 7 8
Other 24 1 2 2 3 7
Something
8%
Diff erent 25 1 1 3 4 6
12%
26 0
Extra Money Self- The distribution of aptitude scores is fairly
18% supportin
g
uniform.
62%

CHAPTER 2 QUIZ

1. False
The majority of women worked to support 2. False
themselves or their families. 3. False
4. True
19. 5. True
6. False
Undec ided 7. False
8%
8. c.
No
26% 9. c.
Y es 10. b.
6 6%
11. b.
12. Categorical, ungrouped, grouped
13. 5, 20
The majority of people surveyed would like 14. categorical
to spend the rest of their careers with their 15. time series
present employer. 16. stem and leaf plot
17. vertical or y
20. 18.
2 9 9 Class f cf
3 2 4 5 6 8 8 H 6 6
4 1 2 3 7 7 A 5 11
5 1 3 5 8 M 6 17
6 2 2 2 3 7 C 8 25
7 2 3 25

21
 Chapter 2 - Frequency Distributions and Graphs

19. 22.
Limits Boundaries f cf
House
27 - 90 26.5 - 90.5 13 13
Condominium 24% 91 - 154 90.5 - 154.5 2 15
32%
155 - 218 154.5 - 218.5 0 15
219 - 282 218.5 - 282.5 5 20
Apartment
20%
283 - 346 282.5 - 346.5 0 20
Mobile Home
24%
347 - 410 346.5 - 410.5 2 22
411 - 474 410.5 - 474.5 0 22
475 - 538 474.5 - 538.5 1 23
539 - 602 538.5 - 602.5 2 25
20. 25
Class f cf
0.5 1.5 1 1 23.
1.5 2.5 5 6 14
2.5 3.5 3 9 12

frequency
10
3.5 4.5 4 13 8
6

4
4.5 5.5 2 15 2
0
5.5 6.5 6 21 26.5 - 90.5 - 154.5 - 218.5 - 282.5 - 346.5 - 410.5 - 474.5 - 538.5 -

90.5 154.5 218.5 282.5 346.5 410.5 474.5 538.5 602.5

6.5 7.5 2 23
Num be r of M urde rs
7.5 8.5 3 26
8.5 9.5 4 30 The distribution is positively skewed with
30 one more than half of the data values in the
lowest class.
21. 14
12
6 10
frequenc

8
Number

4 6
y

4
2 2
0
0 58.5 122.5 186.5 250.5 314.5 378.5 442.5 506.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 570.5
Num be r of M urde
Ite m s Purchas e d rs

30
cumulative frequency

25
20
6
15
Numbe

4 10
5
2
r

0
0 26.5 90.5 154.5 218.5 282.5 346.5 410.5 474.5 538.5 602.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Num ber of Mur der s
10
Item s
Purchased

30 24.
25
20
Numbe

15 400
10
r

5 300
Tons

0
0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 200
9.5
100
Item s
Purchased

0
Paper Iron/Steel Aluminum Glass Plastics
Yard
wast
e

22
 Chapter 2 - Frequency Distributions and Graphs

25.
560
540
520
Fatalities

500
480
460
440
420
1998 1999 2000 2001
Year

Fatalities decreased in 1999 and then

increased the next two years.

26.
1 5 9
2 6 8
3 1 5 8 8 9
4 1 7 8
5 3 3 4
6 2 3 7 8
7 6 9
8 6 8 9
9 8

23