EP1559668A1

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Europäisches Patentamt

(19) European Patent Office *EP001559668A1*


Office européen des brevets (11) EP 1 559 668 A1
(12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION

(43) Date of publication: (51) Int Cl.7: B65G 21/14, B65G 43/00
03.08.2005 Bulletin 2005/31

(21) Application number: 04006673.0

(22) Date of filing: 19.03.2004

(84) Designated Contracting States: (72) Inventor: Petersen, Erik Steen


AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR DK-8270 Hojbjerg (DK)
HU IE IT LI LU MC NL PL PT RO SE SI SK TR
Designated Extension States: (74) Representative:
AL LT LV MK Niederkofler, Oswald A., Dipl.-Phys. et al
Samson & Partner
(30) Priority: 30.01.2004 EP 04002080 Widenmayerstrasse 5
80538 München (DE)
(71) Applicant: Caljan Rite-Hite ApS
8361 Hasselager (DK)

(54) Telescopic belt conveyor

(57) A telescopic belt conveyor (2) comprising a ba- endless conveyor belt (4) constitution an active convey-
sic conveyor section (A), a number of intermediate tel- ing track of said conveyor sections (A-D), said conveyor
escopic conveyor sections (B,C), and an outermost tel- sections are drive-connected with a common drive sys-
escopic conveyor section (D), said conveyor sections tem, where at least the telescopic conveyor sections (B,
(A-D) are mutually connected by means of a number of C,D) have a constant internal-width, leading to the ben-
drive chains (10,12,14,16,18) which are lead over efit of commonality of a maximum of parts of these sec-
sprocket wheels (20-23) for execution telescoping tions. In a simple manner it becomes possible to save
movement in and out of said telescopic conveyor sec- inventory and tooling by working with a minimum of dif-
tions (B,C,D) by means of a common drive unit, and an ferent parts when assembling the respective telescopic
conveyor sections.
EP 1 559 668 A1

Printed by Jouve, 75001 PARIS (FR) (Cont. next page)


EP 1 559 668 A1

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Description of the these sections. In a simple manner it hereby be-


comes possible to save inventory and tooling by working
Technical Field with a minimum of different parts when assembling the
respective telescopic conveyor sections.
[0001] The present invention relates to a telescopic 5 [0007] Appropriately, the telescopic belt conveyor ac-
belt conveyor of the type as disclosed in the preamble cording to the invention may provided such, that at least
to claim 1. the outermost parts of said telescopic conveyor sec-
tions, which are exposed during said telescopic move-
Background Art ment of said conveyor sections, may be provided totally
10 downwardly closed, or with several partial wall parts.
[0002] Telescopic belt conveyors of the introductory Hereby is achieved the effect of preventing penetration
mentioned type are known and used in many connec- into the conveyor sections by hands or fingers, whereby
tions and in many embodiments. US-A-4 643 299 dis- at the same time it is possible to avoid said disadvan-
closes a telescopic belt conveyor of the mentioned type tages including said personal damages especially of
and comprises a first basic conveyor section within a 15 hands, fingers or other body parts.
longitudinal housing, which at one end is provided with [0008] In a simple manner according to one embodi-
an opening , through which a number, by way of exam- ment the sprocket wheels for leading the elongate drive
ple two, three or more, of telescopic conveyor sections members (chains) between the respective conveyor
are arranged within each other. These telescopic con- sections are placed in such a height, that the respective
veyor sections may be telescopically moved in and out 20 runs of said drive chains may be led through open rear
in relation to each other, as the respective conveyor sec- walls of said intermediate telescopic conveyor sections
tions are mutually connected by means of suitable sys- and be anchored to a rear end part of one of said coop-
tem of drive members (illustratively chains) in relation to erating telescopic conveyor sections.
each other and in relation to said basic conveyor sec- [0009] If a person by accident engages the underside
tion, which is provided with a common drive system for 25 of the conveyor section with hands or fingers during the
controlling the telescopic movement. telescopic movement between the conveyor section,
[0003] However, known telescopic belt conveyors are when these are moved inwardly, the fact that the under-
encumbered with some disadvantages which may sides of the telescopic conveyor sections may be pro-
course serious working accidents. There exists a con- vided with smooth and closed surfaces the said disad-
sidered risk for that the personal especially during the 30 vantages or risks for damaging the hands or fingers may
telescopic movement of the respective telescopic con- simply be prevented.
veyor sections may get hands or fingers squeezed be- [0010] According to a preferred embodiment of the
tween the respective conveyor sections. Another con- telescopic belt conveyor according to the invention one
sidered disadvantage is, that the drive chains of the in- of said sprocket wheels for leading said upper run of the
termediate conveyor sections and the conveyor belt it- 35 drive chain between said basic conveyor section and
self may cause risk for damage or injury especially of one of said intermediate conveyor sections is mounted
hands and fingers by virtue of the undersides of the sec- on the inside of the rear wall of said basic conveyor sec-
tions being exposed during outward and inward tele- tion.
scopic movements. [0011] According to another preferred embodiment of
[0004] When designing telescopic belt conveyors of 40 the telescopic belt conveyor according to the invention
the type in question and when afterwards preparing the one of said sprocket wheels for leading said upper run
production it would of course be of great benefit in terms of the drive chain between said basic conveyor section
of inventory and tooling, if it becomes possible to work and to a rear end of a second of said number of inter-
with a minimum of different parts when assembling the mediate conveyor sections is mounted on the outside of
respective telescopic conveyor sections. 45 the rear wall of a first of said number of intermediate
[0005] On this background it is the purpose of the in- conveyor sections.
vention to provide a new and improved telescopic belt [0012] According to a further preferred embodiment
conveyor of the introductory mentioned type and by of the telescopic belt conveyor according to the inven-
means of which the said disadvantages may be avoided tion one of said sprocket wheels for leading said upper
in a simple manner and where the risks for damaging 50 run of the drive chain between a first of said number of
especially hands and fingers are avoided. intermediate conveyor section and to a rear end of said
outermost conveyor section is mounted on the outside
Disclosure of Invention of the rear wall of a second of said number of interme-
diate conveyor sections.
[0006] According to the invention the telescopic belt 55 [0013] The telescopic belt conveyor according to the
conveyor is characterized in, that at least the telescopic invention may furthermore be provided such that anchor
conveyor sections have a constant internal-width, lead- points for the drive chains of the intermediate conveyor
ing to the benefit of commonality of a maximum of parts sections have a raised position in relation to the bottom

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of the conveyor sections in question. Hereby is achieved according to the invention,


that the combination of the chain guard, the raised an-
chor points and the belt guard present a practical closed Fig. 2 shows a corresponding side view of an outer
bottom, although not the complete closed bottom of the part of the telescopic belt conveyor shown in
preferred embodiment. 5 Fig. 1,
[0014] According to a still further aspect of the inven-
tion it may be advantageous, that at least said drive Fig. 3 shows a plane schematic side view of an em-
chains for operating said telescopic movement between bodiment for a telescopic belt conveyor ac-
said intermediate conveyor sections and said outermost cording to the invention - shown with the tel-
telescopic conveyor are substituted by wires led over 10 escopic sections in a moved together situa-
wire wheels substituting said sprocket wheels. tion,
[0015] Only between the normally stationary basic
conveyor section and the first of said number of inter- Fig. 4 shows a corresponding plane view of the
mediate telescopic conveyor section it is of particular im- course of drive chains between the respec-
portance that use are made of drive chains in order to 15 tive telescopic conveyor sections - shown in
secure accurate control of the operation of the telescop- a partly moved out position in relation to a ba-
ic movement because of the common drive-station op- sic conveyor section,
erating with drive sprocket wheels and drive chains.
[0016] However, between the other telescopic con- Fig. 5 shows a side view of a outermost part of the
veyor sections it might be a considerably cheaper solu- 20 telescopic belt conveyor shown in Fig. 4,
tion to make use of simple steel wires instead of more
expensive drive chains, because the drive connections Fig. 6 shows a simplified side sectional view
between said other telescopic conveyor section do not through an outermost part of the belt convey-
need the same accuracy because of the more simple or cf. Fig. 3,
mode of mutually cooperation. Of course it is of partic- 25
ular importance that the accuracy of the individual Fig. 7 shows an enlarged circular sectional view B
lengths and the proper tightening of the respective steel cf. Fig. 6,
wires are secure in order to obtain optimal operation of
the telescopic belt conveyor in question. Fig. 8 shows a simplified transverse sectional view
[0017] According to a still further and advantageous 30 through an outermost part of the telescopic
embodiment of the telescopic belt conveyor according belt conveyor cf. Fig. 3,
to the invention there is provided a common control sys-
tem with an integrated security system, which telescopic Fig. 9 shows an enlarged circular sectional view C
belt conveyor is characterized in that said security sys- cf. Fig. 8,
tem comprises electric brake means, which are adapted 35
to engage between the respective conveyor sections. Fig. 10 shows a plane schematic side view of a pre-
[0018] The brake means are controlled in such a man- ferred embodiment for a telescopic belt con-
ner, that they automatically brakes any telescopic move- veyor according to the invention - shown with
ment of the respective conveyor sections, whether due the telescopic sections in a moved together
to power failure, broken chains breaking, activation of 40 situation,
security switches, or deactivation of the powered exten-
sion or retraction of the telescopic sections. Fig. 11 shows a corresponding plane view of the
[0019] To achieve this function, the brakes means course of drive chains between the respec-
may be biased into a braking configuration, such as by tive telescopic conveyor sections - shown in
springs, and powered or actuated into a release posi- 45 a partly moved out position in relation to a ba-
tion. In this way, any action which would interrupt the sic conveyor section,
power necessary to maintain the brakes means in the
release position would cause the brake means to en- Fig. 12 shows a transverse sectional view through
gage and stop any telescopic movement. said preferred embodiment for a telescopic
50 belt conveyor according to the invention, and
Brief Description of Drawings
Fig. 13 shows a further transverse sectional view
[0020] The invention is described in more details with through said preferred embodiment for e tel-
reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: escopic belt conveyor according to the inven-
55 tion.
Fig. 1 shows a schematic plane side view of the
course of said endless conveyor belt in an
embodiment for a telescopic belt conveyor

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Detailed Description of Invention stationary sprocket wheels 20 in the front end of section
C and again led backwards to anchor points 36 at the
[0021] The telescopic belt conveyor 2 comprises four underside of section D in some distance in front of the
sections, namely a basic section A, two intermediate anchor points 34.
sections B and C and an outermost section D. The sec- 5 [0025] Figs. 6-9 show the position and more details
tions B, C and D may be moved in and out in a telescopic about said cranking chain mountings 30, which are
manner in relation to each other and in relation to the placed in the front ends of sections A and B, and which
basic section A. The belt conveyor 2 comprises an end- are used for the anchoring of end parts of the drive
less conveyor belt 4, which cf. Figs 1 and 2 is lead chains 12, 14, 16 and 18. Furthermore Figs. 8 and 9
around a number of stationary reversing rollers 6 in the 10 show longitudinal coverings 38 for the lower course of
respective sections A-D, and which is driven by a com- the drive chains 14 and 18 by the intermediate sections
mon, reversible drive roller 8, which is positioned in sec- B and C. These longitudinal coverings 38 are at both
tion A, and which is driven by a motor, illustratively an sides of the belt conveyor 2 suspended at the inside of
electric driving motor, although hydraulic or other motor longitudinal carrying girders 40 of the intermediate sec-
types could be used. 15 tions B and C.
[0022] The telescopic movement of the sections B-C [0026] The longitudinal coverings are made possible
may be carried out in a variety of ways. In this embodi- by the configuration of cranking mountings 30, which
ment, it is carried out by means of elongated drive mem- serve to raise the lower runs of chains 12, 14, 16 and
bers in the form of chains 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18, which 18 above their conventional positions without chain
are disposed at opposite long sides of the belt conveyor 20 mountings 30. Absent this raising of the lower runs of
2. The drive chains 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 run between the chains, the longitudinal coverings are not possible,
the respective sections A-D around stationary sprocket as they would be in an interfering position between sec-
wheels, as opposite ends of each of the drive chains 10, tions such as would prevent proper telescopic opera-
12, 14, 16 and 18 are anchored to two sections. The tion.
drive chains 10 are furthermore led around driving 25 [0027] Preferably, the entire underside of each the tel-
sprocket wheels 22, which are placed in the front end of escopic conveyor sections is closed by the combination
section A, and which are driven by means of a not shown of the chain guard 38 and the belt guard 39 - shown to
reversible electric driving motor. End parts of the drive the left of fig. 9. The raised anchor points 30 for the
chains 10 are at 24 anchored to a rearmost end part of chains allows the chain guard 38 to be positioned as it
section B, from where the drive chains 10 are led around 30 is, and fills the side gap that used to exist where the belt
stationary sprocket wheels 20 in rearmost end of the ba- guard 39 ended and the unguarded chains ran. The
sic section A and forward around stationary sprocket combination of the chain guard 38, the bracket for hold-
wheels 21, around the drive sprocket wheels 22 and ing mountings 30 and the belt guard 39 present what is
back again around stationary sprocket wheels 23 to an- in effect a closed bottom, although not the complete
chor points 26 at the underside of section B in some dis- 35 closed bottom of the preferred embodiment.
tance in front of the rearmost end of section B. [0028] In general it applies that the respective con-
[0023] Similarly, end parts of the drive chains 12 are veyor sections B, C and D mutually and in relation to the
rearmost in section C anchored at 28, from where the basis conveyor section - as per see known - are sup-
drive chains 12 are led around stationary sprocket ported and guided in the transverse direction by means
wheels 20 placed in the rearmost end of section B and 40 of stationary rollers provided with external guiding flang-
forward to the rear sides of cranking chain mountings es being cooperating with longitudinal carrying girders.
30 (Fig. 7) in the front end of basic section A. End parts [0029] By a preferred embodiment for a telescopic
of the drive chains 14 are anchored to the front side of belt conveyor 56 the course of the endless conveyor belt
the same chain mounting 30 in the front end of basic 4 in principle is quite the same as shown in Figs. 1 and
section A, from where the drive chains 14 are led for- 45 2, while the course of the respective drive chains as
ward and around stationary sprocket wheels in the front shown in Figs. 10-12 is indeed different than that of the
end of section B and again backwards to anchor points course of the drive chains 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 by the
32 at the underside of section C in some distance in front telescopic belt conveyor 2 as described above with ref-
of the anchor points 28. erence to Figs. 3-9.
[0024] In a similar manner, end parts of the drive 50 [0030] The telescopic belt conveyor 56 comprises
chains 16 are anchored at 34 rearmost in section D, from four sections, namely a basic section A, two intermedi-
where the drive chains 16 are led backwards around sta- ate sections B and C and an outermost section D. The
tionary sprocket wheels placed rearmost in section C sections B, C and D may be moved in and out in a tel-
and again forward to the rear sides of cranking chains escopic manner in relation to each other and in relation
mountings 30 in the front of section B. End parts of the 55 to the basic section A. The belt conveyor 56 comprises
drive chains 18 are anchored to the front sides of the an endless conveyor belt 4, which cf. Figs 1 and 2 is
same chain mounting 30 in the front of section B, from lead around a number of stationary reversing rollers 6
where the drive chains 18 are led forward and around in the respective sections A-D, and which is driven by a

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common, reversible drive roller 8, which is positioned in preventing accidents with the results of damaging
section A, and which is driven by a motor such as an hands, fingers or other body parts, which could other-
electric or hydraulic driving motor. wise be damaged or injured by engaging said under-
[0031] The telescopic movement of the sections B-C sides during said telescopic movement.
is carried out by means of drive chains 60, 62, 64, 66 5 [0036] The advantage is provided by the fact that the
and 68, which are disposed at opposite longitudinal anchor points 82 and 88 for drive chains 64 and 68 are
sides of the belt conveyor 56 runs between the respec- positioned at the rearmost walls of section A and B and
tive sections A-D around sprocket wheels being mount- are disposed at a suitable height to allow their bottom
ed stationary in the respective sections A-D, as opposite runs to be let through opening in the rear of sections B
ends of each of the drive chains 60, 62, 64, 66 and 68 10 and C and stay above the undersides thereof. Further,
are anchored to two sections. The drive chains 60 are the sprocket wheels 70 being mounted at the rearmost
furthermore led around driving sprocket wheels 72, walls of sections B and C and at the bottom thereof
which are placed in the front end of section A, and which makes is possible that also the drive chains 62 and 66
are driven by means of a not shown reversible electric may be let through openings in the rear walls of sections
or other driving motor. End parts of the drive chains 60 15 B and C, and then have a lower run below the underside
are at 74 anchored to a rearmost end part of section B, of the respective sections, but only in an area that will
from where the drive chains 60 are led around stationary not be exposed during the telescopic movements Ac-
sprocket wheels 70 in rearmost end of the basic section cordingly, the undersides of these sections or at least
A and forward around stationary sprocket wheels 71, the parts of the undersides being exposed during the
around the drive sprocket wheels 72 and back again 20 telescopic movements may be provided with the closed
around stationary sprocket wheels 73 to anchor points coverings.
76 at the underside of section B in some distance in front [0037] In Fig. 12 the aforementioned brake means be-
of the rearmost end of section B. tween the respective telescopic conveyor sections A-D
[0032] End parts of the drive chains 62 are rearmost is designated 90 - preferably the braking means 90 are
in section C anchored at 78, from where the drive chains 25 mounted on the outer of the conveyor sections - or in
62 are led around sprocket wheels 70 mounted on the other words the braking means 90 for braking the mutual
rearmost wall section B and forward to chain mountings telescopic movement between the basic conveyor sec-
80 in the front end of basic section A. End parts of the tion A and the intermediate conveyor section B are
drive chains 64 are anchored near the rearmost end of mounted on the outer basic conveyor section A.
section A at 82, from where the drive chains 64 are led 30 [0038] In Fig. 13 is shown a further transverse sec-
forward and around stationary sprocket wheels 70 in the tional view through said preferred embodiment for a tel-
front end of section B and again backwards to anchor escopic belt conveyor according to the invention, where
points 84 at the underside of section C in some distance the benefit of the internal constant-width features of the
in front of the anchor points 78. conveyor sections are more clearly illustrated. Constant
[0033] End parts of the drive chains 66 are anchored 35 internal-width of the conveyor section may lead to the
at 86 rearmost in section D, from where the drive chains benefit of commonality of the following parts of the sec-
66 are led backwards around sprocket wheels 70 tions: Reversing rollers 6 for the belt 4, crossbars 94
mounted on the rearmost wall of section C and again between both the top and the bottom of the exterior car-
forward to chains mountings 80 in the front of section B. rying girders, upper skid plates 92 for the belt and/or
End parts of the drive chains 68 are near the rearmost 40 bottom plate covers 93.
end of section B at 88, from where the drive chains 68 [0039] Furthermore the structure is scalable - inde-
are led forward and around stationary sprocket wheels pendent of the telescopic conveyor is built in 3, 4 or 5
70 in the front end of section C and again led backwards sections, all the mentioned parts of the telescopic sec-
to anchor points 90 at the underside of section D in some tions can always be the same. The advantage lies in
distance in front of the anchor points 86. 45 terms of inventory and tooling. In fig. 13 the length of all
[0034] Fig. 12 shows that the various sprockets the reversing rollers 6 are the same independent of their
wheels 70 must be offset laterally to achieve the orien- placement in the respective sections A-D.
tation of the chains shown in Figs. 10 and 11. [0040] Also the length of upper skid plates 92 as well
[0035] The above-described arrangement of the drive as a great numbers of crossbars 94 between the respec-
chains in this embodiment results in the fact that there 50 tive sides of both the top and the bottom of the carrying
is an absence of any chain runs (top or bottom) passing girders may be the same. The plate thickness of the
through the plane defined by the bottom of sections B, crossbars 94 is about 12 mm, while the plate thickness
C or D, or at least the parts thereof exposed during tel- of the carrying girders is about 6 mm.
escopic movement. As a result, the undersides of these [0041] A rear end part of section B is provided with
sections or at least the parts of the undersides being 55 carrying rollers 96 mounted on outer ends of shafts 97
exposed during the telescopic movement may be pro- and cooperating with solid elongate rail members 98 se-
vided with closed coverings preventing any possible cured to the inside walls of the housing of section A. The
penetration into the underside of the sections and thus respective reversing rollers 6 is provided with belt tight-

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ening devices 100 at both ends. of parts of the these sections.


[0042] Alternatively, the telescopic belt conveyor ac-
cording to the invention may be such provided, that at 2. A telescopic belt conveyor according to claim 1,
least a lower part of said drive chains of said intermedi- characterized in, that at least the outermost parts
ate telescopic conveyor sections and at least at an outer 5 of said telescopic conveyor sections, which are ex-
partial sector, which is exposed by executing said tele- posed during said telescopic movement of said con-
scoping out of said conveyor sections, is covered down- veyor sections, are provided totally downwardly
wardly by means of a longitudinal covering. closed by means of either one bottom wall part or
[0043] According to the invention the telescopic belt several partial wall parts.
conveyor may furthermore be such provided, that said 10
longitudinal covering consists of a covering with mainly 3. A telescopic belt conveyor according to claim 1,
L-shaped cross section, which is detachably mounted characterized in, that the sprocket wheels for
underneath said partial sector. leading the elongate drive members (chains) be-
[0044] And in order to be able to get direct access to tween the respective conveyor sections are placed
the drive chains for service the telescopic belt conveyor 15 in such a height, that the respective runs of said
according to the invention may be such provided, that drive chains may be led through open rear walls of
said mainly L-shaped cross-section provided covering said intermediate telescopic conveyor sections and
at a rear side is provided with a number of mutually be anchored to a rear end part of one of said coop-
spaced hooks or the like, which are adapted for sus- erating telescopic conveyor sections.
pending the covering on the inside of longitudinal, car- 20
rying girders at opposite sides of said intermediate con- 4. A telescopic belt conveyor according to claim 1,
veyor sections. characterized in, that one of said sprocket wheels
[0045] Is should be mentioned that the main scope of for leading said upper run of the drive chain be-
the invention, namely to be able to work with a totally tween said basic conveyor section and one of said
downwardly closed wall parts, or with several partial wall 25 intermediate conveyor sections is mounted on the
parts, in order to prevent penetration into the conveyor inside of the rear wall of the basic conveyor section.
sections by hands, fingers or other body part, may also
be used by telescopic belt conveyors comprising only a 5. A telescopic belt conveyor according to claim 1,
basic conveyor section and only one telescopic convey- characterized in, that one of said sprocket wheels
or section, that is a telescopic belt conveyor without any 30 for leading said upper run of the drive chain be-
intermediate telescopic conveyor section. tween said basic conveyor section and to a rear end
[0046] Finally, it should be mentioned, that a possible of a second of said number of intermediate convey-
further embodiment for a telescopic belt conveyor ac- or sections is mounted on the outside of the rear
cording to the invention may be provided such, that the wall of a first of said number of intermediate con-
telescopic movement of the respective conveyor section 35 veyor sections.
is effected by means of a drive system comprising only
drive chains led over sprocket wheels between the re- 6. A telescopic belt conveyor according to claim 1,
spective conveyor sections at one side of the belt con- characterized in, that one of said sprocket wheels
veyor. for leading said upper run of the drive chain be-
40 tween a first of said number of intermediate convey-
or section and to a rear end of said outermost con-
Claims veyor section is mounted on the outside of the rear
wall of a second of said number of intermediate con-
1. A telescopic belt conveyor comprising a basic con- veyor sections.
veyor section, a number of intermediate telescopic 45
conveyor sections, and an outermost telescopic 7. A telescopic belt conveyor according to claim 1,
conveyor section, said conveyor sections are mu- characterized in, that anchor points for the drive
tually connected by means of a number of elongate chains of the intermediate conveyor sections have
drive members in the form chains which are lead a raised position in relation to the bottom of the con-
over sprocket wheels for executing telescoping 50 veyor sections in question.
movement in and out of said telescopic conveyor
sections by means of a common drive unit, and an 8. Belt conveyor according to claim 1 and comprising
endless conveyor belt constituting an active con- an electric control system with an integrated secu-
veying track of said conveyor sections, which sec- rity system, characterized in, that said security
tions are drive-connected with a common drive sys- 55 system comprises electric brake means, which are
tem, characterized in, that at least the telescopic adapted to engage between the respective convey-
conveyor sections have a constant internal-width, or sections.
leading to the benefit of commonality of a maximum

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9. A telescopic belt conveyor according to claim 8,


characterized in, that the brake means being
adapted to engage whenever telescopic movement
is stopped, whether by power failure, chains break-
ing, activation of the anti-squeeze means, or by the 5
operator taking his finger off the motor control.

10. A telescopic belt conveyor according to claim 8,


characterized in, that the brake means being
adapted to be biased closed, and actuated to a re- 10
lease position - perhaps electronically, so that pow-
er failure causes braking.

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