PROJECT REPORT ON - WATER ANALYSIS OF BETWA RIVER

SESSION-(2022-23)

SUPERVISED BY : SUBMITTED BY:

MANOJ KUMAR GUPTA Prateek Kumar (22004301300021)

Vishesh (2200430000029)

BUNDELKHAND INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

JHANSI ,U.P
DECLARATION

We , undersigned solemnly declare that the projectreport is

based on our own work carried out duringthe course of our
study under the supervision of Prof. Manoj Kumar Gupta.
We assert the statements made and conclusions drawn are
an outcome of our research work. we further certify that
the work contained in the report is original and has been
done by us under the general supervision of our supervisor.
The work has not been submitted to any other Institution
for any other degree/diploma/certificate in this university
or any other University of India or abroad. We have followed
the guidelines provided by the university in writing the
report. Whenever we have used materials (data, theoretical
analysis, and text)from other sources, we have given due
credit to them in the text of the report and giving their
details in the references.
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work incorporated in the

project
report entitled “WATER ANALYSIS OF BETWA RIVER” is
a record of work carried out by Vishesh (Civil) and
Prateek kumar (IT) under my guidance and
supervision for the award of Degree of Bachelor’s of
Technology in Electronics and Communication
Engineering in the faculty of Department of
Electonics and Communication Engineering at
Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering and Technology.
To the best of my knowledge and belief the project
report.

Prof. Manoj Kumar Gupta

Signature
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY SPECIAL

THAMKS TO “PROF. M.K. GUPTA SIR”,A GUIDE
, A MENTOR FOR THEIR ABLE GUIDANCE AND
SUPPORT IN COMPLETING MY PROJECT.I
EXPRESS MY DEEP SENSE OF GRATITUDE TO
LUMINARY DIRECTOR BIET JHANSI, WHO HAS
BEEN CONTINUOUSLY MOTIVATING AND
EXTENDING THEIR HELPING HAND.

DATE :
Prateek Kumar (IT)
Vishesh (Civil)
Table of Contents:

1. INTRODUCTION
2. STUDY AREA
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION –
TEMPERATURE

Ph

DISSOLVED OXYGEN

TOTAL ALKALINITY
HARDNESS
4. CONCLUSION
5. REFRENCES
 Analysis of Water Quality of Betwa River in
Jhansi District

Abstract.

Jhansi is situated in Central part of India in Bundelkhand region of Uttar

Pradesh, India. Betwa is the main river in Jhansi which is also a
tributary of river Yamuna. The present investigation was carried out on
Betwa River for the assessment of water quality. The sampling locations
were chosen carefully in order to get maximum representation of the
diverse ecohydrological environment within the river system. The
water samples were analyzed for various physicochemical and
microbial parameters such as pH, EC, TSS, TS,TDS, total hardness, Ca,
Mg , alkalinity, acidity, Cl, DO, BOD, free CO2, temperature and MPN.
Results showed that the water of Betwa River is alkaline in nature with
higher concentration of cations. Nitrates, phosphates and heavy metals
are significant in the water which can be attributed due to high rate of
decomposition and anthropogenic pressure. COD, Turbidity and low DO
level in water is due to abundance of animated life and the microbial
activity, which results in the depletion of the dissolved oxygen.
Keywords: River, heavy metal, pollution, water quality.
Introduction

Water is the basic and primary need of all vital life processes. Even
today it is the major consideration for all socio-economic cultural,
industrial and technological developments. Besides drinking, water is
also used for fish and aquaculture, irrigation, hydropower generation
etc. but these days water, the elixir of life is becoming more and more
unfit and dearer to mankind due to over exploitation, unwiseuse,
neglect and mismanagement. Today water resources have been the
most exploited natural systems. Pollution of water bodies is increasing
steadily due to rapid population growth, industrial proliferation,
urbanization, increasing living standard and wide share of human
activities. The rapid urbanization and industrialization have caused the
generation of huge quantum of wastes both liquid and solid.
Unfortunately the pace of development of waste disposal schemes as
expected could not match with the rapid rate of urbanization during
last few decades. As a result the waste not properly disposed, reaches
the water sources and thereby the water sources like river, lakes and
reservoirs that are in close proximity of the urban centers are highly
polluted.

In India like other south Asian countries, most of the cities developed
without proper development plan. Consequently sewage systems of
the cities are not well planned. Hence wastes of homes and industries
ultimately reach to the water bodies through the ill developed sewage
system. One of the most significant examples is river Betwa, which is
considered to be lifeline of Madhya-Pradesh along with river Narmada,
is highly polluted these days due to discharge of effluents from the
adjacent Mandideep Industrial clusters. Hence keeping the above
scenario in mind the present study has been undertaken to assess the
impact of Industrial effluents from ERICH.
Materials and Methods
Study Area

Jhansi is located in the plateau of central Indian area dominated by

rocky reliefs and minerals underneath the soil. The study area lies in
southwest portion of Uttar Pradesh state in India between 250 30’ and
250 57’ N latitude and 780 40’ and790 25’ E longitudes. Being on a
rocky plateau, Jhansi experiences extreme temperatures. Winter
begins in October with the retreat of the Southwest Monsoon (Jhansi
does not experience any rainfall from the Northeast Monsoon) and
peaks in mid-December. Water is extremely essential for survival of all
living organisms.

Sample Collection :

A meticulous survey was conducted to identify the pollution prone

zones of the river before initiation of the study. On the basis of the
survey conducted and literature available, four stations were selected
for collection of water samples. The sites were selected mostly on the
basis of various activities occurring on surrounding area of the river.
Samples were taken at the following points at monthly intervals during
winter season. Description of sampling stations: Station- 1 ERICH
Station -2 AMARGARH Station- 3 CHIRGAON Station- 4 ORCCHA AND
Station- 5 is BHEL Water samples from the River were directly collected
from the above four stations in one liter plastic cans. The water
samples were collected from a depth of 30cm using Ruttner Water
Sampler.
Sampling and analytical procedures were followed as per the Standard
Methods.
 Resultsand Discussion- Resultsof variousphysico-chemical parameters in
water samples of Betwa river is summarized below –

Temperature :

Duringthe periodof investigation,

the minimumvalueof air temperature
(16.74C) wasrecordedat station-1, i.e. ERICH, whilemaximumvalueof air
temperature (18.52C) was recordedat the station-4,

TEMPERATURE
19
18.5
ERICH
18
17.5 AMARGARH
17 CHIRGAON
16.5 ORCCHA
16 BHEL
15.5
ERICH AMARGARH CHIRGAON ORCCHA BHEL
Total Alkalinity:

Total Alkalinity was found in the range of 128

mg/l to 288 mg/l. The value of
minimumalkalinitywasfoundin AMARGARHwhilethe maximumvalueof
alkalinity
was found at BHEL.

ALKANILITY
2500

2000
ERICH
1500 AMARGARH
CHIRGAON
1000
ORCCHA
500 BHEL

0
ERICH AMARGARH CHIRGAON ORCCHA BHEL

Total Hardness :

The total hardness was recorded in the range 44

ofmg/l to 88
mg/liter. The minimumvalue was recordedin CHIRGAONwhile
themaximum value was recorded at ORCCHA.
 HARDNESS
100
90
80
70 ERICH
60 AMARGARH
50
CHIRGAON
40
30 ORCCHA

20 BHEL
10
0
ERICH AMARGARH CHIRGAON ORCCHA BHEL

ACiDITY:

The acidity during the present investigation ranged from 8.0 mg/liter
to 230 mg/liter. The minimum value was recorded at AMARGARH,
while the maximum value was observed at BHEL.
 ACIDITY
35

30

25

20

15

10

0
ERICH AMARGARH CHIRGAON ORCCHA BHEL

CALCIUM:

The values of calcium during the present investigation ranged from

22.0 mg/liter to 76.61 mg/liter. The minimum value was recorded
at ORCCHA, while the maximum value was observed at ERICH.

CALCIUM
100

80 ERICH
60 AMARGARH

40 CHIRGAON
ORCCHA
20
BHEL
0
ERICH AMARGARH CHIRGAON ORCCHA BHEL
 CONCLUSION

PARAMETES SITES
ERICH AMARGARH CHIRGAON ORCCHA BHEL

Ph 6.17 6.34 6.168 6.944 6.95

TEMPERATURE 18.26 18.52 18.48 16.74 17.68
ALKANALITY 320 236 284 1000 1992
CALCIUM 76.61 50 38 22 48
CHLORIDE 21.3 9.94 18.46 63.9 13.49
HARDNESS 46.6 56 44 88 68

The present study revealed that the surface water is the main source
of water in Jhansi i.e. Betwa River is the source of surface water. Both
the quality and quantity of this resource should be maintained for
betterment of the local people. Before management of water bodies
the physico-chemical characteristics of the water should be thoroughly
studied. The temperature of all sites was found to be progressive with
the advancement of summer season. With the increase in temperature
of air there was automatically corresponding increase in temperature
of water. The BHEL site for the river water analysis indicates more
pollutant in comparison with other sites. Results also revealed that
higher human activities, mining, urbanization and human
encroachment put higher pressure on surface water. After investigation
it has been concluded that that river Betwa is unpolluted up stream
while as downstream it is polluted and the main source of pollution is
the sewage disposal and agricultural runoff from the catchments areas
and needs proper treatment before uses.
REFERENCES

1. Central Board of Irrigation and Power (1979), Register of

Water Resources Projects in India, New Delhi.
2. Santosh Vishwakarma 2013, Limnochemical characteristics of
Betwa river, Madhya Pradesh.
3. Sharma, S. (2003) Agricultural Use of Sewage waters in
Gwalior: Ionic Quality Assessment, Indian J. Environ.Hlth.
4. Kori, R., Shrivastava, P.K., Upadhyay,N., Singh,R. ,Studies on
presence of heavy metals and halogenated hydrocarbons in
river Betwa (M.P).

WEBSITES:

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betwa_Rive
2. https://www.britannica.com/place/Betwa-River