Jaime Thesis

Republic of the Philippines
EULOGIO “AMANG” RODRIGUEZ INSTITUTE

OFSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
NagtahanSampaloc Manila
COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
Development of Body Wash Scrub with Refused Fruits
Extracts and Used Coffee Grounds
A Thesis Presented to the
Faculty of the College of Industrial Technology
Eulogio “Amang” Rodriguez
Institute of Science and Technology
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirement Leading to the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Industrial Technology
Major in Industrial Chemistry
by
Rosete, Mikaela A.
Santiago, Winster DA.
Tobias, Jamie M.
2023
TABLE OF CONCENTS
Pages
LIST OF TABLE
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER
Pages
1. The Problem and Its background
Introduction………………………………………………………………….. 3
Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………….. 6
Statement of the Problem………………………………………………….. 7
Hypothesis…………………………………………………………………… 8
Scope and Limitation……………………………………………………….. 8
Significant of the Study……………………………………………….......... 10
Definition of Terms………………………………………………………….. 11
2. Review of Related Literature and Study
Local Literature………………………………………………………………. 12
Foreign Literature……………………………………………………………. 14
Local Studies…………………………………………………………………. 18
Foreign Studies………………………………………………………………. 20
Synthesis……………………………………………………………………… 25
3. Methodology
Research Design……………………………………………………………. 28
Population and Sampling…………………………………………………… 28
Respondents of the Study………………………………………………….. 29
Research Instrument………………………………………………………… 30
Data Gathering Procedure………………………………………………….. 31
Statistical Treatment of Data……………………………………………….. 32
4. Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
5. Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendation
Summary
Conclusions
Recommendations ………………………………………………………………
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
CURRICULUM VITAE
LIST OF TABLES
Tables
LIST OF FIGURES
Pages
Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework of the Study………………………… 6

CHAPTER 1
The Problem and Its Background
Introduction
Nowadays, cleanliness and sanitation is necessary for everyone to uphold infection
of certain diseases and lift the mood of individuals.
Liquid body wash scrub are an excellent way to moisturize and exfoliate the skin.
Not only do physical body exfoliators feel and often smell like an indulgent treat, but also
they are a vital part of taking care of skin. Scrubs also rid the skin of buildup and dead skin
cells, leaving your skin looking brighter, smoother, and healthier.
Exfoliating is a common practice in the cosmetic industry because it promotes skin
regeneration while also providing a deep cleanse of the skin barrier. Exfoliating is the
removal of dead skin cells and dirt from the surface of skin with the help of a chemical,
granular substance, or exfoliation tool.
The coffee grounds can be transformed into a face and body exfoliating scrub. They
aid in the removal of dirt and dead skin cells while promoting overall skin health.
Furthermore, the caffeine in coffee grounds contains powerful antioxidants that can help
protect the skin from sun damage. It can also boost blood flow, which benefits overall skin
health.
Refused fruit extracts are one of the abundant raw materials that can be found
everywhere in every home. It is a part of the fruit that is rejected for being unusable or
inedible due to it rotting or overripe. The usage of these refused fruit extract would give a
beneficial role from wasting resources due to time to it being used for making products that
would benefit the people, especially those who want to take care of their skin.
Fruit that is rich in lycopene is the tomato. It contains powerful antioxidants that
protect the skin from UV damage and premature aging. Its natural acids regulate sebum
production, making it a good option for those with oily skin types.
Banana Peel is packed with antioxidants and antimicrobial properties, and is also
very moisturizing. It contains Vitamin A, C K, E, folate and minerals that make it effective
in improving the skin health.
Calamansi peel on the skin is fighting inflammation. As a natural source of
the antioxidant vitamin C, it can help fight free radicals that can damage healthy cells. If not
addressed, these free radicals can break down the collagen that keeps the skin smooth and
plump, resulting in wrinkles, sagging, and dark spots.
With these, researchers aim to develop a Body wash with scrub, using only the waste
portion of the fruits like banana and calamansi peel and tomato. The used coffee grounds
will be used as expoliator or scrub.

Conceptual Framework
This study used the Input-Process-Output (IPO) Model to provide an overview of the
flow of activities in the development of Liquid Body Wash with Scrub.
The Input (I) contains the materials, tools and equipment that is needed in
developing body scrub. Equipment such as weighing scale, plastic pipette, mixing bowls,
measuring cup, beaker, electric mixer, stirring rod, and many more.
The Process (P) consists of procedures in developing a used coffee grounds and
refused fruit extracts as body scrubs.
The Output (O) of the study is body scrubs made out of used coffee grounds and
refused fruits extract.

Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework of the Study

Statement of the Problem
The study perceives to determine the viability of the refused fruit extracts and coffee
granules as a body wash scrub for skin exfoliation. Specifically, it seeks to answer the
following question:
1. What are the tools and materials used in processing of body wash using refused
fruits and coffee grounds as scrub?
2. How acceptable is researchers’ product as evaluated by the respondents in terms
of:
2.1 Appearance
2.2 Scent
2.3 Texture
2.4 Consistency
2.5 Exfoliation
2.6 Moisturizes
3. Is there significant difference between the evaluation of the expert and consumer
on the acceptability of the body wash scrub in term of the above-mentioned variable?
4. What is the pH value and microbial assay of produced body wash scrub?
Hypothesis
The study hypothesis that:
There is significant difference on the assessment of the two group of respondents on
the development of body wash scrub with refused fruit extract and coffee grounds.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
This scope of the study covers on development of body wash scrub out of refused
fruit extracts and coffee grounds. The product was made by the researchers on the CIT
Industrial Chemistry Laboratory and limited only to ten (10) experts who have significant
experience on making body wash scrubs and forty (40) random participants outside the
campus from the selected barangay in Manila. Only those with experienced in using body
wash scrub and making body wash scrub will be viable candidates to participate in the
study. The study is conducted with a limited time frame from October 2022 to July 2023.
Significance of the Study
The result of the study may be beneficial to the following:
Consumers. Liquid soap tends to create more convenience in terms of quick
application with a richer lather than traditional bar soaps. This is one of the key reasons for
its popularity.
Market. Marketing a product as having multiple benefits is a trend that more
brands are picking up on consumers thinking that in-shower moisturizers will save them
time and liquid products with associated natural and eco-friendly benefits.
Future Researchers. For them to have a reference if they would have a topic related
to this study. This research can serve as related study for the future researchers having a
similar topic.
Research and Development Personnel. It will give insight and help understand the
greatness of utilizing unused materials towards a greater vision of products. It will also serve
as a referential factor for related researchers that may be made in the future.
Add more beneficaries of your present
study.
Definition of Terms
The following terms are hereby defined for a better understanding of this study.
Define these words, insert the aurthors name and year of the
book where u get the definitions
Appearance
Scent
Texture
Consistency
Exfoliation
Moisturizes
Antioxidants A substance that protects the cells by removing oxidizing agents or
free radicals that can be harmful to the body.
Body Wash Scrub A cleansing agent used for the body to remove dead skin cells.
Coffee Grounds Leftover from brewing coffee which can be used as an exfoliator
and improve skin’s texture.
Exfoliator Is usually used in the cosmetic industry to remove dead skin cells and
enhance skin.
Free Radicals Unstable molecules, which can damage the cells and can cause illness
and aging.
Refused Extract Substance that comes from fruits or vegetables and contains
several properties such as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory, which can be beneficial to the
body.
Skin Barrier Outermost layer of the skin, which protects the body from the harmful
effects of the environment.
At least 15 words to define

CHAPTER 2
Review of Related Literature and Studies
Local Literature
De Lopez (2018), The need for soap, a cleaning agent, is of high priority provided
man understands the necessity to continually keep its environment clean. Soap was invented
not only for the purpose of personal hygiene but also to solve other purposes . It has
numerous applications in our daily life one of which is to keep our household and workplace
better place to live and work. Hence, it is an essential commodity in the modern civilized
world. Soap is a combination of fatty acids and alkalis obtained by reacting various animal
and vegetable fats and oils with caustic soda or potash. It is produced by a saponification or
basic hydrolysis reaction of fat or oil. Currently, sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide is
used to neutralize the fatty acid and convert it to salt . The final product is achieved through
a series of steps with value addition at each step to fulfill and satisfy the expectations of the
manufacturer and/or end users. Soap can exist in three forms namely bar, powder and liquid.
Liquid soap is the cleaning agent made available in liquid form.
Arcilla, Barruga and Cordia (2017), says that the origin of soaps was when an
excavation of ancient Babylon revealed evidence that they were making one around 2800
B.C. Babylonians were the first to master the art of soap making. Soap was usedin cleaning
wool and cotton in textile manufacturing, and was also used medicinally for at least
5000years. Soap is a product for cleaning made from natural ingredients that may include
both plant and animal products, including items such as animal fat, tallow or vegetable oil,
castor, olive, or coconut oil.Supposedly, soap got its name from Mount Sapo in Rome,
which is the Latin word for soap.
Delundo (2016), Soap is a type of liquid and product created and formulated in
various colours, formula, liquid, scent and substances used for a variety of purposes. Liquid
soap are in homes, hotels and restaurants as a form of soap dispensed from a bottle or soap
dispenser. Liquid soap has a very mild effect to the human body that’s why it can be applied
on human skin, moreover it can also be used in cleaning floors, tiles and other household
surfaces.
According to Ramuerte (2012), beyond anecdotal evidence, there’s some scientific
reasoning behind claims that tomato’s ingredients could aid in: exfoliation fighting cellular
damage moisturizing reducing sunburn risk It may aid in exfoliation.
Exfoliation is the removal of dead skin cells to improve the health and appearance of facial
skin. Promoters of natural healing suggest that the pectin and flavonoids in tomatoes have
cleansing and antioxidant ingredients that can complement skin texture, as indicated in a. It
may help fight cellular damage. Advocates of natural healing suggest that the antioxidants in
tomatoes such as vitamin C and lycopene help fight free radicals. There is, however, no
clinical evidence that the topical application of tomato provides these antioxidants for the
skin. Since tomatoes are a good source of potassium, many natural healers suggest that the
application of tomato directly to the skin will address dry skin issues.
Tomatoes have properties such as vitamin C that is an antioxidant that helps fight free
radicals that cause dark spots and wrinkles on the skin, and enzymes to help the skin
exfoliate and rejuvenate.
Suluta (2020), When it comes to skin care, tomatoes are one of my favourite and
most effective remedies for a clear and clean skin. Not only are these humble robust red
balls full of nutrients but also highly effective in healing and clarifying the skin. Slightly
acidic in nature, tomatoes contain high contents of potassium and vitamin C; this transforms
the dullest of skins and restores glow to the skin. Tomatoes also have lycopene, which is an
antioxidant that helps fight free radicals in the body. Apart from this, it helps treat skin
problems related to ageing and sun damage therefore making it a great skin rejuvenator.Due
to their astringent properties, tomatoes help reduce excess sebum on the skin's surface
preventing oil build up, which further reduces the chances of blackheads and whiteheads.
Since they have pore-shrinking properties and help tighten the skin, chances of acne and
pimples are also greatly reduced. This makes tomato a versatile and popular ingredient for
problematic skin conditions.
Erwan (2020), Bananas are tropical fruit that is widely available around the world.
Indigenous to Southeast Asia, they are oval-shaped fruit filled with potassium and other
essential vitamins and minerals.
More than just being a delicious and healthy snack, bananas are a true gift from
nature when it comes to skincare. Their uniquely beneficial and natural properties make
them one of the most-loved fruit ingredients in beauty products around the world. Bananas
are packed with antioxidants and vitamins, which work together to provide deep hydration,
fight off free radicals, improve elasticity, even out skin tone, brighten the complexion,
reduce wrinkles, and more.
When applied topically or taken as an oral supplement, bananas have been known to
naturally nourish and protect the skin from further damage due to environmental factors like
sun exposure, smoke, and pollution. In addition to the incredibly moisturizing benefits of
this versatile fruit for skin health, banana also offers anti-inflammatory properties that help
soothe redness, acne, or blemishes.
Paki ayos. foreign literature about your
product and used fruit extracts..

Foreign Literature
Coffee can reduce cellulites on the skin, can help prevent skin cancer, reduce
inflations, and can fight acne problems within the face when applied to the parts of the body
such as the face and the skin (Cherney K., 2018).
Vitamin C plays a vital role in the healing of wounds and infections and isa great
antioxidant that can neutralize free radicals to which it is also needed to make collagen and
helps several hormones to function. It has been also recognized since 1932 that vitamin C
can help prevent scurvy that has taken millions of lives of sailors (Harvard T.H. Chan,
2020).
According to Palmer A. (2022), coffee is packed with antioxidants that helps the skin
to protect from free radical damage and helps fight aging.
Lime may be sour and disliked by some but it has many nutrients that can help the
human body. Lime has antioxidants that are good in the human body such as flavonoids,
limonoids, kaempferol, quercetin, and ascorbic that helps defend cells from free radicals that
may cause damage to cells and cause chronic conditions. Lime contains vitamin C that can
boost the immune system, increase the production of white blood cells, shorten or weaken
the severity of cold in the body and helps wound recovery by reducing inflammation and
stimulates collagen production that aids the healing of wounds. With the stimulation of
production of collagen and antioxidants present in the lime, it helps promote the skin of an
individual with those who have gotten more vitamin C in the past had lower risk of wrinkles
and dry skin as they age and antioxidants for aging. Lime can lower blood pressure as well
with the presence of vitamin C that helps protect against atherosclerosis which builds up
plaque in the arteries and makes it narrow. Kidney stone can also be prevented due to the
presence of citric acid in the lime that prevents it by raising citrate and the binding stone-
forming minerals in the urine of the human body. The blood is also affected by the presence
of vitamin C to which it aids the adsorption of the nutrients of iron in the red blood cells to
lessen the risk of anemia and improve the blood. Cancer can be also prevented with eating
lime due to the fact that it has certain antioxidant, which is the flavonoids, that helps stop the
expressions of the genes that promote the cancer progression within the body and a test
tubes studies indicates that citric fruits help prevent the growth of throat, colon, breast,
pancreas, lymphomas, bone marrow, and other cancer cells (Raman R.,2021).
Sang (2017), Cosmetic facial skin type has been used commonly without any
scientific definition. Recent development in bioengineering technology, sebum which is a
major affecting factor for cosmetic skin type can be measured objectively to make a
standard for the skin type. This skin type is classified as oily, normal, dry and combination
type. Individual classification could be achieved by the multi-regional measurement of facial
sebum. Cosmetic skin type is not fixed throughout a person's lifetime because the sebum
secretion is not steady. There are some factors affecting this unsteadiness in sebum
secretion; aging, seasonality and the presence of acne. While cosmetic skin type has been
researched with scientific ways, it still remains in laypersons' domain. Further studies for
correlating the skin type with facial cometics science are expected. The skin type of
cosmetic face without any further science means development in the technology of
boiengineering, sebum which is a major affecting factor for this skin type is classified as
dry, oily, normal and combination type and the type of cosmetic skin is not well throughout
a person's life because sebum secretion is not stable there are several factors that affect this
instability so sebum secretion; Periodic aging and the presence of acne. The cosmetic skin
type has been researched with scientific methods, it is still additional studies for linking the
expected skin type with the science of facial cosmetics.
Based on literature written by Zhou, Guang Ju; Li, Shuo Hao; Zhang, Yu Cang; Fu,
Yun Zhi(2014) Biosynthesis of CdS nanoparticles in banana peel extract. Cadmium sulfide
(CdS) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by using banana peel extract as a convenient,
non-toxic, eco-friendly 'green' capping agent. Cadmium nitrate and sodium sulfide are main
reagents. A variety of CdS Ps are prepared through changing reaction conditions (banana
extracts, the amount of banana pet extract, solution pH, concentration and reactive
temperature). The prepared Cds colloid displays strong fluorescence spectrum. X-ray
diffraction analysis demonstrates the successful formation of CdS NPs. Fourier transform
infra-red (FTIR) spectrogram indicates the involvement of carboxyl, amine and hydroxyl
groups in the formation of CdS Ps. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) result reveals
that the average size of the NPs is around 1.48 mm.
Based on the literature written by Mohiuddin, Saha, Hossian, and Ferdoushi (2013),
Banana is one of the most important fruit crops grown everywhere in Bangladesh. In
Bangladesh, pseudo stem is abandoned and is a hazardous waste while other countries used
it to make different products. The study provided the usefulness of banana, not only the fruit
itself, but also the benefits of recreation through banana pseudo stem. They concluded that
the research information they gathered will be of immense help to the farmers,
entrepreneurs, planners, scientists as well as the Bangladesh government to take proper
initiatives for the betterment of their nation.
Local Studies
A study done by Bartolome (2020) found that the acceptability of different control
groups of TLE teachers, spa staff, and housewives had differing opinions towards the
acceptability of papaya body scrub based on its appearance, texture, and color. However, the
author found that in terms of aroma and exfoliating hypothesis that there is no major
difference between the assessments of the three groups.
Based on a study by Dacera et. al. (2020), a banana peel can be used to
extract acetic acid for certain products by fermentation in which the study shows
that with the different experiments applications of sugar within the fermentation of
the banana peel, no exclusive difference within the yield can be seen but even
though that may be the case, the yield application can be used for further
implication of products and within the usage of banana peels for a potential use for
industrial applications for creating products.
Coffee grounds can be used to neutralize odors. Spent coffee waste is a capable
source of activated carbons which could then be used in the process of adsorption with
nitrogen to remove sulfur or digester gas in the air (Bandosz, et al, 2011).
The Philippine lime peelings have been proven to have anticoagulant properties from
the blood samples of the albino mice from eating it to which it may have properties to help
patients that are in risks of stroke, myocardial infarction, and other blood clotting diseases a
person may have (Rocha, et. al., 2020).
Philippine lime can also be turned into a product called an essential oil to which it
can be a candidate for chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent due to the fact that it
contains greater cytotoxic activities (Palma et. al., 2019).
A study conducted by Rota et.al. (na), a saba peel can be good used for food products
such as ability ingel forming, jelly-forming and water dispersibility in which the presence of
lead was not detected while doing the study and the standard plate count, yeast, and molds
were not found within the process of creating the products even though it has a high-ester
pectin and is classified rapid-set, it has a low purity of pectin in which it has the possible
presence of sugar, starch, and protein.
Casino (2019), prove on his studies entitled Banana peels for skin care Advocates.
According to him rubbing a banana peel on your face to brighten skin and reduce wrinkles
placing a banana peel on closed eyes to reduce puffiness using a banana peel as a
moisturizer to hydrate skin rubbing the peel on acne scars to help them fade treating
psoriasis by applying banana peel to the area with psoriasis to moisturize and relieve itch
removing a wart by taping a piece of ripe banana peel over it and leaving it there overnight
These suggested uses aren't supported by clinical research. However, studies show that
banana peels have a number of components that offer possible benefits: A 2018 review
showed that banana peels are rich in phenolic, which have strong antimicrobial and
antioxidant properties and are associated with many health benefits. According to a 2011
article Trusted Source, banana peels have a number of bioactive compounds, such as
carotenoids and polyphenols. A 2012 study found extracts of banana peel to have anti-
inflammatory properties.
Ortiz (2017), explained that Banana peel extract (BPE) was added to freshly
squeezed orange juices (FS) and orange juices from concentrate (UFC), to evaluate if it
stabilizes their antioxidant activity, sensory attributes and plysicocherica characteristics after
heat treatment and during refrigerated storage. Mild pasteurization increased shelf life in
refrigeration for both types of orange juice. although JFC was more stable than FSJ.
Antioxidant activity, determined as ABTS-scavenging capacity, tends to decrease with
refrigeration time. However, when BPE was added, pasteurized juices tend to have greater
capacity to scavenge ABTS-* over time.
Foreign Studies
A study conducted by Chabuck et al. (2013) aimed to find the antimicrobial effects
of extracts obtained from banana peels and they found that aqueous extracts from fresh
yellow bananas were a considerably effective antibacterial agent against Gram-positive and
Gram-negative bacteria. This proved that the inclusion of an extract from banana peels is
beneficial to the overall effects of the body wash scrub that the researchers aim to develop
using coffee grounds and refuse extract. One important detail about the study made by
Chabuck et al. (2013) was that the study involved the use of fresh yellow banana peels, the
effectiveness of the extract may differ as the freshness of the banana peels proves to be a
factor.
A study by Herman and Herman (2012) found that caffeine within cosmetic products
served as antioxidants increasing protection effects against UV radiation and slowing the
effects of photoaging, preventing fat accumulation by blocking ⍺ receptors and accelerating
the lipolysis process, and increasing blood flow.

Based on Kareem N.K. (2018), tomato juice and paste of green and red can help
remove skin corn from the human body due to the organic acid that the tomato has to
dissolve it with some other studies found that it can dissolve skin and meat products.
A paper written by Kandasamy and Packianathan (2011) explains that
mechanical skin exfoliation is “physically scrubbing the skin with a mild abrasive
such as micro-fiber cloths, adhesive exfoliation sheets, micro-bead facial scrubs,
crepe paper, crushed apricot kernels or almond shells, sugar or salt crystals, or
pumice, or using abrasive sponges and brushes” whilst chemical exfoliation is the
modernized method that involves the use of creams, lotions, and gels that is applied
onto the skin. In the same paper, the authors elaborated on the types of skins that
benefit from exfoliation which were: aged and mature skin, anemic skin,
hyperpigmentation, dehydration, and photo damage. They explained that aged and
mature skin was observed to have reduced sweat production caused by smaller
numbers of active sweat glands in the skin, and that exfoliation with skin nutrients
and moisturizers helps by promoting the natural renewal of cells in the epidermis.
They then continued on to the anemic skin which they described to produce larger
amounts of dead skin up to five times more than regular and that hydroxyl acids
found within exfoliating products are efficient in mitigating dead skin cells from
blocking hair follicles. Hyperpigmentation explained by Kandasamy and
Packianathan (2011) is a result of a rise in melanin or melanocytes, or the
deposition of a colored substance in the skin and exfoliation eases it by shedding

these cells faster and by lightening these dark spots. They then went on to
dehydration which they explained was caused by the lack of moisture within the skin
and that the application of exfoliants not only removes the dead cells within the skin
but also hydrates and moisturizes to cleanse the dry conditions. The last skin type
the authors mentioned to take advantage of exfoliation was photo damaged skin
caused by UV radiation to the epidermis and dermis layer, they then laid out some
of the effects of UV radiation which were acute and chronic changes in the DNA,
protein, and lipid building blocks. They described that photo damaged skin was
thicker in comparison and was less elastic due to the increased size of the cell and
alterations in the collagen fibers. Lastly, they elaborated on how the act of
exfoliation on photo damaged skin contributes by eliminating these abnormal cells
to avoid further complications and prevent skin cancer.
A research by Abang et al. (2015) found that ovi cups containing high amounts of
caffeine prevents female mosquitoes from laying large quantities of eggs, they also found
that larvae that grew up in coffee environments were laying eggs more in containers
containing coffee than moist environments. These results gave them the idea that it could be
a potential tool in dengue control. The researchers also cited that caffeine poses a serious
threat to some animals such as aquatic organisms and can cause urethral, diuresis renal, and
bladder irritation in cattle. Caffeine had already been found to be applicable to many
cosmetic products.
Vu, Christopher, Scarlett, Vuong (2018), studied a large quantity of bananas is
produced annually and its peel, which accounts for about one third of the fruit weight, is
mostly discarded as waste. The peel has been traditionally used for the treatment of various
ailments. This by-product is rich in phenolic with over 40 individual compounds identified.
However, composition and levels of these compounds are influenced by various factors,
including varieties, maturity, cultivation conditions, and pre-treatments. Phenolic within
banana peels have been found to possess potent antioxidant and antimicrobial properties,
and linked with various health benefits. Therefore, it is worthwhile to recover phenolic from
this by-product for further utilization in food and pharmaceutical industries. This review
comprehensively highlights the phenolic compounds as well as major factor affecting their
presence within the banana peel, reviews the current applications of this by-product, outlines
its potential uses in food and pharmaceutical industries and finally proposes a trend for
future studies.
Journal of King Saud University (2020), on the potential application of waste fruit
peels (orange, yellow lemon and banana) as wide range natural antimicrobial agent. The
antimicrobial potential of three abundantly available fruits peel waste, (orange, yellow
lemon and banana) was evaluated on wide range of microorganisms. Three solvents
methanol, ethyl acetate, ethanol and distilled water were used for extraction. The resultant
extracts were used to test a six gram positive and six gram negative pathogenic bacteria in
addition to two microscopic filamentous fungi (MFF) and two yeast species. Presence of
trace metals were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and GC-MS

Analysis was carried out to find out the total phenolic compounds, which may be
responsible for the antimicrobial activity. The antibacterial activity was assessed by the
well-bore method, reflected by the diameter of the zones of growth inhibition. Minimum
Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was also determined to confirm the antimicrobial potential
of extracts and get quantitative results. Results shows that among the used solvents the
extracts exhibited better performance in the order of Distilled water > Methanol > Ethanol >
Ethyl acetate which reflects the suitability of solvent for fruit peel extraction. Effectiveness
of fruit peel extracts was evaluated and found Yellow lemon > Orange > Banana peel. It was
found that gram negative bacteria are more sensitive to the extracts and among them
Klebsiella pneumonia show the highest sensitivity against extract of yellow lemon peel and
show the highest zone of inhibition (28 ‡ 1.4 mm to 3.5 ‡ 1.3 mm). Similarly, the MIC value
was found to be 130 g/mL which is the least value among other tested microorganisms. This
may be attributed to the presence of high concentrations of zinc, magnesium and total
phenolic content in the extract of yellow lemon peel. As multidrug resistant strains of
microorganisms are emerging and treatment of their infection is becoming difficult with
time, infectious diseases are a global cause of increase in death rate. Present study confirms
the potential of studied fruit peel waste to be used for therapeutic purpose to combat the
multidrug resistant microorganism infection. This will also result in reduction of waste
material, reusing it for beneficial purpose in an economical and environmental friendly
manner.
Synthesis
The related literature and studies, for both local and foreign that were found and
included to the study was to give an evidence, theory, concept and principle to the
development of body was scrub using refused fruits extract and used coffee grounds.
In the Philippines, a funding for research on utilization of calamansi peels or
Philippine lime peels is given to a researcher in Zamboanga city in which the researcher is
task to research in extracting a high-quality essential oil on the calamansi peels and
alternative biodegradable organic microbeads for cosmetic preparations and uses. (Araneta,
2020). Tomatoes have properties such as vitamin C that is an antioxidant that helps fight
free radicals that cause dark spots and wrinkles on the skin, and enzymes to help the skin
exfoliate and rejuvenate (Diylangyan, 2022). Caffeine can help skin and decrease cellulite,
and when applied around the eyes, it can minimize the appearance of puffy eyes due to its
capabilities of restricting blood vessels, reducing swelling, and inflammation (Dela Cruz
(2019). Tomatoes also give a lot of benefits to the human body. It also helps the skin in a lot
of ways to which it aids the healing from spores, acnes, sunburns, and rough skin. (IFM
Dagupan Team, 2018). Coffee can reduce cellulites on the skin, can help prevent skin
cancer, reduce inflations, and can fight acne problems within the face when applied to the
parts of the body such as the face and the skin (Cherney K., 2018). According to Palmer A.
(2022), coffee is packed with antioxidants that helps the skin to protect from free radical
damage and helps fight aging. A study conducted by Chabuck et al. (2013) aimed to find the
antimicrobial effects of extracts obtained from banana peels and they found that aqueous
extracts from fresh yellow bananas were a considerably effective antibacterial agent against
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. A study by Herman and Herman (2012) found
that caffeine within cosmetic products served as antioxidants increasing protection effects
against UV radiation and slowing the effects of photoaging, preventing fat accumulation by
blocking ⍺ receptors and accelerating the lipolysis process, and increasing blood flow.
Those studies and literature were found related and relevant to the study in terms of
appearance, consistency, fragrance, and exfoliation, cleanses, moisturizes and even out skin
tone in developing a body washes scrub using refused fruits extracts and used coffee
grounds.
CHAPTER 3
Methodology
This chapter discusses the methods that will be used in the research, the
description and the process of selecting respondents, the research instrument, and
the data gathering procedures used to get the data.
Research Design
The researchers used a descriptive method in order to gather data for this
study. Williams Nassaji (2015) also states in correspondence that descriptive
research describes and categorizes phenomena. Descriptive research also aims to
precisely and methodically characterize a population, circumstance, or phenomenon
and numerous research approaches may be used in a descriptive study design to
examine one or more variables. Shona McCombes (2019).
Population Frame and Sampling Scheme
Among all the different residents from different barangay of manila, only forty
randomly selected individuals will be chosen to be the respondents for the study.
Another ten professional respondents will be selected from experts within the
expertise in making or identifying such products like the one that will be created in
the study.
A pre-survey will be initially conducted for the selection of the respondents
for the study. The researchers will use a purposive sampling technique to choose
the respondents for the study. They will select forty random residents from different
barangay of manila that are fitting for the criteria that the researchers have put upon
the respondents required. Another ten will be selectively picked that will satisfy the
requirements needed to be a respondent in the study to which they are solidified
experts in terms of identifying or making body wash scrub for the people to use. The
respondents are selected based on their capability to identify body wash scrubs, or
whether they have the experience in making body wash scrubs.
Respondents of the Study
Among all the different residents from barangay of manila that are viable to
be conducted in the study, the researchers randomly picked respondents from
different barangay of manila and professionals that exemplify in the fields of
identifying, or making body wash scrubs.
The selected respondents that will participate are selected due easy
communicative capability that having the same department will give the
researchers. Forty selected respondents will be chosen to participate in the study.
The selected people from different barangay of manila will be selected by random
sampling so that a bias factor will not affect the study.
The selected professionals that will participate in the study are selected due
to their experience in making or identifying body wash scrubs for a deeper response
within the study. Ten selected professionals will be chosen from different or the
same probable brand or company that they may be in. The selected professional
respondents are selected by purposive sampling to give a deeper response and a
more critical response on the study.
Each question will be asked with open-ended questions so that an in-depth
response and understanding may be given to the researchers of the study.
In addition, the demographic information of the respondents with their age,
sex, civil status, educational attainment, and number of years in the company were
congregated and tabulated:
Table 1
Respondents of the Study
Respondents f %
Experts 10 20%
Consumer 40 80%
Total 50 100%
Table 1, shows that the frequency and percentage of the selected
respondents of the study, were ten (10) or twenty (20) percent of Experts and forty
(40) or eighty (80) percent of consumers.
Table 2
Respondents According to Age
Age Range Experts Consumers Overall
f % f % f %
51 – 60 years old 1 10 2 5 3 6
41 – 50 years old 3 7.5 3 6
31 – 40 years old 1 10 2 5 3 6
21 – 30 years old 8 80 19 47.5 27 54
20 years old 14 35 14 28
and below
Total 10 100 40 100 50 100
Table 2, shows that the Experts has 1 or 10 percent at the age of 51 to 60
years old, 1 or 10 percent at the age of 31 to 40 years old, and 8 or 80 percent at
the age of 21 to 30 years old. In consumers, there were 2 or 5 percent at the age of
51 to 60 years old, 3 or 7.5 percent at the age of 41 to 50 years old, 2 or 5 percent

at the age 31 to 40 years old, 19 or 47.5 at the age 21 to 30 years old, and 14 or 35
percent at the age 20 years old and below.
Overall, there was 3 or 6 percent respondents at the age of 51 to 60 years
old, 3 or 6 percent respondents at the age of 41 to 50 years old, 3 or 6 percent
respondents at the age of 31 to 40 years old, 27 or 54 percent respondents at the
age of 21 to 30 years old, and 14 or 28 percent respondents at the age of 20 years
old and below.
Table 3
Respondents According to Sex
Sex Experts Consumers Overall
f % f % f %
Male 2 20 10 25 12 24
Female 8 80 30 75 38 76
Total 10 100 40 100 50 100
Table 3, shows that the expert respondents were 2 or 20 percent are male
and 8 or 80 percent are female. While, the consumers were 10 or 25 percent are
male and 30 or 75 percent are female.
As a whole, 12 or 24 percent of the respondents are male and 38 or 76
percent of the respondents are female.
Table 4
Respondents According to Civil Status
Civil Status Experts Consumers Overall
f % f % f %
Single 7 70 38 95 45 90
Married 3 30 2 5 5 10
Total 10 100 40 100 50 100
Table 4, presents that there were 7 or 70 percent single and 2 or 5 percent
married in Expert respondents. While, in consumers, there are 38 or 95 percent
single and 2 or 5 percent married.
In summary, the respondents, 45 or 90 percent are single and 5 or 10
percent are married.
Table 5
Respondents According to Educational Attainment
Educational Experts Consumers Overall
Attainment
f % f % f %
Master’s Degree 3 30 3 6
With M.A Units 2 20 2 4
College Graduate 5 50 20 50 25 50
College Under- 8 20 8 16
graduate
High School 12 30 12 24
Graduate
Total 10 100 40 100 50 100
Table 5, shows that in Experts, 3 or 30 percent has Master’s Degree, 2 or 20
percent are with M.A Units, and 5 or 50 percent are College Graduate. Consumers
has 20 or 50 percent College Graduate, 8 or 20 percent College Undergraduate,
and 12 or 30 percent High School Graduate.
Overall, respondents were 3 or 6 percent in Master’s Degree, 2 or 4 percent
with Master’s Unit, 25 or 50 percent are College Graduate, 8 or 16 percent are
College Undergraduate, lastly 12 or 24 percent are high school graduate.
Research Instruments
The researchers developed a series of questionnaires that they would use to
gather information in order to address a number of questions relevant to their study.
The questionnaire will be create using hard copy thus will be distributed among the
students and professionals through social media platforms that are viable to them.
The usage of Google Forms to create the questionnaire is ideal and efficient in
conducting responsive studies such as the researchers study. Questions within the
questionnaire will be based on the objective of the researchers in conducting the
study. Due to the qualitative nature of the research, the questions will be given to be
open ended questions for a more in-depth response on the study.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers will be using the Statement of the Problem (SOP) as a basis
on creating an effective questionnaire for the study to answer the problems that the
researchers have. Upon reviewing the pre-survey conducted and the selection of
the professionals, the researchers will select forty random residents from differnet
barangay of manila. The researchers to which they are viable to the criteria of the
research will select the ten professionals. Due to the opening of most industries
after the pandemic, the use of online tools in making questionnaires to make open-
ended questions and sending it to the respondents is the safest and efficient way in
the current age to which the aftermath of the pandemic is still unsure. The
researchers will follow the data privacy act on collecting data from the respondents.
It is to inform the respondents so that they would be aware of the study that will be
conducted to which they will participate. After the researchers send the survey, the
respondents of the study will answer the following open-ended questions that will be
in the questionnaire. The data gathered will be analyzed and the researchers for
better data gathered will conduct the interpretation of the responses and a clearer
response will be given. Finally, the researchers may be able to make a conclusion
on the study to better understand the efficacy and the viability of the product body
wash scrub that is made off from coffee grounds and refused fruit extract.
Statistical Treatment of Data
The data to be gathered in this study will be subjected to the following
statistical treatment:
Frequency This was used to determine the actual number of responses to
specific questions or items in the questionnaire.
Percentage This was used to establish the comparative value of a
magnitude to determine their relationships.
Formula:
% = f * 100 / N
Where:
% = Percentage
f = Frequency
N = Total number of respondents
100 = Constant factor
Weighted Mean. This was used to determine the average response of the
respondents on the
Formula:
WM = Σfx
Where:
ẍ = weighted mean
Σ = summation
X = weight given to each response
N = number of respondents
Likert Scale. The Likert’s Five (5) points scale was used by the researcher in rating
the responses of the respondents as to the level of development of body wash scrub using
refused fruit extract and coffee grounds. The equivalent weight of the responses to the
questions as to the development of used coffee ground and refused fruit extract as body
scrub using different options such as:
Option Verbal Interpretation Equivalent Point
5 Highly Acceptable (HA) 4.20 – 5.00
4 Acceptable 3.40 – 4.19
3 Moderately Acceptable (MA) 2.60 – 3.39
2 Least Acceptable (LA) 1.80 – 2.59
1 Not Acceptable (NA) 1.00 – 1.79

T-test. This will be used to determine the significant difference between the assessments of
the two groups of respondents.
Formula:
Where:
t = computed t-value
X1 = mean of the first group
X2 = mean of the second group
S12 = standard deviation of the first group
S22 = standard deviation of the second group
N1 = number of respondents of the first group
N2 = number of respondents of the second group
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CHAPTER 4
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
This chapter consists of presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data illustrated in

tabular form.
Sub-problem no. 1. What are the tools, apparatuses, ingredients, and procedure used
in processing of body wash using refused fruits and coffee grounds as scrub?
Table 6 shows that tools, apparatuses, Ingredients, and procedure in the development
of Body Wash Scrub using Refused Fruit Extracts and Used Coffee Grounds.
Table 6
Tools and Laboratory Apparatuses used in the development of Body Wash
Scrub using Refused Fruit Extracts and Used Coffee Grounds

CHAPTER 5
Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendation

REFERENCES
CURRICULUM VITAE
MIKAELA A. ROSETE
123 Aglipay St. Brgy. Poblacion,
Mandaluyong City 1550
Mobile No. 09694844394
Email Address: miksrosete21@gmail.com
Personal Data
Birthdate: October 21, 2001

Age: 21
Sex: Female
Height: 4'11
Birthplace: Rizal, Nueva Ecija
Weight: 45
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Family background
Father's Name: Micheal A. Rosete Occupation: Angkas Rider

Mother's Name: Lirio A. Rosete Occupation: Housewife
Educational Attainment
Level School Year Attended

Tertary EARIST 2020 - Present
Secondary Mandaluyong High School 2014 - 2020
Primary Mandaluyong Elementary School 2008 - 2014
I hereby certify that the above information is true and correct.
_______________________
MIKAELA A. ROSETE
CURRICULUM VITAE
WINSTER DE ASIS SANTIAGO

329 Ortega St. Tondo Manila
Mobile No. 09165841238
Email Address: swinster6@gmail.com
Personal Data
Birthdate: April 26, 1999

Age: 23
Sex: Male
Height: 5’6
Birthplace: Manila
Weight: 67
Family background
Father's Name: Wilfredo Santiago Sr. Occupation: None

Mother's Name: Virginia Santiago Occupation: Housewife

Secondary Tondo High School 2012 - 2019
Primary Isabela Delos Reyes 2006 - 2011
___________________________
WINSTER DE ASIS SANTIAGO
CURRICULUM VITAE
JAMIE M. TOBIAS
2155 ROAD 10, STA. MESA MANILA
Mobile No. 09278755708
Email Address: jmtobias78@gmail.com
Personal Data
Birthdate: September 25, 2002

Age: 20
Sex: Female
Height: 5’5
Birthplace: Manila
Weight: 60
Family background
Father's Name: Jimbo B. Tobias Occupation:Company Driver

Mother's Name: Fe A. Medina Occupation: Housewife

Secondary Victorino Mapa High School 2014 - 2020
Primary Pio Del Pilar Elementary School 2008 - 2014
_______________________
JAMIE M. TOBIAS
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
352402482_Utilization_of_Vegetable_and_Fruit_By-
products_as_Functional_Ingredient_and_Food
https://region9.dost.gov.ph/news/899-research-on-calamansi-peels-receives-570k-dost-
funding

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Republic of the Philippines

EULOGIO “AMANG” RODRIGUEZ INSTITUTE

A Thesis Presented to the

Faculty of the College of Industrial Technology

Eulogio “Amang” Rodriguez

Institute of Science and Technology

of the Requirement Leading to the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Industrial Technology

Major in Industrial Chemistry

1. The Problem and Its background

Statement of the Problem………………………………………………….. 7

Scope and Limitation……………………………………………………….. 8

Significant of the Study……………………………………………….......... 10

2. Review of Related Literature and Study

Population and Sampling…………………………………………………… 28

Respondents of the Study………………………………………………….. 29

Data Gathering Procedure………………………………………………….. 31

Statistical Treatment of Data……………………………………………….. 32

4. Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

5. Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendation

Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework of the Study………………………… 6

The Problem and Its Background

Nowadays, cleanliness and sanitation is necessary for everyone to uphold infection

of certain diseases and lift the mood of individuals.

cells, leaving your skin looking brighter, smoother, and healthier.

Exfoliating is a common practice in the cosmetic industry because it promotes skin

granular substance, or exfoliation tool.

in improving the skin health.

Calamansi peel on the skin is fighting inflammation. As a natural source of

plump, resulting in wrinkles, sagging, and dark spots.

will be used as expoliator or scrub.

flow of activities in the development of Liquid Body Wash with Scrub.

refused fruit extracts as body scrubs.

refused fruits extract.

Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework of the Study

fruits and coffee grounds as scrub?

2. How acceptable is researchers’ product as evaluated by the respondents in terms

The study hypothesis that:

There is significant difference on the assessment of the two group of respondents on

Scope and Limitations of the Study

Significance of the Study

The result of the study may be beneficial to the following:

Consumers. Liquid soap tends to create more convenience in terms of quick

Market. Marketing a product as having multiple benefits is a trend that more

Add more beneficaries of your present

book where u get the definitions

Antioxidants A substance that protects the cells by removing oxidizing agents or

free radicals that can be harmful to the body.

and improve skin’s texture.

effects of the environment.

At least 15 words to define

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Liquid soap is the cleaning agent made available in liquid form.

which is the Latin word for soap.

According to Ramuerte (2012), beyond anecdotal evidence, there’s some scientific

damage moisturizing reducing sunburn risk It may aid in exfoliation.

exfoliate and rejuvenate.

problematic skin conditions.

essential vitamins and minerals.

reduce wrinkles, and more.

soothe redness, acne, or blemishes.

Paki ayos. foreign literature about your

product and used fruit extracts..