1.

Concurrent Powers

Basic governing functions that are exercised by the national and state governments
independently, and at the same time, including the power to make policy, raise revenue,
implement policies, and establish courts.

2. Extradition

e return of individuals accused of a crime to the state in which the crime was committed upon
the request of that state’s governor.

3. Federalism

e separation of governmental powers between the national and state governments.

4. Full Faith & Credit Clause

e constitutional clause that requires states to comply with and uphold the public acts, records,
and judicial decisions of other states.

5. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

A Supreme Court case in which the Supreme Court justified a particular national action on the
basis of the implications of an enumerated power.

6. Grants (block, categorical, formula)

Block: A grant-in-aid for a broadly defined policy area, whose funding amount is typically based
on a formula.

Categorical: Federal grants given to state and local governments to encourage their cooperation
in implementing specific purposes and programs.
Formula: A type of mandatory grant that is awarded based on statistical criteria for specific
types of work.

7. Mandates (funded, unfunded, underfunded)

Funded: when the national government assumes the entire cost of a mandate it imposes on a
state or local government.

Unfunded: when the state or local government must cover all or some of the cost of a mandate.

Underfunded: federal laws, regulations, or rules that impose demands on the states without
including the funding required to comply.

8. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

e 1819 case that established that the necessary and proper clause justifies broad
understandings of enumerated powers.

9. Necessary & Proper (Elastic) Clause

A clause in Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution that gives Congress the power to do whatever
it deems necessary and constitutional to meet its enumerated obligations; the basis for the
implied powers.

10. Nullification

A legal theory that state governments have the authority to invalidate national actions they
deem unconstitutional.

11. Preemption (pre-emption)

e constitutionally based principle that allows a national law to supersede state or local laws.
 12. Privileges & Immunities Clause

e Constitution’s requirement that a state extend to other states’ citizens the privileges and
immunities it provides for its citizens.

13. Reserved Powers

Powers reserved to the states by the 10th Amendment of the Constitution.

14. Supremacy Clause

A clause of the Constitution declaring the Constitution the supreme law of the land, meaning
everyone must follow it.

15. US v. Lopez (1995)

In the United States v. Lopez the Supreme Court ruled that the U.S. Congress could not use the
commerce clause to establish gun- free zones around schools.

16. US v. Morrison (2000)

A U.S. Supreme Court decision that held that parts of the Violence Against Women Act of 1994
were unconstitutional because they exceeded the powers granted to Congress under the
Commerce Clause.