‫عبد هللا أبو سنينة‬

‫نافذة عىل‬
‫تعلم اإلجنلزيية‬
 ‫ٍقذٍت‬
‫ال ‪٠‬ؼظزش ٘زح حٌؼًّ رؤ‪ ٞ‬كخي ِٓ حألك‪ٛ‬حي ا‬
‫كًل ٔ‪ٙ‬خث‪١‬اخ ٌظؼٍُ حإلٔـٍ‪١‬ض‪٠‬ش وٍغش‬
‫أؿٕز‪١‬ش؛ ار ٘‪١ٌ ٛ‬ظ اال ِشؽذاح ٌظؼٍُ ػذد ِٓ أوؼش حٌم‪ٛ‬حػذ ‪ٚ‬حألؽىخي‬
‫‪ٚ‬حٌىٍّخص ‪ٚ‬حٌّصطٍلخص حٌٍغ‪٠ٛ‬ش حٌّغظخذِش رخٌٍغش‪٘ٚ .‬زح حٌؼًّ ٘‪ ٛ‬غش‪٠‬ك‬
‫‪ٚ‬حكذ ِٓ ػذس غشق ‪٠‬غٍى‪ٙ‬خ ِظؼٍُ حٌٍغش حألؿٕز‪١‬ش إلطمخٔ‪ٙ‬خ‪ٚ ،‬ربرْ هللا ع‪١‬ى‪ْٛ‬‬
‫غش‪٠‬ماخ ِؼخٌّٗ ‪ٚ‬حظلش ٌٍّظؼٍُ‪.‬‬
‫‪٠‬غظط‪١‬غ أ‪ِ ٞ‬ظؼٍُ ‪٠‬ـ‪١‬ذ لشحءس حإلٔـٍ‪١‬ض‪٠‬ش رؾىً ِمز‪ٛ‬ي حعظخذحَ ٘زح حٌؼًّ‬
‫ٌظم‪٠ٛ‬ش ٌغظٗ‪٠ٚ ،‬فعً حعظخذحِٗ رخٌظغٍغً حٌز‪ٚ ٞ‬ظؼٗ حٌىخطذ‪ّ٠ٚ .‬ىٓ‬
‫حٌشؿ‪ٛ‬ع اٌ‪ ٝ‬ػٕخ‪ِٕ ٓ٠ٚ‬فصٍش ِٓ ٘زح حٌؼًّ ٌّٓ ‪٠‬شغذ رخٌظؼشف أ‪ ٚ‬طزوش‬
‫أعخع‪١‬خص لخػذس ِؼ‪ٕ١‬ش ِٓ حٌم‪ٛ‬حػذ حٌٍغ‪٠ٛ‬ش حٌّؾش‪ٚ‬كش ف‪٘ ٟ‬زح حٌؼًّ‪.‬‬
 ‫اىَحتىيبث‬
‫اىصفحت‬ ‫اىَىضىع‬
1 ‫ قشاءة‬Reading
14 ً‫ أقسبً اىنال‬Parts of speech
21 ‫ أسَبء اإلضبسة‬Demonstrative pronouns
22 ‫ أدواث اىتْنيش واىتؼشيف‬Articles
24 ‫ ٍفشد وجَغ‬Singular and plural
25 ‫ أسَبء غيش ٍؼذودة‬Uncountable nouns
26 ‫ ضَبئش اىفبػو‬Subject pronouns
28 ‫ ضَبئش اىَفؼىه‬Object pronouns
30 )‫ أفؼبه ينىُ (اىنيْىّت‬Verbs to be
32 make/do
34 ‫ أفؼبه اىتَيل‬Verbs to have
Phrasal verbs and phrasal nouns
36
‫ٍصطيحبث فؼييت واسَيت‬
38 ‫ اىحشوف اىنبيشة‬Capitalization
40 ‫ صفبث اىَينيت‬Possessive adjectives
41 ‫ ضَبئش اىَينيت‬Possessive pronouns
42 ‫ اىَينيت‬s - Possessive "s"
44 ‫ اىضَبئش اىَْؼنست‬Reflexive pronouns
45 ‫ اىضَبئش اىتأميذيت‬Intensive pronouns
46 ‫ّبقصت‬/‫ أفؼبه ٍسبػذة‬Modals
 ‫ اىضَبئش اىَىصىىت‬Relative pronouns
48
(who, which, whose)
Superlative – ‫ ٍقبسّت‬Comparative
49
‫تفضيو‬
52 ‫ ىيَقبسّت‬as (adjective) as ً‫استخذا‬
Present continuous (progressive)
53
)‫)تصشيف صٍْي‬
55 so / too
56 )‫ (تصشيف صٍْي‬Present simple
‫ أحىاه اىتنشاس‬Adverbs of frequency
59
‫اىضٍْي‬
60 )‫ (تصشيف صٍْي‬Past simple
62 ‫ اػتبد ػيى‬Used to
63 ‫ يتزمش‬Remember
64 )‫ (تصشيف صٍْي‬Past continuous
Past continuous and past simple
65
)‫(تصشيف صٍْي‬
66 because, therefore, however, but
67 )‫ (تصشيف صٍْي‬Present perfect
68 unless /as long as
69 )‫ (تصشيف صٍْي‬Past perfect
70 ‫ ّىاقو صٍْيت‬Time transitions
 ‫ (تصشيف‬Present perfect continuous
71
)‫صٍْي‬
73 )‫ (تصشيف صٍْي‬Past perfect continuous
74 )‫ (تصشيف صٍْي‬Future simple
75 )‫ (تصشيف صٍْي‬Future continuous
)‫ (تصشيف صٍْي‬Future perfect
76
continuous
77 )‫ (تصشيف صٍْي‬Future perfect
78 ‫ إرا اىطشطيت‬If conditionals
‫ أسئيت‬Questions
82
Yes-no/wh-/tags
89 Passive voice
93 ‫ األسئيت اىَْقىىت‬Reported questions
95 ‫بؼض االختالفبث اإلٍالئيت بيِ أٍشينب وبشيطبّيب‬
96 ‫ميَبث ضبئؼت تُيفع بطشيقت ٍغبيشة ىنتببتهب‬
)past simple( ‫أفؼبه ضبئؼت ٍغ اىَبضي‬
98
)past participle( ‫واىتصشيف اىخبىج‬
 ‫ٍؼبّي بؼض اىنيَبث واىَصطيحبث اىَستخذٍت في هزا اىؼَو‪:‬‬
‫‪ِ = past‬خظ‪ٟ‬‬
‫‪ = present‬كخظش‬
‫‪ِ = future‬غظمزً‬
‫‪ = main verb‬فؼً سث‪١‬ظ‬
‫‪ = helping verb‬فؼً ِغخػذ‪ٔ/‬خلص‬
‫‪ِ = infinitive‬ـشد‪ ،‬أ‪ ٞ‬إٔٔخ ال ٔض‪٠‬ذ أ‪ ٞ‬ؽ‪ٟ‬ء ٌٍفؼً‬
‫‪ = subject‬فخػً‪ٚ ،‬ال ‪٠‬ؼٕ‪ ٟ‬رخٌعش‪ٚ‬سس أٔٗ ‪٠‬م‪ َٛ‬رؼًّ ِخ‪ٌٚ ،‬ىٕٗ حٌؼٕصش‬
‫حٌشث‪١‬ظ ف‪ ٟ‬حٌـٍّش‬
 ‫‪ Reading‬قشاءة‬
‫ِٓ حٌّؾخوً حٌظ‪ ٟ‬ط‪ٛ‬حؿٗ ِظؼٍُ حٌٍغش حإلٔـٍ‪١‬ض‪٠‬ش ف‪ ٟ‬طؼٍُ لشحءس حٌٍغش ٘‪ ٛ‬أْ‬
‫حٌىؼ‪١‬ش ِٓ وٍّخط‪ٙ‬خ ال طُمشأ كغزّخ طُىظذ‪ .‬ف‪٘ ٟ‬زح حٌّشؽذ حٌصغ‪١‬ش رؼط‬
‫حٌٕصخثق ‪ٚ‬حٌظ‪ٛ‬ؿ‪ٙ١‬خص ٌمشحءس حٌؼذ‪٠‬ذ ِٓ حٌىٍّخص حإلٔـٍ‪١‬ض‪٠‬ش‪ِ ،‬غ أِؼٍش ػذ‪٠‬ذس‬
‫ػٍ‪ ٝ‬رٌه‪.‬‬

‫ميَبث تقشأ مَب تنتب‪:‬‬

‫اىنيَت‬ ‫اىيفع‬ ‫اىَؼْى‬
‫‪hat‬‬ ‫٘خص‬ ‫غخل‪١‬ش‬
‫‪fat‬‬ ‫فخص‬ ‫عّ‪ٓ١‬‬
‫‪crown‬‬ ‫وشح‪ْٚ‬‬ ‫طخؽ‬
‫‪rat‬‬ ‫سحص‬ ‫ؿشر‬
‫‪he‬‬ ‫٘‪ٟ‬‬ ‫٘‪ٛ‬‬
‫‪to‬‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ص‬ ‫اٌ‪ٝ‬‬
‫‪do‬‬ ‫د‪ٚ‬‬ ‫‪٠‬فؼً‬
‫‪slow‬‬ ‫عٍ‪ٛ‬‬ ‫رط‪ٟ‬ء‬
‫‪ten‬‬ ‫طِٓ‬ ‫ػؾشس‬
‫‪send‬‬ ‫ِعٕذ‬ ‫‪٠‬شعً‬
‫‪fit‬‬ ‫فِض‬ ‫الثك‬
‫‪red‬‬ ‫ِسد‬ ‫أكّش‬
‫‪smart‬‬ ‫عّخسص‬ ‫رو‪ٟ‬‬
‫‪green‬‬ ‫غش‪ٓ٠‬‬ ‫أخعش‬

‫‪1‬‬
 ‫‪fin‬‬ ‫فِٓ‬ ‫صػٕفش‬
‫‪lost‬‬ ‫ٌ‪ٛ‬عض‬ ‫ظخثغ‬
‫‪mat‬‬ ‫ِخص‬ ‫كص‪١‬شس‬
‫‪sad‬‬ ‫عخد‬ ‫كض‪ٓ٠‬‬
‫‪word‬‬ ‫‪ٚٚ‬سد‬ ‫وٍّش‬
‫‪street‬‬ ‫عظش‪٠‬ض‬ ‫ؽخسع‬
‫‪moon‬‬ ‫ِ‪ْٛ‬‬ ‫لّش‬
‫‪sun‬‬ ‫َعٓ‬ ‫ؽّظ‬
‫‪hand‬‬ ‫٘خٔذ‬ ‫‪٠‬ذ‬
‫‪book‬‬ ‫رُه‬ ‫وظخد‬
‫‪from‬‬ ‫فشَ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ِٓ‬
‫‪bad‬‬ ‫رخد‬ ‫ع‪ٟ‬ء‬
‫‪corn‬‬ ‫و‪ٛ‬سْ‬ ‫رسس‬
‫‪did‬‬ ‫ِدد‬ ‫فؼً‬
‫‪old‬‬ ‫أ‪ٌٚ‬ذ‬ ‫وز‪١‬ش رخٌؼّش‬
‫‪milk‬‬ ‫ِ‪ٍ١‬ه‬ ‫كٍ‪١‬ذ‬
‫‪fox‬‬ ‫ف‪ٛ‬وظ‬ ‫ػؼٍذ‬
‫‪bat‬‬ ‫رخص‬ ‫خفخػ‬
‫‪zit‬‬ ‫ِصص‬ ‫رؼشس‬
‫‪bed‬‬ ‫رِذ‬ ‫عش‪٠‬ش‬
‫‪fast‬‬ ‫فخعض‬ ‫عش‪٠‬غ‬
‫‪net‬‬ ‫ِٔض‬ ‫ؽزىش‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫‪hot‬‬ ‫٘‪ٛ‬ص‬ ‫كخس‬
‫‪ox‬‬ ‫اوظ‬ ‫ػ‪ٛ‬س‬
‫‪on‬‬ ‫أ‪ْٚ‬‬ ‫ػٍ‪ٝ‬‬
‫‪sit‬‬ ‫ِعض‬ ‫‪٠‬ـٍظ‬
‫‪fax‬‬ ‫فخوظ‬ ‫فخوظ‬
‫‪fan‬‬ ‫فخْ‬ ‫ِؾـغ‬
‫‪wax‬‬ ‫‪ٚ‬حوظ‬ ‫ؽّغ‬
‫‪sand‬‬ ‫عخٔذ‬ ‫سًِ‬
‫‪cut‬‬ ‫ِوض‬ ‫ػذس‬
‫‪far‬‬ ‫فخس‬ ‫رؼ‪١‬ذ‬
‫‪zero‬‬ ‫ص‪٠‬ش‪ٚ‬‬ ‫صفش‬

‫سغٌ أُ حشف ‪ e‬ال يُقشأ ػبدة آخش اىنيَت إال أُ ىه تأحي ًشا ػيى طشيقت‬
‫قشائتهب وٍؼْبهب‪:‬‬

‫اىنيَت‬ ‫اىيفع‬ ‫اىَؼْى‬

‫‪hate‬‬ ‫٘‪١‬ض‬ ‫‪٠‬ىشٖ‬
‫‪rate‬‬ ‫س‪٠‬ض‬ ‫ِؼذي‬
‫‪mate‬‬ ‫ِ‪١‬ض‬ ‫سف‪١‬ك‬
‫‪fate‬‬ ‫ف‪١‬ض‬ ‫ِص‪١‬ش‬
‫‪care‬‬ ‫و‪١‬ش‬ ‫سػخ‪٠‬ش‬
‫‪fare‬‬ ‫ف‪١‬ش‬ ‫أؿشس‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫‪cute‬‬ ‫و‪ٛ١‬ص‬ ‫ٌط‪١‬ف‬
‫‪site‬‬ ‫عخ‪٠‬ض‬ ‫ِ‪ٛ‬لغ‬
‫‪kite‬‬ ‫وخ‪٠‬ض‬ ‫غخثشس ‪ٚ‬سل‪١‬ش‬
‫‪fine‬‬ ‫فخ‪ٓ٠‬‬ ‫ؿ‪١‬ذ‬

‫ش = ‪sh‬‬

‫اىنيَت‬ ‫اىيفع‬ ‫اىَؼْى‬

‫‪shoot‬‬ ‫ؽ‪ٛ‬ص‬ ‫‪٠‬طٍك‬
‫‪she‬‬ ‫ؽ‪ٟ‬‬ ‫٘‪ٟ‬‬
‫‪ship‬‬ ‫ِؽذ‬ ‫عف‪ٕ١‬ش‬
‫‪shop‬‬ ‫ُؽذ‬ ‫ِلً‬
‫‪shirt‬‬ ‫ؽ‪١‬شص‬ ‫ط‪١‬ؾ‪١‬شص‬
‫‪shut‬‬ ‫َؽض‬ ‫‪٠‬غٍك‬
‫‪share‬‬ ‫ؽ‪١‬ش‬ ‫‪٠‬ؾخسن‬
‫‪fish‬‬ ‫فِؼ‬ ‫عّه‬
‫‪wish‬‬ ‫ِ‪ٚ‬ػ‬ ‫إِٔ‪١‬ش‬
‫‪dish‬‬ ‫ِدػ‬ ‫غزك‬

‫‪4‬‬
 ‫ف = ‪ph‬‬

‫اىنيَت‬ ‫اىيفع‬ ‫اىَؼْى‬

‫‪phone‬‬ ‫ف‪ْٛ‬‬ ‫٘خطف‬
‫‪photo‬‬ ‫ف‪ٛ‬ط‪ٛ‬‬ ‫ص‪ٛ‬سس‬
‫‪dolphin‬‬ ‫د‪ٌٚ‬ف‪ٓ١‬‬ ‫د‪ٌٚ‬ف‪ٓ١‬‬
‫‪prophet‬‬ ‫رش‪ٚ‬فض‬ ‫ٔز‪ٟ‬‬
‫‪graphic‬‬ ‫غشحفه‬ ‫غشحفه‬
‫‪phantom‬‬ ‫فخٔظ‪َٛ‬‬ ‫ؽزق‬
‫‪phrase‬‬ ‫فش‪٠‬ض‬ ‫ِصطٍق‬

‫ُ = ‪kn‬‬

‫اىنيَت‬ ‫اىيفع‬ ‫اىَؼْى‬

‫‪know‬‬ ‫ٔ‪ٛ‬‬ ‫‪٠‬ؼشف‬
‫‪knife‬‬ ‫ٔخ‪٠‬ف‬ ‫عى‪ٕ١‬ش‬
‫‪knee‬‬ ‫ٔ‪ٟ‬‬ ‫سوزش‬
‫‪knit‬‬ ‫ِٔض‬ ‫‪٠‬طشص‬
‫‪knock‬‬ ‫ٔه‬ ‫‪٠‬طشق‬

‫‪5‬‬
 ‫س = ‪wr‬‬

‫اىنيَت‬ ‫اىيفع‬ ‫اىَؼْى‬

‫‪write‬‬ ‫سح‪٠‬ض‬ ‫‪٠‬ىظذ‬
‫‪wrong‬‬ ‫س‪ٔٚ‬غ‬ ‫خطؤ‬
‫‪wreck‬‬ ‫ِسن‬ ‫كطخَ‬
‫‪wrap‬‬ ‫سحد‬ ‫‪٠‬غٍف‬
‫‪wrist‬‬ ‫ِسعض‬ ‫سعغ‬

‫‪C‬‬
‫ِٓ حٌلش‪ٚ‬ف حٌؾخثىش ف‪ ٟ‬حإلٔـٍ‪١‬ض‪٠‬ش ٘‪ ٛ‬كشف ‪ c‬ك‪١‬غ ‪ُ٠‬مشأ ػٍ‪ ٝ‬ػذس أ‪ٚ‬ؿٗ‪.‬‬
‫رؾىً ػخَ‪٠ ،‬مشأ حٌلشف "ط" ػٕذِخ ‪٠‬ى‪ِ ْٛ‬ظز‪ٛ‬ػاخ رـ ‪i, e, y‬‬
‫‪ٚ‬طمشأ "ن" ػٕذِخ ‪٠‬ى‪ ْٛ‬رؼذ٘خ رخل‪ ٟ‬حٌلش‪ٚ‬ف رخعظؼٕخء ‪ h‬حٌز‪ ٞ‬عٕؤط‪ ٟ‬ػٍ‪ٝ‬‬
‫ػشظٗ الكماخ‪.‬‬
‫‪C-i‬‬
‫اىنيَت‬ ‫اىيفع‬ ‫اىَؼْى‬
‫‪civil‬‬ ‫ع‪١‬ڤ‪ً١‬‬ ‫ِذٔ‪ٟ‬‬
‫‪city‬‬ ‫ع‪١‬ظ‪ٟ‬‬ ‫ِذ‪ٕ٠‬ش‬
‫‪cigar‬‬ ‫ع‪١‬غخس‬ ‫ع‪١‬غخس‬
‫‪lucid‬‬ ‫ٌ‪ٛ‬ع‪١‬ذ‬ ‫صخف‬
‫‪acid‬‬ ‫أعذ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫كّع‪ٟ‬‬
‫‪circus‬‬ ‫ع‪١‬شوظ‬ ‫ع‪١‬شن‬

‫‪6‬‬
 ‫‪C-e‬‬

‫اىنيَت‬ ‫اىيفع‬ ‫اىَؼْى‬

‫‪peace‬‬ ‫ر‪١‬ظ‬ ‫عًلَ‬
‫‪ice‬‬ ‫آ‪٠‬ظ‬ ‫ؿٍ‪١‬ذ‬
‫‪lice‬‬ ‫ال‪٠‬ظ‬ ‫لًّ‬
‫‪face‬‬ ‫ف‪١‬ظ‬ ‫‪ٚ‬ؿٗ‬
‫‪cement‬‬ ‫ع‪ٕ١ّ١‬ض‬ ‫حعّٕض‬
‫‪cell‬‬ ‫ِعً‬ ‫خٍ‪١‬ش‬
‫‪center‬‬ ‫عٕظش‬ ‫ِشوض‬
‫‪police‬‬ ‫ر‪١ٌٛ‬ظ‬ ‫ؽشغش‬

‫‪C-y‬‬

‫اىنيَت‬ ‫اىيفع‬ ‫اىَؼْى‬

‫‪privacy‬‬ ‫رشح‪٠‬ڤغ‪ٟ‬‬ ‫خص‪ٛ‬ص‪١‬ش‬
‫‪cycle‬‬ ‫عخ‪٠‬ىً‬ ‫دحثشس‬
‫‪agency‬‬ ‫حؿٕغ‪ٟ‬‬ ‫‪ٚ‬وخٌش‬
‫‪legacy‬‬ ‫ٌ‪١‬غخع‪ٟ‬‬ ‫اسع‬

‫‪7‬‬
 ‫ك=‪c‬‬

‫اىنيَت‬ ‫اىيفع‬ ‫اىَؼْى‬

‫‪cup‬‬ ‫َوذ‬ ‫وؤط‬
‫‪car‬‬ ‫وخس‬ ‫ع‪١‬خسس‬
‫‪Canada‬‬ ‫وخٔذح‬ ‫وٕذح‬
‫‪kick‬‬ ‫ِوه‬ ‫‪٠‬شوً‬
‫‪sick‬‬ ‫ِعه‬ ‫ِش‪٠‬ط‬

‫‪ th‬يَنِ أُ يُقشأ "ر" أو "ث"‬

‫ر = ‪th‬‬

‫اىنيَت‬ ‫اىيفع‬ ‫اىَؼْى‬

‫‪this‬‬ ‫ِرط‬ ‫٘زح‬
‫‪that‬‬ ‫رحص‬ ‫رٌه‬
‫‪the‬‬ ‫َر‬ ‫حي‬
‫‪they‬‬ ‫ر‪ٞ‬‬ ‫ُ٘‬
‫‪then‬‬ ‫ِرْ‬ ‫ػُ‬
‫‪bathe‬‬ ‫ر‪١‬ز‬ ‫‪٠‬غظلُ‬
‫‪breathe‬‬ ‫رش‪٠‬ز‬ ‫‪٠‬ظٕفظ‬

‫‪8‬‬
 ‫ث = ‪th‬‬

‫اىنيَت‬ ‫اىيفع‬ ‫اىَؼْى‬

‫‪thin‬‬ ‫ػِٓ‬ ‫ٔل‪١‬ف‬
‫‪throne‬‬ ‫ػش‪ْٚ‬‬ ‫ػشػ‬
‫‪throat‬‬ ‫ػش‪ٚ‬ص‬ ‫كٕـشس‬
‫‪thick‬‬ ‫ػِه‬ ‫عّ‪١‬ه‬
‫‪thrill‬‬ ‫ػشي‬ ‫اػخسس‬
‫‪theory‬‬ ‫ػ‪ٛ١‬س‪ٞ‬‬ ‫ٔظش‪٠‬ش‬
‫‪three‬‬ ‫ػش‪ٞ‬‬ ‫ػًلػش‬
‫‪thanks‬‬ ‫ػخٔىظ‬ ‫ؽىشاح‬
‫‪think‬‬ ‫ػِٕه‬ ‫‪٠‬فىش‬
‫‪thirsty‬‬ ‫ػ‪١‬شعظ‪ٟ‬‬ ‫ػطؾخْ‬
‫‪thief‬‬ ‫ػ‪١‬ف‬ ‫عخسق‬
‫‪bath‬‬ ‫رخع‬ ‫كّخَ‬
‫‪birth‬‬ ‫ر‪١‬شع‬ ‫‪ٚ‬الدس‬
‫‪breath‬‬ ‫رشع‬
‫ِ‬ ‫َٔفَظ‬

‫‪9‬‬
 ‫‪gh‬‬
‫في وسظ اىنيَت ال تُقشأ ػبدة‪.‬‬

‫اىنيَت‬ ‫اىيفع‬ ‫اىَؼْى‬

‫‪fight‬‬ ‫فخ‪٠‬ض‬ ‫لظخي‬
‫‪light‬‬ ‫ال‪٠‬ض‬ ‫ظ‪ٛ‬ء‬
‫‪eight‬‬ ‫ا‪٠‬ض‬ ‫ػّخٔ‪١‬ش‬
‫‪night‬‬ ‫ٔخ‪٠‬ض‬ ‫ٌ‪ٍ١‬ش‬
‫‪right‬‬ ‫سح‪٠‬ض‬ ‫صل‪١‬ق‬
‫‪bright‬‬ ‫رشح‪٠‬ض‬ ‫الِغ‬
‫‪tight‬‬ ‫طخ‪٠‬ض‬ ‫ظ‪١‬ك‬
‫‪height‬‬ ‫٘خ‪٠‬ض‬ ‫غ‪ٛ‬ي‬

‫ضِ = ‪tion‬‬

‫اىنيَت‬ ‫اىيفع‬ ‫اىَؼْى‬

‫‪station‬‬ ‫عظ‪١‬ؾٓ‬ ‫ِلطش‬
‫‪nation‬‬ ‫ٔ‪١‬ؾٓ‬ ‫د‪ٌٚ‬ش‬
‫‪caption‬‬ ‫وخرؾٓ‬ ‫ط‪ٛ‬ظ‪١‬ق‬
‫‪fiction‬‬ ‫فىؾٓ‬ ‫خ‪١‬خي‬
‫‪emotion‬‬ ‫ا‪ّٛ٠‬ؽٓ‬ ‫ؽؼ‪ٛ‬س‬
‫‪option‬‬ ‫أرؾٓ‬ ‫حخظ‪١‬خس‬

‫‪10‬‬
‫‪tradition‬‬ ‫طشحد‪٠‬ؾٓ‬ ‫طمٍ‪١‬ذ‬
‫‪action‬‬ ‫حوؾٓ‬ ‫كذع‬
‫‪rational‬‬ ‫سحؽًٕ‬ ‫ػمًلٔ‪ٟ‬‬
‫‪national‬‬ ‫ٔخؽًٕ‬ ‫‪ٚ‬غٕ‪ٟ‬‬

‫ْتطَش = ‪ture‬‬

‫اىنيَت‬ ‫اىيفع‬ ‫اىَؼْى‬

‫‪torture‬‬ ‫ط‪ٛ‬سطؾش‬ ‫ػزحد‬
‫‪future‬‬ ‫ف‪ٛ١‬طؾش‬ ‫ِغظمزً‬
‫‪nature‬‬ ‫ٔ‪١‬ظؾش‬ ‫غز‪١‬ؼش‬

‫‪ sion‬تقشأ ػبدة "جِ"‬

‫اىنيَت‬ ‫اىيفع‬ ‫اىَؼْى‬

‫‪explosion‬‬ ‫حوغزٍ‪ٛ‬ؿٓ‬ ‫حٔفـخس‬
‫‪fusion‬‬ ‫ف‪ٛ١‬ؿٓ‬ ‫حٔص‪ٙ‬خس‬
‫‪exclusion‬‬ ‫اوغىٍ‪ٛ‬ؿٓ‬ ‫حعظؼٕخء‬

‫‪11‬‬
 ‫‪ّ ssion‬قشأهب "ضِ"‬

‫اىنيَت‬ ‫اىيفع‬ ‫اىَؼْى‬

‫‪oppression‬‬ ‫أ‪ٚ‬رش‪٠‬ؾٓ‬ ‫حظط‪ٙ‬خد‬
‫‪compassion‬‬ ‫و‪ِٛ‬زخؽٓ‬ ‫ػطف‬
‫‪session‬‬ ‫ع‪١‬ؾٓ‬ ‫ؿٍغش‬

‫‪ ch‬تقشأ أحيبًّب "تص" وأحيبًّب "ش" وأحيبًّب "ك"‬

‫تص = ‪ch‬‬

‫اىنيَت‬ ‫اىيفع‬ ‫اىَؼْى‬

‫‪chip‬‬ ‫طؾذ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫سلخلش‬
‫‪chair‬‬ ‫طؾ‪١‬ش‬ ‫وشع‪ٟ‬‬
‫‪child‬‬ ‫طؾخ‪ٍ٠‬ذ‬ ‫غفً‬

‫ش = ‪ch‬‬

‫اىنيَت‬ ‫اىيفع‬ ‫اىَؼْى‬

‫‪machine‬‬ ‫ِؾ‪ٓ١‬‬ ‫ِخوٕش‬
‫‪parachute‬‬ ‫رخسحؽ‪ٛ‬ص‬ ‫ِظٍش‬
‫‪brochure‬‬ ‫رش‪ٚ‬ؽ‪ٛ‬س‬ ‫وظ‪١‬ذ‬

‫‪12‬‬
 ‫ك = ‪ch‬‬

‫اىنيَت‬ ‫اىيفع‬ ‫اىَؼْى‬

‫‪chemistry‬‬ ‫وّغظش‪ٞ‬‬ ‫و‪١ّ١‬خء‬
‫‪stomach‬‬ ‫عظ‪ِٛ‬ه‬ ‫ِؼذس‬
‫‪chrome‬‬ ‫وش‪َٚ‬‬ ‫وش‪َٚ‬‬

‫‪13‬‬
 ً‫ أقسبً اىنال‬Parts of speech
ً‫خ ر‬ٙ‫ؼ‬١ّ‫ش ؿ‬٠‫ض‬١ٍ‫ ٘زح حٌمغُ ٌٓ ٔؾشف ػٓ ألغخَ حٌىًلَ رخٌٍغش حإلٔـ‬ٟ‫ف‬
verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, ٍٝ‫عٕشوض ػ‬
.prepositions
‫ أفؼبه‬verbs -

‫خ‬ٙ‫ف‬٠‫ش طصش‬١‫ظغ‬٠ٚ ،‫ش‬٠‫ض‬١ٍ‫ ؿًّ حٌٍغش حإلٔـ‬ٟ‫ حألفؼخي ػخدس رؼذ حٌفخػً ف‬ٟ‫طؤط‬
.ً‫ع حٌفؼ‬ٚ‫صِٓ كذ‬ٚ ،ً‫كغذ حٌفخػ‬
‫ا‬
:‫ِؼًل‬
I sleep every night.
.‫ٍش‬١ٌ ً‫أٔخَ و‬
We love kunafeh.
.‫ٔلذ حٌىٕخفش‬
He washed the dishes yesterday.
.‫ْ رخألِظ‬ٛ‫ٌمذ غغً حٌصل‬
He wrote that book.
.‫ٌمذ وظذ رٌه حٌىظخد‬
She usually sleeps early.
.‫طٕخَ ػخدس ِزىشاح‬

The Avengers assembled to fight Thanos.

.‫ط‬ٛٔ‫ح ػخ‬ٍٛ‫مخط‬١ٌ ّْٛ‫طـّغ حٌّٕظم‬

14
 I don't like to compare players.
.ٓ١‫ال أكذ أْ ألخسْ حًٌلػز‬
He didn't steal the money.
.‫غشق حٌّخي‬٠ ٌُ

‫ أسَبء‬nouns -

‫ش ا‬١‫ؾ‬٠ ‫ ِخ‬ٛ٘ ُ‫حالع‬

ٟ‫ظخثفٗ ف‬ٚ ِٓٚ .‫ فىشس‬ٚ‫ أ‬،‫ء‬ٟ‫ ؽ‬،ْ‫ ِىخ‬،‫ ؽخص‬ٌٝ‫ِؼًل ا‬
‫ا‬
.‫ال‬ٛ‫ِفؼ‬ ‫ا‬
ٚ‫فخػًل أ‬ ْٛ‫ى‬٠ ْ‫حٌـٍّش أ‬
‫ا‬
:‫ِؼًل‬
I have a pen.
.ٍُ‫ ل‬ٞ‫ٌذ‬
He is a teacher.
.ٍُ‫ ِؼ‬ٛ٘
He lost his faith.
.ٗٔ‫ّخ‬٠‫ٌمذ فمذ ا‬
She ate four apples.
.‫ٌمذ أوٍَض أسرغ طفخكخص‬
I saw a black cat yesterday.
.‫دحء أِظ‬ٛ‫ض لطش ع‬٠‫ٌمذ سأ‬

15
 ‫‪ adjectives -‬صفبث‬

‫طصف ػخدس حألعّخء‪ٚ ،‬لذ طز‪ ٓ١‬حٌىّ‪١‬ش‪ٚ ،‬حٌلـُ‪ٚ ،‬حٌؼذد‪ٚ ،‬حٌٍ‪ٚ ،ْٛ‬حٌؾىً‪.‬‬
‫‪٠ٚ‬ؤط‪ ٟ‬ػخدس لزً حالعُ ٌ‪١‬ى‪ِ ْٛ‬شوذ (صفش – حعُ)‬
‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫‪This glass is unbreakable.‬‬
‫٘زح حٌضؿخؽ غ‪١‬ش لخرً ٌٍىغش‪.‬‬
‫‪She is clever.‬‬
‫أ‪ٙ‬خ رو‪١‬ش‪.‬‬
‫‪ٕ٘ٚ‬خ أِؼٍش عٕؾ‪١‬ش ف‪ٙ١‬خ اٌ‪ِ ٝ‬شوذ (صفش – حعُ) ‪ًٔٚ‬لكع أْ حٌصفش طؤط‪ٟ‬‬
‫لزً حالعُ رخإلٔـٍ‪١‬ض‪٠‬ش‪ ،‬ػىظ حٌؼشر‪١‬ش‪.‬‬
‫‪He is a strong man.‬‬
‫٘‪ ٛ‬سؿً ل‪.ٞٛ‬‬
‫‪She writes meaningful poems.‬‬
‫طىظذ لصخثذ رحص ِؼٕ‪.ٝ‬‬
‫‪They live in a big house.‬‬
‫ُ٘ ‪٠‬مطٕ‪ ْٛ‬رّٕضي وز‪١‬ش‪.‬‬
‫‪Lolo is an adorable baby.‬‬
‫ٌ‪ ٌٛٛ‬غفٍش ٌط‪١‬فش‪.‬‬
‫‪He has a pink car.‬‬
‫ٌذ‪ ٗ٠‬ع‪١‬خسس ص٘ش‪٠‬ش‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٌٛٚ‬وخْ ٕ٘خن أوؼش ِٓ صفش ‪ٚ‬حكذس رخٌـٍّش فٕلٓ ٔشطذ حٌصفخص رؾىً ػخَ‬
‫ر‪ٙ‬زح حٌظشط‪١‬ذ‪ :‬سأ‪ ٞ‬ؽخص‪ ،ٟ‬كـُ‪ ،‬ػّش‪ٚ ،ٌْٛ ،‬ؽىً‪( .‬ؽّٓ فجخص أخش‪)ٜ‬‬

‫‪16‬‬
 :‫ِؼخي‬
He has an amazing, big, blue car.
.‫ ِذ٘ؼ‬ٟٕ‫ؼ‬٠ٚ ٞ‫ سأ‬ٛ٘ amazing
.ُ‫ كـ‬ٛ٘ٚ ‫ش‬١‫ وز‬ٟٕ‫ؼ‬٠ big
.ٌْٛ ٛ٘ٚ ‫ أصسق‬ٟٕ‫ؼ‬٠ blue

‫ أحىاه‬adverbs -

‫صف‬ٌٛ ‫عاخ‬٠‫غظخذَ أ‬٠ ٗٔ‫ سغُ أ‬،‫صف حألفؼخي‬ٌٛ ‫غظخذَ حٌلخي غخٌزاخ‬٠
.‫حٌصفخص‬ٚ ‫حألعّخء‬
‫ا‬
:‫ِؼًل‬
He drives slowly.
.‫د رزػء‬ٛ‫م‬٠
I arrived early for the meeting.
.‫صٍض ِزىشاح ًٌلؿظّخع‬ٚ

‫ سوابظ‬conjunctions -

.ًّ‫أؽزخٖ حٌـ‬ٚ ،‫حٌّصطٍلخص‬ٚ ،‫ٓ حٌىٍّخص‬١‫طغظخذَ ٌٍشرػ ر‬

‫ا‬
:‫ِؼًل‬
He plays football, but he doesn't play tennis.
.‫ٍؼذ حٌظٕظ‬٠ ‫ ٌىٕٗ ال‬،َ‫ٍؼذ وشس حٌمذ‬٠ ٛ٘
Do you like tea or coffee?
‫س؟‬ٛٙ‫ حٌم‬ٚ‫ أ‬ٞ‫ً٘ طلذ حٌؾخ‬
17
 ‫‪I like tea and coffee.‬‬
‫أكذ حٌؾخ‪ٚ ٞ‬حٌم‪ٛٙ‬س‪.‬‬

‫‪ prepositions -‬ظشوف‬

‫طغظخذَ ػخدس ٌظز‪ ٓ١١‬حٌّىخْ أ‪ ٚ‬حٌضِخْ‪ٚ ،‬لذ ‪٠‬خظٍف ِؼٕ‪ ٝ‬حٌظشف كغذ‬
‫حعظخذحِٗ ف‪ ٟ‬حٌـٍّش‪.‬‬
‫طغظخذَ حٌظش‪ٚ‬ف ‪ٌ in, on, at‬ىًل حٌضِخْ ‪ٚ‬حٌّىخْ‪ٕ٘ٚ ،‬خ ؽشف رغ‪١‬ػ ٌٍفشق‬
‫ر‪ِ ٓ١‬خظٍف حالعظخذحِخص‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬استخذاٍبث ىتبييِ اىضٍبُ‬

‫االستخذاً‬ ‫اىظشف‬
‫عخػش ِلذدس‬ ‫‪at‬‬
‫‪َٛ٠‬‬ ‫‪on‬‬
‫عٕ‪ٛ‬حص‪ٚ ،‬ؽ‪ٛٙ‬س‪ٚ ،‬أعخر‪١‬غ‬ ‫‪in‬‬

‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫‪The match is at 10:00 pm.‬‬
‫حٌّزخسحس حٌغخػش حٌؼخؽشس ِغخ اء‪.‬‬
‫‪The final is on Monday.‬‬
‫حٌٕ‪ٙ‬خث‪ َٛ٠ ٟ‬حإلػٕ‪.ٓ١‬‬

‫‪I was born in 1992.‬‬

‫‪ٌٚ‬ذص ػخَ ٕ‪.ٔ99‬‬
‫‪18‬‬
 ‫‪ -‬استخذاٍبث ىتبييِ اىَنبُ‬

‫االستخذاً‬ ‫اىظشف‬
‫ِىخْ ِلذد‬ ‫‪at‬‬
‫ؽخسع‬ ‫‪on‬‬
‫د‪ٌٚ‬ش‪ِ ،‬ذ‪ٕ٠‬ش‪ ،‬رٍذس‪...‬‬ ‫‪in‬‬
‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫‪I was a student at Hebron University.‬‬
‫وٕض غخٌزاخ ف‪ ٟ‬ؿخِؼش حٌخٍ‪.ً١‬‬
‫‪He lives on As-Salam Street.‬‬
‫‪٠‬غىٓ ف‪ ٟ‬ؽخسع حٌغًلَ‪.‬‬
‫‪She lives in Nablus.‬‬
‫طؼ‪١‬ؼ ف‪ٔ ٟ‬خرٍظ‪.‬‬

‫أِؼٍش ػٍ‪ ٝ‬ظش‪ٚ‬ف أخش‪ ،ٜ‬أ‪ ٚ‬حعظخذحِخص غ‪١‬ش حٌغخرمش‪ٚ ،‬لذ ‪٠‬خظٍف ِؼٕ‪ٝ‬‬
‫حٌظشف كغذ حٌـٍّش‪:‬‬
‫‪The food is on the table.‬‬
‫حٌطؼخَ ػٍ‪ ٝ‬حٌطخ‪ٌٚ‬ش‪.‬‬
‫‪There's juice in the fridge.‬‬
‫ٕ٘خن ػص‪١‬ش ف‪ ٟ‬حٌؼًلؿش‪.‬‬
‫‪The cat is under the bed.‬‬
‫حٌمطش أعفً حٌظخض‪.‬‬

‫‪19‬‬
 He lost his shoes at the beach.
.‫ حٌؾخغت‬ٍٝ‫ٌمذ فمذ كزحثٗ ػ‬
We must drive through the tunnel.
/ٚٚ‫ػش‬/ ‫طٍفع‬ٚ .‫ق ػزش حٌٕفك‬ٛ‫ـذ أْ ٔغ‬٠
I received an email from my teacher.
.ٍّٟ‫اخ ِٓ ِؼ‬١ٔٚ‫ذاح اٌىظش‬٠‫ض رش‬١‫طٍم‬
I'll go with Ali.
.ٍٟ‫عؤر٘ذ ِغ ػ‬

.‫لض‬ٌٛ‫ح‬ٚ ْ‫طصٍلخْ ٌٍّىخ‬ٚ "ٌٝ‫ ا‬... ِٓ" ْ‫خ‬١ٕ‫طؼ‬ٚ from … to

He walked from home to school.
.‫ حٌّذسعش‬ٌٝ‫ض ا‬١‫ ِٓ حٌز‬ٝ‫ِؾ‬
He played from 8 to 10.
.‫ حٌؼخؽشس‬ٌٝ‫ٌؼذ ِٓ حٌؼخِٕش ا‬

20
 ‫‪ Demonstrative pronouns‬أسَبء اإلضبسة‬
‫طغظخذَ أعّخء حإلؽخسس ٌٕؾ‪١‬ش اٌ‪ ٝ‬حألؽ‪١‬خء‪ٚ ،‬لذ طى‪ ْٛ‬ػخلٍش أ‪ ٚ‬غ‪١‬ش ػخلٍش‪،‬‬
‫ٍِّ‪ٛ‬عش أ‪ ٚ‬غ‪١‬ش ٍِّ‪ٛ‬عش‪ِ ،‬فشدس أ‪ ٚ‬ؿّغ‪ ،‬لش‪٠‬زش أ‪ ٚ‬رؼ‪١‬ذس‪.‬‬
‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫‪This is my idea.‬‬
‫٘زٖ فىشط‪.ٟ‬‬
‫‪That is my car.‬‬
‫طٍه ع‪١‬خسط‪:ٟ‬‬
‫‪These are your books.‬‬
‫٘ئالء وظزه‪.‬‬
‫‪Those are my cousins.‬‬
‫أ‪ٌٚ‬جه ألشرخث‪.ٟ‬‬
‫ٍِخص‪:‬‬
‫قشيب‬ ‫بؼيذ‬
‫ٍفشد‬ ‫‪this‬‬ ‫‪that‬‬
‫جَغ‬ ‫‪these‬‬ ‫‪those‬‬

‫‪21‬‬
 ‫‪ Articles‬أدواث اىتْنيش واىتؼشيف‬
‫‪a, an, the‬‬
‫ٔغظخذِ‪ٙ‬خ ٌظلذ‪٠‬ذ اْ وخْ حالعُ ِؼشفش أ‪ٔ ٚ‬ىشس‪ٚ ،‬طؤط‪ ٟ‬أد‪ٚ‬حص حٌظٕى‪١‬ش‬
‫‪ٚ‬حٌظؼش‪٠‬ف ػخدس لزً حألعّخء أ‪ ٚ‬لزً ِشوذ صفش – حعُ‪.‬‬
‫‪a, an -‬‬

‫طؤط‪ ٟ‬لزً حالعُ‪ ،‬أ‪ِ ٚ‬شوذ صفش – حعُ‪ ،‬حٌّفشد حٌٕىشس غ‪١‬ش حٌّخصص‪.‬‬
‫حالخظًلف ر‪ ٛ٘ an ٚ a ٓ١‬حخظًلف حٌص‪ٛ‬ص حأل‪ٚ‬ي رخٌىٍّش حًٌلكمش‪ .‬اْ وخْ‬
‫حٌص‪ٛ‬ص ِٓ حٌىٍّش حًٌلكمش ‪٢‬دحس حٌظٕى‪١‬ش ص‪ٛ‬ص ػٍش (آٖ‪ ،‬أ‪ ،ٚ‬ا‪ٔ )ٞ‬عغ ‪،an‬‬
‫أِخ ٌ‪ ٛ‬وخْ ص‪ٛ‬طاخ آخش ٔعغ ‪ٕ٘ٚ .a‬خ ‪٠‬ـذ حٌظٕز‪ ٗ١‬أْ حٌلشف حأل‪ٚ‬ي ٌٍىٍّش‬
‫حًٌلكمش لذ ‪٠‬ى‪ ْٛ‬غ‪١‬ش كش‪ٚ‬ف حٌؼٍش ٌىٕٗ ال ‪٠‬مشأ‪ٕ٘ٚ ،‬خ ٔشوض ػٍ‪ ٝ‬حٌص‪ٛ‬ص‪.‬‬
‫اىنيَت‬ ‫اىيفع‬ ‫اىَؼْى‬
‫‪boy‬‬ ‫‪ٌٚ‬ذ‬
‫‪car‬‬ ‫ع‪١‬خسس‬
‫‪orange‬‬ ‫رشطمخٌش‬
‫‪hour‬‬ ‫‪/‬آ‪ٚ‬س‪/‬‬ ‫عخػش‬

‫‪ a boy‬ال ٔظلذع ػٓ ‪ٌٚ‬ذ ِلذد‪.‬‬

‫‪ a car‬ال ٔظلذع ػٓ ع‪١‬خسس ِلذدس‬
‫‪ an orange‬ال ٔظلذع ػٓ رشطمخٌش ِؼ‪ٕ١‬ش‪.‬‬
‫‪ًٔ an hour‬لكع ٕ٘خ أْ ‪١ٌ h‬ظ كشف ػٍش‪ٌٚ ،‬ىٕٕخ ‪ٚ‬ظؼٕخ ‪ an‬ألْ ‪ h‬ال‬
‫‪٠‬مشأ ف‪ ٟ‬حٌىٍّش فؤصزلض وؤٔ‪ٙ‬خ ‪/an our/‬‬

‫‪22‬‬
 ‫‪ - the -‬اه اىتؼشيف‬

‫ٔغظخذِ‪ٙ‬خ لزً حالعُ أ‪ِ ٚ‬شوذ صفش ‪ -‬حعُ ِؼش‪ٚ‬ف ٌذ‪ ٜ‬حٌّظلخ‪ٚ‬س‪.ٓ٠‬‬
‫‪ٔٚ‬غظخذِٗ أ‪٠‬عاخ لزً أعّخء حٌّؼخٌُ حٌّؾ‪ٛٙ‬سس‪ ،‬عًلعً حٌـزخي‪ ،‬حألٔ‪ٙ‬خس‪.‬‬
‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫‪I liked the film.‬‬
‫‪ٕ٘ٚ‬خ حعظخذِٕخ ‪ the‬ألْ حٌف‪ِ ٍُ١‬ؼش‪ٚ‬ف ٌذ‪ ٜ‬حٌّظلخ‪ٚ‬س‪ ،ٓ٠‬أِخ ٌ‪ ٛ‬لخي‬
‫حٌّظلذع ‪ I liked a film‬فٕف‪ ُٙ‬أْ حٌف‪ ٍُ١‬غ‪١‬ش ِؼش‪ٚ‬ف ٌذ‪ ٜ‬حٌّغظّغ‪.‬‬
‫أِؼٍش أخش‪:ٜ‬‬
‫‪He is travelling to the United States.‬‬
‫ع‪١‬غخفش اٌ‪ ٝ‬حٌ‪ٛ‬ال‪٠‬خص حٌّظلذس‪.‬‬
‫‪I took a photo of the Eiffel Tower.‬‬
‫حٌظمطض ص‪ٛ‬سس ٌزشؽ ا‪٠‬فً‪.‬‬
‫‪He swam in the Nile.‬‬
‫عزق ف‪ٙٔ ٟ‬ش حٌٕ‪.ً١‬‬

‫‪23‬‬
 ‫‪ٍ Singular and plural‬فشد وجَغ‬
‫طـّغ ِؼظُ حألعّخء ف‪ ٟ‬حٌٍغش حإلٔـٍ‪١‬ض‪٠‬ش ػٓ غش‪٠‬ك اظخفش كشف ‪ s‬اٌ‪ٝ‬‬
‫ٔ‪ٙ‬خ‪٠‬ش حٌىٍّش ِؼً‪ book :‬طصزق ‪ٚ ،books‬طؼٕ‪ ٟ‬وظخد‪ٚ ،‬وظذ‪.‬‬
‫ٌىٓ ٕ٘خن رؼط حألعّخء حٌظ‪ ٟ‬طـّغ رؾىً ‪٠‬خظٍف ػٓ حٌمخػذس حٌؼخِش ِؼً‪:‬‬

‫اىَفشد‬ ‫اىَؼْى‬ ‫اىجَغ‬

‫‪man‬‬ ‫سؿً‬ ‫‪men‬‬
‫‪foot‬‬ ‫لذَ‬ ‫‪feet‬‬
‫‪sheep‬‬ ‫خش‪ٚ‬ف‬ ‫‪sheep‬‬
‫‪child‬‬ ‫غفً‬ ‫‪children‬‬
‫‪tooth‬‬ ‫عٓ‬ ‫‪teeth‬‬
‫‪woman‬‬ ‫حِشأس‬ ‫‪women‬‬
‫‪mouse‬‬ ‫فؤس‬ ‫‪mice‬‬

‫‪24‬‬
 ‫‪ Uncountable nouns‬أسَبء غيش ٍؼذودة‬
‫ٕ٘خن أعّخء ٔؼخٍِ‪ٙ‬خ و‪ٛ‬كذس ‪ٚ‬حكذس ‪ٚ‬ال ‪ٛ٠‬ؿذ ٌ‪ٙ‬خ ص‪١‬غش ِفشد ‪ٚ‬ؿّغ‪ٚ ،‬طؾ‪١‬ش‬
‫٘زٖ حألعّخء ػخدس اٌ‪ ٝ‬حٌغخصحص ‪ٚ‬حٌغ‪ٛ‬حثً ‪ٚ‬حٌّفخ٘‪ ُ١‬حٌظ‪ ٟ‬ال ٔغظط‪١‬غ ػذ٘خ‬
‫ِؼً‪:‬‬

‫اىنيَت‬ ‫اىَؼْى‬
‫‪butter‬‬ ‫صرذس‬
‫‪news‬‬ ‫أخزخس‬
‫‪air‬‬ ‫٘‪ٛ‬حء‬
‫‪music‬‬ ‫ِ‪ٛ‬ع‪١‬م‪ٝ‬‬
‫‪advice‬‬ ‫ٔص‪١‬لش‬
‫‪furniture‬‬ ‫أػخع‬
‫‪sugar‬‬ ‫عىش‬

‫‪ٕ٘ٚ‬خ ‪٠‬ـذ حٌظٕ‪ ٗ٠ٛ‬إٔٔخ ٔغظط‪١‬غ ا‬

‫ِؼًل ل‪ٛ‬ي ‪ٕ٘ٚ two kilograms of sugar‬خ‬
‫ػذدٔخ ‪ٚ‬كذس ل‪١‬خط حٌ‪ٛ‬صْ‪ٌ ،‬ىٓ ٌ‪١‬ظ حالعُ ٔفغٗ‪ ٌٛٚ .‬أسدٔخ ا‬
‫ِؼًل أْ ٔمصذ‬
‫أوؼش ِٓ ٔص‪١‬لش أ‪ ٚ‬أوؼش ِٓ لطؼش أػخع فٕم‪ٛ‬ي – ‪pieces of furniture‬‬
‫‪.pieces of advice‬‬

‫‪25‬‬
 ‫‪ Subject pronouns‬ضَبئش اىفبػو‬
‫ٔغظخذَ ظّ‪١‬ش حٌفخػً ٌظؼ‪٠ٛ‬ط روش حعُ حٌفخػً صشحكش‪ ،‬أ‪ٌ ٚ‬إلؽخسس اٌ‪ٝ‬‬
‫حٌفخػً‪٠ٚ ،‬ؤط‪ ٟ‬ػخدس لزً حٌفؼً ف‪ ٟ‬حٌـٍّش ف‪ ٟ‬حٌٍغش حإلٔـٍ‪١‬ض‪٠‬ش‪ٚ .‬ال ‪٠‬ؾظشغ‬
‫أْ ‪٠‬م‪ َٛ‬حٌفخػً رفؼً ِخ‪٠ٚ ،‬ى‪ ْٛ‬حٌؼٕصش حٌشث‪١‬ظ رخٌـٍّش كظ‪٠ ٌُ ٌٛ ٝ‬مُ رؤ‪ٞ‬‬
‫كذع‪.‬‬
‫اىضَيش‬ ‫اىَؼْى‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫أٔخ‬
‫‪he‬‬ ‫٘‪( ٛ‬ػخلً)‬
‫‪she‬‬ ‫٘‪( ٟ‬ػخلً)‬
‫‪it‬‬ ‫٘‪( ٟ٘/ٛ‬غ‪١‬ش ػخلً)‬
‫‪we‬‬ ‫ٔلٓ‬
‫‪they‬‬ ‫ُ٘‬
‫‪you‬‬ ‫أٔض‪/‬أٔظُ‪/‬أٔظٓ‬

‫‪٠‬ـذ حٌظٕ‪ ٗ٠ٛ‬أْ رؼط حٌّصخدس حٌظؼٍ‪١ّ١‬ش طعغ ػّخٔ‪١‬ش ظّخثش ا‬

‫رذال ِٓ‬
‫عزؼش‪ ،‬ار ‪٠‬ظُ ‪ٚ‬ظغ حٌعّ‪١‬ش ‪ِ you‬شط‪ِ :ٓ١‬شس وعّ‪١‬ش فخػً ِفشد‪ِٚ ،‬شس‬
‫وعّ‪١‬ش فخػً ؿّغ‪.‬‬
‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫‪We play football.‬‬
‫ٍٔؼذ (ٔلٓ) وشس حٌمذَ‪.‬‬
‫‪She studies biology.‬‬
‫طذسط (٘‪ )ٟ‬حألك‪١‬خء‪.‬‬

‫‪26‬‬
‫‪ًٔٚ‬لكع ٕ٘خ أْ حٌظشؿّش حٌلشف‪١‬ش ال طلظ‪ ٞٛ‬حٌعّ‪١‬ش رخٌـٍّش ألٔٗ ‪٠‬ى‪ْٛ‬‬
‫ِغظظشاح رخٌؼشر‪١‬ش‪.‬‬

‫‪27‬‬
 ‫ ضَبئش اىَفؼىه‬Object pronouns
‫ ٌإلؽخسس‬ٚ‫ أ‬،‫ي صشحكش‬ٛ‫ط روش حعُ حٌّفؼ‬٠ٛ‫ي ٌظؼ‬ٛ‫ش حٌّفؼ‬١ّ‫ٔغظخذَ ظ‬
.‫ش‬٠‫ض‬١ٍ‫ حٌٍغش حإلٔـ‬ٟ‫ حٌـٍّش ف‬ٟ‫ ػخدس رؼذ حٌفؼً ف‬ٟ‫ؤط‬٠ٚ ،‫ي‬ٛ‫ حٌّفؼ‬ٌٝ‫ا‬
‫ضَبئش اىفبػو‬ ‫ضَبئش اىَفؼىه‬
I me
he him
she her
it it
we us
they them
you you

‫ا‬
:‫ِؼًل‬
I invited him to my wedding.
.ٟ‫طٗ ٌضفخف‬ٛ‫(أٔخ) دػ‬
He loves her.
.‫خ‬ٙ‫لز‬٠ )ٛ٘(
She doesn't love him.
.ٗ‫) ال طلز‬ٟ٘(
I had rice and loved it.
)ً‫ش ػخل‬١‫ (غ‬.ٗ‫أكززظ‬ٚ ‫أوٍض أس اصح‬
We played against them.

28
 .ُ٘‫ٌمذ ٌؼزٕخ ظذ‬
They lost against us.
.‫ح ظذٔخ‬ٚ‫ٌمذ خغش‬
You teach me at school.
.‫ رخٌّذسعش‬ٟٕ‫أٔض طذسع‬

29
 ‫‪ Verbs to be‬أفؼبه ينىُ (اىنيْىّت)‬
‫لذ طغظخذَ أفؼخي حٌى‪ٕٔٛ١‬ش وؤفؼخي ِغخػذس‪ٔ/‬خلصش د‪ٚ ْٚ‬ؿ‪ٛ‬د فؼً سث‪١‬ظ‬
‫رخٌـٍّش‪ٚ .‬لذ طؤط‪ِ ٟ‬غ فؼً سث‪١‬ظ‪ٚ ،‬طغظخذَ أفؼخي حٌى‪ٕٔٛ١‬ش ٕ٘خ ٌظز‪ ٓ١١‬حٌفخػً‬
‫‪ٚ‬صِٓ كذ‪ٚ‬ع حٌفؼً‪.‬‬

‫اىضٍِ ‪ /‬اىفبػو‬ ‫حبضش‬ ‫ٍبضي‬

‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪am‬‬ ‫‪was‬‬
‫ِفشد‬ ‫‪is‬‬ ‫‪was‬‬
‫ؿّغ‬ ‫‪are‬‬ ‫‪were‬‬

‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫‪I am a teacher.‬‬
‫أٔخ أعظخر‪.‬‬
‫‪I was a teacher.‬‬
‫وٕض أعظخ ارح‪.‬‬
‫‪He is Ali.‬‬
‫٘‪ ٛ‬ػٍ‪.ٟ‬‬
‫‪They are playing football now.‬‬
‫(ُ٘) ‪ٍ٠‬ؼز‪ ْٛ‬وشس حٌمذَ ح‪.ْ٢‬‬

‫‪30‬‬
.‫حكذس‬ٚ ‫صزلخ وٍّش‬١ٌ ‫ٔش‬ٕٛ١‫ش حٌفخػً ِغ فؼً حٌى‬١ّ‫ّىٓ أْ ٔخظصش ظ‬٠ٚ
:‫فظصزق‬
I am = I'm
He is = He's
You are = You're
They are = They're
We are = We're

31
 make /do
ٓ١‫ حٌىٍّظ‬ٕٝ‫ٕ٘خ ال ٔظشؿُ ِؼ‬ٚ ‫ ٌإلؽخسس ٌزؼط حألٔؾطش‬make ٚ‫ أ‬do ٟ‫طؤط‬
make ‫ أِخ‬.‫خَ حٌّظىشسس‬ٌّٙ‫ح‬ٚ ،‫حِش‬ٚ‫ ِغ حأل‬do َ‫ ٔغظخذ‬،َ‫ رؾىً ػخ‬.‫اخ‬١‫كشف‬
did ٛ٘ do ٟ‫ٔزوش أْ ِخظ‬ٚ .‫ء ِخ‬ٟ‫ أظخؽ ؽ‬ٚ‫ صٕخػش أ‬ٌٝ‫ػٕذ حإلؽخسس ا‬
.made ٛ٘ make ٟ‫ِخظ‬ٚ
do make
‫ اؿشحء‬Do an experiment ‫شطىذ خطؤ‬٠ Make a mistake
‫طـشرش‬
‫فش‬١‫ظ‬ٛ‫خَ ر‬١‫ حٌم‬Do a job ٞ‫ـش‬٠ Make a phone call
‫ا‬
‫اخ‬١‫حطصخال ٘خطف‬
‫حؿذ‬ٌٛ‫خَ رخ‬١‫ حٌم‬Do homework َٛ‫م‬٠ Make a discovery
ٟ‫ظ‬١‫حٌز‬ ‫رخوظؾخف‬
‫ق‬ٛ‫ حٌظغ‬Do shopping ‫ظمذَ رطٍذ‬٠ Make a request
‫ اعذحء خذِش‬Do a favor ‫س‬ٛٙ‫صٕغ حٌم‬٠ Make coffee
‫ع‬ٚ‫ ػًّ ِؾش‬Do a project ‫ظصخٌق‬٠ Make peace

:do ‫أِؼٍش ِغ‬

I have to do some shopping.
.‫ق‬ٛ‫َ رخٌظغ‬ٛ‫ـذ أْ أل‬٠
Can you do me a favor?
‫؟‬ٌٟ ‫ّىٕه اعذحء خذِش‬٠ ً٘

32
 :make ‫أِؼٍش ِغ‬
I made a mistake.
.‫ٌمذ حسطىزض خطؤ‬
I want to make a phone call.
‫ا‬
.‫اخ‬١‫حطصخال ٘خطف‬ ٞ‫ذ أْ أؿش‬٠‫أس‬

33
 ‫‪ Verbs to have‬أفؼبه اىتَيل‬
‫لذ طغظخذَ أفؼخي حٌظٍّه وؤفؼخي ِغخػذس‪ٔ/‬خلصش د‪ٚ ْٚ‬ؿ‪ٛ‬د فؼً سث‪١‬ظ‬
‫رخٌـٍّش‪ٚ ،‬لذ طؤط‪ِ ٟ‬غ فؼً سث‪١‬ظ‪ٚ ،‬طغظخذَ أفؼخي حٌظٍّه ٕ٘خ ٌظز‪ ٓ١١‬حٌفخػً‬
‫‪ٚ‬صِٓ كذ‪ٚ‬ع حٌفؼً‪.‬‬
‫اىضٍِ‪/‬ضَيش اىفبػو‬ ‫حبضش‬ ‫ٍبضي‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪have‬‬ ‫‪had‬‬
‫ِفشد‬ ‫‪has‬‬ ‫‪had‬‬
‫ؿّغ‬ ‫‪have‬‬ ‫‪had‬‬

‫أِؼٍش ػٍ‪ ٝ‬أفؼخي حٌظٍّه وفؼً سث‪١‬ظ‪:‬‬

‫‪I have a lot of books.‬‬
‫ٌذ‪ ٞ‬حٌىؼ‪١‬ش ِٓ حٌىظذ‪.‬‬
‫‪She has a blue car.‬‬
‫ٌذ‪ٙ٠‬خ ع‪١‬خسس صسلخء‪.‬‬
‫‪We had a test.‬‬
‫ٌمذ وخْ ػٍ‪ٕ١‬خ حِظلخْ‪.‬‬

‫أِؼٍش ػٍ‪ ٝ‬أفؼخي حٌظٍّه وفؼً ِغخػذ‪:‬‬

‫‪I have seen that film.‬‬
‫سأ‪٠‬ض رٌه حٌف‪.ٍُ١‬‬
‫‪She has sent a letter to her sister.‬‬
‫ٌمذ أسعٍَض سعخٌش ألخظ‪ٙ‬خ‪.‬‬

‫‪34‬‬
 ‫‪ٌٕٚ‬ف‪ ٟ‬فؼً حٌظٍّه وفؼً سث‪١‬ظ ٔعغ أدحس حٌٕف‪don't, doesn't, didn't ٟ‬‬
‫لزً فؼً حٌظٍّه‪ .‬ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫‪I don't have a blue car.‬‬
‫ٌ‪١‬ظ ٌذ‪ ٞ‬ع‪١‬خسس صسلخء‪.‬‬
‫‪Ali doesn't have a problem.‬‬
‫ال ‪ٛ٠‬ؿذ ِؾىٍش ٌذ‪ ٜ‬ػٍ‪.ٟ‬‬
‫‪He didn't have a pen.‬‬
‫ٌُ ‪٠‬ىٓ ِؼٗ لٍ اّخ‪.‬‬
‫‪ًٔٚ‬لكع ٕ٘خ أْ فؼً حٌظٍّه ‪٠‬ؤط‪ِ ٟ‬ـشداح رؼذ أدحس حٌٕف‪.ٟ‬‬

‫أِخ ٌٕف‪ ٟ‬فؼً حٌظٍّه حٌج‪٠ ٟ‬ؤط‪ ٟ‬وفؼً ِغخػذ ِغ فؼً سث‪١‬ظ‪ ،‬فٕلٓ ٔعغ أدحس‬
‫حٌٕف‪ not ٟ‬رؼذ فؼً حٌظٍّه‪ .‬ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫‪She hasn't sent a letter.‬‬
‫ٌُ طشعً سعخٌش‪.‬‬
‫‪We haven't swum in the sea.‬‬
‫ٌُ ٔغزق رخٌزلش‪.‬‬

‫‪35‬‬
 ‫‪ٍ Phrasal verbs and phrasal nouns‬صطيحبث فؼييت واسَيت‬
‫ٍصطيحبث فؼييت‪ ٟ٘ ،‬أفؼخي ِشوزش ِٓ أوؼش ِٓ وٍّش ِغ ‪ٚ‬ؿ‪ٛ‬د فؼً‬
‫سث‪١‬ظ‪ٚ ،‬لذ ‪٠‬خظٍف ِؼٕ‪ ٝ‬حٌفؼً حٌّشوذ ػٓ ِؼٕ‪ ٝ‬حٌفؼً حٌشث‪١‬ظ حٌّغظخذَ‪.‬‬
‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫اىَصطيح‬ ‫اىَؼْى‬
‫‪bring back‬‬ ‫‪ُ٠‬شؿغ‬
‫‪let down‬‬ ‫‪٠‬خ‪١‬ذ‬
‫‪hold on‬‬ ‫‪ٕ٠‬ظظش‬
‫‪pass away‬‬ ‫‪ّٛ٠‬ص‬
‫‪back out‬‬ ‫‪ٕ٠‬غلذ‬
‫‪call off‬‬ ‫‪ٍُ٠‬غ‪ٟ‬‬
‫‪burn out‬‬ ‫‪ُٕٙ٠‬ه‬

‫ٍصطيحبث اسَيت‪ ٟ٘ ،‬أعّخء ِشوزش ِٓ أوؼش ِٓ وٍّش ِغ ‪ٚ‬ؿ‪ٛ‬د حعُ‬

‫سث‪١‬ظ‪ٚ ،‬لذ ‪٠‬خظٍف ِؼٕ‪ ٝ‬حالعُ حٌّشوذ ػٓ ِؼٕ‪ ٝ‬حالعُ حٌشث‪١‬ظ حٌّغظخذَ‪.‬‬
‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫اىَصطيح‬ ‫اىَؼْى‬
‫‪warm-up‬‬ ‫حعظؼذحد‬
‫‪break-in‬‬ ‫حلظلخَ‬
‫‪makeover‬‬ ‫طغ‪١١‬ش ؿزس‪ٞ‬‬
‫‪meet-up‬‬ ‫حؿظّخع ِط‪ٛ‬ي‬
‫‪outcome‬‬ ‫ٔظ‪١‬ـش‬

‫‪36‬‬
‫‪show-off‬‬ ‫ِزخ٘خس‬
‫‪standby‬‬ ‫‪ٚ‬ظغ حالعظؼذحد‬

‫‪37‬‬
 ‫‪ Capitalization‬اىحشوف اىنبيشة‬
‫طمغُ كش‪ٚ‬ف حإلٔـٍ‪١‬ض‪٠‬ش اٌ‪ ٝ‬صغ‪١‬شس ‪ٚ‬وز‪١‬شس‪ٕ٘ٚ ،‬خن كخالص ػخِش ٔىظذ‬
‫ف‪ٙ١‬خ حٌلشف حأل‪ٚ‬ي رخٌىٍّش كشفاخ وز‪١‬شاح‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬رذح‪٠‬ش حٌـٍّش‪He loves falafel. .‬‬
‫‪ -‬حعُ ػٍُ ِؼً حعُ ؽخص‪ ،‬د‪ٌٚ‬ش‪ ،‬د‪ٌ ،ٓ٠‬غش‪ ،‬ؽشوش‪َِ ،‬ؼٍُ ِؾ‪ٛٙ‬س‪ِٚ ،‬خ‬
‫اٌ‪ ٝ‬رٌه‪ ،‬رغط حٌٕظش ػٓ ِىخْ حالعُ ف‪ ٟ‬حٌـٍّش‪.‬‬
‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫‪My name is Abdullah.‬‬
‫‪He was born in Palestine.‬‬
‫‪She speaks Arabic.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ظّ‪١‬ش حٌفخػً ‪ ،I‬ار ‪٠‬ؤط‪ ٟ‬وز‪١‬شاح رغط حٌٕظش ػٓ ِىخٔٗ ف‪ ٟ‬حٌـٍّش‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬حأل‪٠‬خَ ‪ٚ‬حٌؾ‪ٛٙ‬س‪ٌ ،‬ىٓ ٌ‪١‬ظ حٌفص‪ٛ‬ي‪.‬‬
‫‪The match is on Monday.‬‬
‫‪I visited him last Thursday.‬‬
‫‪ -‬طىز‪١‬ش أ‪ٚ‬ي كشف رىً وٍّخص حٌؼٕخ‪ ٓ٠ٚ‬رخعظؼٕخء ظش‪ٚ‬ف حٌضِخْ‬
‫‪ٚ‬حٌّىخْ ‪ٚ‬حٌش‪ٚ‬حرػ‪ٌ ،‬ىٓ ٌ‪ ٛ‬وخْ حٌظشف رؤ‪ٚ‬ي حٌـٍّش ‪٠‬ى‪ ْٛ‬وز‪١‬شاح‬
‫دحث اّخ‪.‬‬
‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫‪The Lord of the Rings‬‬
‫‪The Silence of the Lambs‬‬
‫‪Back to the Future‬‬

‫‪38‬‬
‫‪ -‬حٌلمذ حٌضِٕ‪١‬ش أ‪ ٚ‬أكذحع ِؾ‪ٛٙ‬سس‪( The World War .‬حٌلشد‬
‫حٌؼخٌّ‪١‬ش)‬

‫‪39‬‬
 ‫‪ Possessive adjectives‬صفبث اىَينيت‬
‫طغظخذَ صفخص حٌٍّى‪١‬ش لزً حٌٍّّ‪ٛ‬ن ٌظز‪ ٛ٘ ِٓ ٓ١‬حٌّخٌه‪ٚ ،‬لذ ‪٠‬ى‪ ْٛ‬حٌٍّّ‪ٛ‬ن‬
‫ا‬
‫ػخلًل أ‪ ٚ‬غ‪١‬ش ػخلً‪ِ ،‬فشداح أ‪ ٚ‬ؿّؼاخ‪ٍِّٛ ،‬عاخ أ‪ ٚ‬غ‪١‬ش ٍِّ‪ٛ‬ط‪.‬‬
‫صفت اىَينيت‬ ‫ٍخبه‬ ‫اىَؼْى‬
‫‪my‬‬ ‫‪My book‬‬ ‫وظخر‪ٌٍّ( ٟ‬ظىٍُ حٌّفشد)‬
‫‪his‬‬ ‫‪His book‬‬ ‫وظخرٗ (ِفشد روش ػخلً)‬
‫‪her‬‬ ‫‪Her book‬‬ ‫وظخر‪ٙ‬خ (ِفشد ِئٔغ ػخلً)‬
‫‪its‬‬ ‫‪Its mouth‬‬ ‫فّٗ‪/‬ح (ِفشد غ‪١‬ش ػخلً)‬
‫‪our‬‬ ‫‪Our land‬‬ ‫أسظٕخ (ِظىٍُ ؿّغ)‬
‫‪their‬‬ ‫‪Their future‬‬ ‫ِغظمزٍ‪( ُٙ‬ؿّغ غخثذ)‬
‫‪your‬‬ ‫‪Your brothers‬‬ ‫أخ‪ٛ‬طه‪/‬أخ‪ٛ‬طىُ (ِفشد أ‪ ٚ‬ؿّغ ِخخغذ)‬

‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫‪Your cousins are tall.‬‬
‫ألشرخإن غ‪ٛ‬حي‪.‬‬
‫‪His car is blue.‬‬
‫ع‪١‬خسطٗ صسلخء‪.‬‬

‫‪40‬‬
 ‫ ضَبئش اىَينيت‬Possessive pronouns
‫ش‬١‫ ظّخثش حٌٍّى‬ٟ‫ ٌىٓ طؤط‬،‫ حٌّخٌه‬ٛ٘ ِٓ ٓ١‫ش وزٌه ٌظز‬١‫طغظخذَ ظّخثش حٌٍّى‬
.‫ن‬ٌٍّّٛ‫رؼذ ح‬
‫صفبث اىَينيت‬ ‫ضَبئش اىَينيت‬
my mine
his his
her hers
its its
our ours
their theirs
your yours

‫ا‬
:‫ِؼًل‬
That book is mine.
.ٌٟ ‫رٌه حٌىظخد‬
This land is ours.
.‫٘زٖ حألسض ٌٕخ‬

41
 ‫"‪ s - Possessive "s‬اىَينيت‬
‫ٔع‪١‬ف ‪ًٌ 's‬لعُ حٌّفشد ٌٕز‪ ٓ١‬أٔٗ ٘‪ ٛ‬حٌّخٌه‪٠ٚ ،‬ؤط‪ ٟ‬رؼذٖ حٌٍّّ‪ٛ‬ن‪ٚ .‬طؤط‪ٟ‬‬
‫حٌفخصٍش حٌؼٍ‪٠ٛ‬ش لزً حٌلشف‪.‬‬
‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫‪These are Ahmad's books.‬‬
‫٘زٖ وظذ أكّذ‪.‬‬
‫‪This is the boy's coat.‬‬
‫٘زح ِؼطف حٌ‪ٌٛ‬ذ‪.‬‬
‫أِخ ًٌلعُ حٌـّغ فٕع‪١‬ف '‪ٚ .s‬طؤط‪ ٟ‬حٌفخصٍش حٌؼٍ‪٠ٛ‬ش رؼذ حٌلشف‪.‬‬
‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫‪These are the boys' toys.‬‬
‫٘زٖ أٌؼخد حأل‪ٚ‬الد‪.‬‬
‫‪These are the girls' notebooks.‬‬
‫٘زٖ دفخطش حٌزٕخص‪.‬‬
‫‪These are the carpenters' tools.‬‬
‫٘ئالء أد‪ٚ‬حص حٌٕـخس‪ .ٓ٠‬أِخ ٌ‪ ٛ‬وخٔض أد‪ٚ‬حص حٌٕـخس (ِفشد) طى‪These :ْٛ‬‬
‫‪are the carpenter's tools.‬‬

‫طٕ‪ ٌٛ :ٗ٠ٛ‬وخْ حالعُ ال ‪٠‬ـّغ ػٓ غش‪٠‬ك اظخفش ‪ s‬فٕلٓ ٔع‪١‬ف ٌٗ ‪'s‬‬

‫ٌٍٍّى‪١‬ش‪ِ ،‬ؼٍٗ ِؼً حٌّفشد‪.‬‬

‫‪42‬‬
 ‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫‪He's shopping at the men's clothing department.‬‬
‫أٗ ‪٠‬ظغ‪ٛ‬ق ف‪ ٟ‬لغُ ًِلرظ حٌشؿخي‪ٕ٘ٚ .‬خ ُ‪ٚ‬ظؼض حٌفخصٍش حٌؼٍ‪٠ٛ‬ش لزً حٌـ ‪s‬‬
‫ألْ ؿّغ ‪ men ٛ٘ man‬فؼخٍِٕخ حالعُ حٌـّغ وؤٔٗ ِفشد رّخ ‪٠‬ظؼٍك رـ ‪s‬‬
‫حٌٍّى‪١‬ش‪.‬‬
‫ِؼخي آخش‪:‬‬
‫‪We shouldn't neglect women's education.‬‬
‫ال ‪٠‬ـذ ػٍ‪ٕ١‬خ اّ٘خي طؼٍ‪ ُ١‬حٌٕغخء‪.‬‬

‫‪43‬‬
 ‫‪ Reflexive pronouns‬اىضَبئش اىَْؼنست‬
‫رؾىً ػخَ‪ٔ ،‬غظخذَ حٌعّخثش حٌّٕؼىغش ػٕذِخ طؤط‪ ٟ‬وّفؼ‪ٛ‬ي‪٠ٚ ،‬ى‪ْٛ‬‬
‫حٌؾخص أ‪ ٚ‬حٌؾ‪ٟ‬ء رحطٗ ٘‪ ٛ‬حٌفخػً‪.‬‬
‫ضَبئش اىفبػو‬ ‫اىضَبئش اىَْؼنست‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪myself‬‬
‫‪he‬‬ ‫‪himself‬‬
‫‪she‬‬ ‫‪herself‬‬
‫‪it‬‬ ‫‪itself‬‬
‫‪we‬‬ ‫‪ourselves‬‬
‫‪they‬‬ ‫‪themselves‬‬
‫‪you‬‬ ‫‪ٌٍّ( yourself‬فشد)‬
‫‪ٌٍ( yourselves‬ـّغ)‬

‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫‪Bilal hurt himself.‬‬
‫آر‪ ٜ‬رًلي ٔفغٗ‪.‬‬
‫ك‪١‬غ حٌفخػً حٌز‪ ٞ‬لخَ رفؼً حإل‪٠‬زحء ٘‪ ٛ‬رًلي‪ٚ ،‬وزٌه ٘‪ٔ ٛ‬فغٗ حٌز‪ ٞ‬طؼشض‬
‫ٌألر‪.ٜ‬‬
‫ِؼخي آخش‪:‬‬
‫‪They love themselves.‬‬
‫‪٠‬لز‪ ْٛ‬أٔفغ‪.ُٙ‬‬

‫‪44‬‬
 ‫‪ Intensive pronouns‬اىضَبئش اىتأميذيت‬
‫٘‪ ٟ‬رحط‪ٙ‬خ حٌعّخثش حٌّٕؼىغش ٌىٓ ‪٠‬ى‪ ْٛ‬حعظخذحِ‪ٙ‬خ ِخظٍفاخ‪ ،‬ك‪١‬غ ٔغظخذِ‪ٙ‬خ‬
‫ٌٍظشو‪١‬ض ‪ٚ‬حٌظؤو‪١‬ذ ػٍ‪٠ٛ٘ ٝ‬ش حٌفخػً‪.‬‬
‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫‪She wrote the book herself.‬‬
‫وظزض حٌىظخد رٕفغ‪ٙ‬خ‪.‬‬

‫‪45‬‬
 ‫‪ Modals‬أفؼبه ٍسبػذة‪ّ/‬بقصت‬
‫ٕ٘خ رؼط أوؼش ٘زٖ حألفؼخي حعظخذح اِخ‪٠ٚ ،‬ـذ حٌظٕ‪ ٗ٠ٛ‬أْ ٘زٖ حألفؼخي طؤط‪ٟ‬‬
‫وّخ ٘‪ ٟ‬د‪ ْٚ‬اظخفش كش‪ٚ‬ف اٌ‪ٙ١‬خ ِؼً ‪.ing ٚ s‬‬
‫‪ ِٓٚ can‬أُ٘ حعظخذحِخط‪ٙ‬خ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬حكظّخٌ‪١‬ش ‪ٚ‬ل‪ٛ‬ع ؽ‪ٟ‬ء‪ِ ،‬ؼً‪Weather can be cold in :‬‬
‫‪ ِٓ Hebron.‬حٌّّىٓ أْ ‪٠‬ى‪ ْٛ‬حٌـ‪ ٛ‬رخسداح ف‪ ٟ‬حٌخٍ‪.ً١‬‬
‫‪ -‬حٌمذسس ػٍ‪ ٝ‬فؼً ؽ‪ٟ‬ء‪ِ ،‬ؼً‪I can speak several languages. :‬‬
‫أعظط‪١‬غ حٌظلذع رؼذس ٌغخص‪.‬‬

‫‪ could‬طؾزٗ حعظخذحِخط‪ٙ‬خ حعظخذحِخص ‪ٌ ،can‬ىٓ ‪ could‬طغظخذَ ٌإلؽخسس‬

‫ٌٍضِٓ حٌّخظ‪.ٟ‬‬
‫طٕ‪ :ٗ٠ٛ‬لذ طغظخذَ ‪ can‬أ‪ٌ could ٚ‬طٍذ أِش ِخ‪ٚ ،‬طؼظزش ‪ٕ٘ could‬خ أوؼش‬
‫ِخض ػٕذ حعظخذحِ‪ٙ‬خ ٌ‪ٙ‬زح حٌغشض‪.‬‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫حكظشح اِخ‪ٚ ،‬ال ػًللش ٌ‪ٙ‬خ رضِٓ‬
‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫?‪Could you open the window‬‬
‫ً٘ ‪ّ٠‬ىٕه فظق حٌؾزخن؟‬
‫‪ ِٓٚ may‬حعظخذحِخط‪ٙ‬خ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬حٌطٍذ‪ِ ،‬ؼً‪ّ٠ ً٘ May I go to the bathroom? :‬ىٕٕ‪ ٟ‬حٌز٘خد‬
‫اٌ‪ ٝ‬حٌلّخَ؟‬
‫‪ -‬حكظّخٌ‪١‬ش ‪ٚ‬ل‪ٛ‬ع ؽ‪ٟ‬ء‪ِ ،‬ؼً‪ّ٠ It may rain tomorrow. :‬ىٓ أْ‬
‫طّطش غذاح‪.‬‬

‫‪46‬‬
 ‫‪ ِٓٚ will‬حعظخذحِخط‪ٙ‬خ‪:‬‬
‫‪ٌ -‬إلؽخسس ٌٍّغظمزً‪ِ ،‬ؼً‪ They will leave soon. :‬ع‪١‬غخدس‪ْٚ‬‬
‫لش‪٠‬زاخ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬حٌطٍذ‪ِ ،‬ؼً‪ّ٠ ً٘ Will you close the door? :‬ىٕه اغًلق‬
‫حٌزخد؟‬
‫‪ -‬طمذ‪ ُ٠‬ػشض أ‪ٚ ٚ‬ػذ‪ِ ،‬ؼً‪ I will visit you. :‬عؤص‪ٚ‬سن‪.‬‬

‫‪ ِٓٚ should‬حعظخذحِخط‪ٙ‬خ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬طمذ‪ٔ ُ٠‬ص‪١‬لش أ‪ ٚ‬حلظشحف‪ِ ،‬ؼً‪You should see the doctor. :‬‬
‫‪٠‬ـذ أْ طش‪ ٜ‬غز‪١‬زاخ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬حٌظؼز‪١‬ش ػٓ حٌ‪ٛ‬حؿذ‪ِ ،‬ؼً‪٠ I should study hard. :‬ـذ أْ أدسط‬
‫رـذ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ِٓٚ must‬حعظخذحِخط‪ٙ‬خ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬حٌظؼز‪١‬ش ػٓ ‪ٚ‬حؿذ‪ِ ،‬ؼً‪٠ He must obey the orders. :‬ـذ أْ‬
‫‪٠‬ط‪١‬غ حأل‪ٚ‬حِش‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬حعظٕظخؽ ِٕطم‪ِ ،ٟ‬ؼً‪He failed the test. It must have :‬‬
‫‪ٌ been really hard.‬مذ سعذ رخالِلظخْ‪٠ .‬زذ‪ ٚ‬أٔٗ وخْ صؼزاخ ؿذاح‪.‬‬

‫طٕ‪ :ٗ٠ٛ‬حٌّخظ‪.had to ٛ٘ must ِٓ ٟ‬‬

‫‪47‬‬
(who, which, whose) ‫ اىضَبئش اىَىصىىت‬Relative pronouns
،‫ي‬ٛ‫ ِفؼ‬ٚ‫ٓ طؾظشوخْ رفخػً أ‬١‫ٌش غخٌزاخ ٌشرػ ؿٍّظ‬ٛ‫ص‬ٌّٛ‫طغظخذَ حٌعّخثش ح‬
.‫ حٌـٍّش‬ٟ‫ش ف‬١‫خس صٍش حٌٍّى‬ٙ‫ اظ‬ٚ‫أ‬
Who
The man who called is Ahmad.
.ً‫ ػخل‬ٛ٘ٚ The man ً‫ حٌفخػ‬ٌٝ‫د ا‬ٛ‫خ طؼ‬ٙٔ‫ ٕ٘خ أل‬who ‫حعظخذِٕخ‬
The boy who sat beside her was her son.
.‫خ‬ٕٙ‫ حر‬ٛ٘ ‫خ‬ٙ‫ ؿٍظ رـخٔز‬ٞ‫ٌذ حٌز‬ٌٛ‫ح‬
Which
The car which you bought is fast.
.‫ؼش‬٠‫خ عش‬َٙ‫ظ‬٠‫ حؽظش‬ٟ‫خسس حٌظ‬١‫حٌغ‬
I live in Hebron. Hebron is in Palestine.
I live in Hebron which is in Palestine. :‫طصزق‬
ٓ١‫حعظخذِٕخ٘خ ٌٍشرػ ر‬ٚ .ً‫ش ػخل‬١‫خ ػخدص العُ غ‬ٙٔ‫ أل‬which ‫ٕ٘خ حعظخذِٕخ‬
‫وزٌه كزفٕخ حٌٕمطش‬ٚ ،‫ش‬١ٔ‫ فلزفٕخ حٌؼخ‬،Hebron ‫د‬ٛ‫ؿ‬ٛ‫ٓ طؾظشوخْ ر‬١‫ؿٍّظ‬
.which ‫خ‬ٌٙ‫ظؼٕخ رذ‬ٚٚ
Whose
.‫ش‬١‫عخف ػًللش حٌ ٍُّى‬٠‫خ إل‬ِٙ‫ٔغظخذ‬
Bilal is the man whose shirt is blue.
‫ص‬١ّ‫ٓ حٌم‬١‫ش ر‬١‫ظق أْ ٕ٘خن ػًللش ٍِى‬ٌٕٛ shirt ً‫ لز‬whose ‫ٕ٘خ حعظخذِٕخ‬
.‫عش‬ٍِّٛ ‫ش‬١‫س غ‬ِٛ‫ ِغ أ‬whose َ‫لذ طغظخذ‬ٚ ،‫رًلي‬ٚ

48
 ‫‪ٍ Comparative‬قبسّت – ‪ Superlative‬تفضيو‬
‫ٔغظخذِ‪ّٙ‬خ ٌٍّمخسٔش ‪ٚ‬حٌظفع‪ ً١‬ر‪ ٓ١‬حٌصفخص ‪ٚ‬حألك‪ٛ‬حي‪ٌ ،‬ىٓ ف‪٘ ٟ‬زح حٌمغُ‬
‫عٕىظف‪ ٟ‬رؼشض أِؼٍش ك‪ٛ‬ي حٌّمخسٔش ‪ٚ‬حٌظفع‪ ً١‬ر‪ ٓ١‬حٌصفخص‪.‬‬
‫ٔغظخذَ ‪ٌٍّ comparative‬مخسٔش ا‬
‫ِؼًل ر‪ ٓ١‬ؽ‪١‬ج‪ ٓ١‬أ‪ ٚ‬ؽخص‪٠ ٓ١‬ؾظشوخْ‬
‫رصفش ِؼ‪ٕ١‬ش‪.‬‬
‫ٕ٘خ عٕصٕف حٌصفخص اٌ‪ ٝ‬صٕف‪ :ٓ١‬لص‪١‬شس ‪ٚ‬غ‪ٍ٠ٛ‬ش‪ .‬حٌمص‪١‬شس طلظ‪ ٞٛ‬ػٍ‪ٝ‬‬
‫ِمطغ ص‪ٛ‬ط‪ٚ ٟ‬حكذ ِؼً ‪ٚ ،hot ٚ old‬حٌط‪ٍ٠ٛ‬ش طلظ‪ ٞٛ‬ػٍ‪ ٝ‬ػًلػش أ‪ ٚ‬أوؼش‬
‫ِؼً ‪ ،interesting ٚ beautiful‬ر‪ّٕ١‬خ حٌصفخص حٌظ‪ ٟ‬طلظ‪ ٞٛ‬ػٍ‪ِ ٝ‬مطؼ‪ٓ١‬‬
‫ص‪ٛ‬ط‪٠ ٌٓ ٓ١١‬ظُ حعظخذحِ‪ٙ‬خ ألٔ‪ٙ‬خ طمغ أك‪١‬خٔاخ ظّٓ حٌصٕف حأل‪ٚ‬ي ‪ٚ‬أك‪١‬خٔاخ‬
‫ظّٓ حٌصٕف حٌؼخٔ‪ٕ٘ٚ ،ٟ‬خ عٕشوض أوؼش ػٍ‪ ٝ‬حٌمخػذس حٌؼخِش د‪ ْٚ‬حٌظطشق‬
‫اٌ‪ ٝ‬حٌؾ‪ٛ‬حر‪ ،‬اال صفظ‪ ٓ١‬ع‪١‬ؤط‪ ٟ‬روشّ٘خ الكماخ‪.‬‬
‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل ٌ‪ ٛ‬أسدٔخ ِمخسٔش صفش حٌط‪ٛ‬ي ‪ tall‬ر‪ ٓ١‬أكّذ ‪ٚ‬ػٍ‪ٌٕ ،ٟ‬فؼً رٌه ٔع‪١‬ف‬
‫‪ –er‬رؼذ حٌصفش‪ٔٚ ،‬ع‪١‬ف وزٌه ‪ than‬لزً حٌطشف حٌؼخٔ‪ ِٓ ٟ‬ؿ‪ٙ‬ظ‪ٟ‬‬
‫حٌّمخسٔش‪.‬‬
‫‪Ali is taller than Ahmad.‬‬
‫ػٍ‪ ٟ‬أغ‪ٛ‬ي ِٓ أكّذ‪.‬‬

‫‪ٕ٘ٚ‬خ عٕمخسْ صفش ‪ٚ cheap‬طؼٕ‪ ٟ‬سخ‪١‬ص‪.‬‬

‫‪The blue car is cheaper than the red one.‬‬
‫حٌغ‪١‬خسس حٌضسلخء أسخص ِٓ حٌلّشحء‪.‬‬

‫‪49‬‬
 ‫أِخ ٌ‪ ٛ‬وخٔض حٌّمخسٔش ر‪ ٓ١‬صفش غ‪ٍ٠ٛ‬ش ف‪ٕٙ‬خن غش‪٠‬مش ِخظٍفش ا‬
‫لٍ‪ً١‬ل; فل‪ٕٙ١‬خ ال‬
‫ٔع‪١‬ف ؽ‪١‬جاخ اٌ‪ ٝ‬حٌصفش ٔفغ‪ٙ‬خ‪ ،‬رً ٔعغ ‪ more‬لزٍ‪ٙ‬خ‪ِٚ ،‬ؼً ِمخسٔش حٌصفخص‬
‫حٌمص‪١‬شس‪ٔ ،‬ع‪١‬ف ‪ than‬لزً حٌطشف حٌؼخٔ‪.ٟ‬‬
‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫‪The blue car is more expensive than the red one.‬‬
‫حٌغ‪١‬خسس حٌضسلخء أغٍ‪ ِٓ ٝ‬حٌلّشحء‪ٕ٘ٚ .‬خ ٌُ ٔعف ؽ‪١‬جاخ ٌٍصفش ‪expensive‬‬
‫‪ٚ‬حٌظ‪ ٟ‬طؼٕ‪ ٟ‬غخٌ‪.ٟ‬‬

‫‪ٕ٘ٚ‬خن كخٌظخْ ؽخرطخْ ؽخثؼظخْ‪:‬‬

‫‪ِ ٟ٘ٚ better‬مخسٔش ِٓ ‪ِٚ good‬ؼٕخ٘خ ؿ‪١‬ذ‪.‬‬
‫‪ِ ٟ٘ٚ worse‬مخسٔش ِٓ ‪ِٚ bad‬ؼٕخ٘خ ع‪ٟ‬ء‪.‬‬
‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫‪The blue car is better than the red one.‬‬
‫حٌغ‪١‬خسس حٌضسلخء أفعً ِٓ حٌلّشحء‪.‬‬

‫ٔغظخذَ ‪ٌ superlative‬إلؽخسس اٌ‪ ٝ‬كذ أدٔ‪ ٝ‬أ‪ ٚ‬أػٍ‪ ٝ‬رصفش ِؼ‪ٕ١‬ش‬

‫ٌؾخص أ‪ ٚ‬ؽ‪ٟ‬ء ِخ ظّٓ ِـّ‪ٛ‬ػش‪ٕ٘ٚ .‬خ وزٌه عٕمغُ حٌصفخص اٌ‪ ٝ‬رحص‬
‫حٌصٕف‪ :ٓ١‬لص‪١‬شس ‪ٚ‬غ‪ٍ٠ٛ‬ش‪.‬‬
‫ػٕذ حعظخذحَ ‪ِ superlative‬غ صفش لص‪١‬شس ٔع‪١‬ف ‪ the‬لزً حٌصفش ‪– ٚ‬‬
‫‪ est‬آخش٘خ‪ ،‬ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫‪Ahmad is the tallest student in the class.‬‬
‫أكّذ أغ‪ٛ‬ي غخٌذ ف‪ ٟ‬حٌصف‪.‬‬

‫‪50‬‬
 .‫ لزً حٌصفش فمػ‬the most ‫ف‬١‫ٍش فٕع‬٠ٛ‫ وخٔض حٌصفش غ‬ٌٛ ‫أِخ‬
‫ا‬
:‫ِؼًل‬
Ali is the most intelligent student in the class.
.‫ حٌصف‬ٟ‫ غخٌذ ف‬ٝ‫ أرو‬ٍٟ‫ػ‬
the worst ٚ the best :‫ّخ‬ٙ‫ ف‬bad ٚ good ِٓ ً١‫غش حٌظفع‬١‫رخٌٕغزش ٌص‬
.ٌٟ‫ح‬ٛ‫ حٌظ‬ٍٝ‫ػ‬
‫ا‬
:‫ِؼًل‬
Our team is the best.
.ً‫ حألفع‬ٛ٘ ‫مٕخ‬٠‫فش‬
That was the worst film ever.
.‫ حإلغًلق‬ٍٝ‫ٍُ ػ‬١‫أ ف‬ٛ‫وخْ رٌه أع‬

:‫ٍِخص ٌٍمخػذس حٌؼخِش‬

‫صفت قصيشة‬ ‫صفت طىييت‬
comparative -er than more (adjective)
than
superlative the -est the most
(adjective)

51
 ‫استخذاً ‪ as (adjective) as‬ىيَقبسّت‬
‫ٔغظخذَ ‪ٌ as (adjective) as‬إلؽخسس ٌٍظغخ‪ ٞٚ‬ف‪ ٟ‬صفش ِخ ر‪ ٓ١‬غشف‪.ٓ١‬‬
‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫‪Ali is as strong as Musa.‬ػٍ‪ ٟ‬ل‪ِ ٞٛ‬ؼً ِ‪ٛ‬ع‪.ٝ‬‬
‫‪ٌٚ‬ىٓ ػٕذ حٌٕف‪ ،ٟ‬فل‪ٕٙ١‬خ ٔؾ‪١‬ش اٌ‪ ٝ‬أْ حٌصفش ِ‪ٛ‬ؿ‪ٛ‬دس رؾىً ألً ػٕذ حٌطشف‬
‫حأل‪ٚ‬ي‪ .‬ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫‪Ali is not as strong as Osama.‬‬
‫‪ٕ٘ٚ‬خ ٔؼٕ‪ ٟ‬أْ ػٍ‪١ٌ ٟ‬ظ ل‪٠ٛ‬اخ ِؼً أعخِش‪ ،‬أ‪ ٞ‬أْ أعخِش أل‪ ِٓ ٜٛ‬ػٍ‪.ٟ‬‬

‫‪52‬‬
 )‫ )تصشيف صٍْي‬Present continuous (progressive)
‫ش ػٓ كذع‬١‫ حٌظؼز‬ٛ٘ present continuous ‫ف حٌـ‬٠‫أرشص حعظخذحَ ٌظصش‬
:ً١ٍ‫ رؼذ ل‬ٟٙ‫ٕظ‬١‫ع‬ٚ ً١ٍ‫ أٔٗ رذأ لزً ل‬ٞ‫ أ‬،‫ش‬١ٌ‫ حٌٍلظش حٌلخ‬ٟ‫لصً ف‬٠
:‫ ٔعغ‬present continuous ‫ً حٌـ‬١‫ٌظؾى‬ٚ
Subject (ً‫ – )فخػ‬verb to be ‫ٔش‬ٕٛ١‫ – فؼً حٌى‬main verb )‫ظ‬١‫ (حٌفؼً حٌشث‬+ ing

:ً‫ٔش كغذ ػذد حٌفخػ‬ٕٛ١‫خظٍف فؼً حٌى‬٠ٚ

I - am
‫ ِفشد‬- is
‫ ؿّغ‬- are

‫ا‬
:‫ِؼًل‬
She is fixing the engine.
.‫ طصٍق حٌّلشن‬ٟ٘
He is washing the dishes now.
.ْ٢‫ٕظف حألغزخق ح‬٠ ٛ٘
I am writing now.
.ْ٢‫أٔخ أوظذ ح‬

They are watching a film.

.‫ٍ اّخ‬١‫ْ ف‬ٚ‫ؾخ٘ذ‬٠ ُٙٔ‫ا‬

53
 ‫ ا‬.ْٛ‫ى‬٠ ً‫ رؼذ فؼ‬not ‫ ٔعغ‬ٟ‫رلخٌش حٌٕف‬ٚ
:‫ِؼًل‬
I am not writing now.
.ْ٢‫أٔخ ال أوظذ ح‬
They aren't watching a film.
.‫ٍ اّخ‬١‫ْ ف‬ٚ‫ؾخ٘ذ‬٠ ‫ُ٘ ال‬

54
 ‫‪so / too‬‬
‫‪ too ٚ so‬طؼٕ‪١‬خْ "وؼ‪١‬شاح" ٌىٓ ‪ too‬طؼظزش أل‪ ٜٛ‬اٌ‪ ٝ‬حٌلذ حٌز‪٠ ٞ‬ف‪ٛ‬ق حٌمذسس‪،‬‬
‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪ :‬ر٘ذ سؿً اٌ‪ِ ٝ‬ؼشض ع‪١‬خسحص ‪ِٚ‬ؼٗ ٕٓ أٌف ؽ‪١‬ىً ‪ٚ‬سأ‪ ٜ‬ع‪١‬خسس‬
‫عؼش٘خ ‪ ٔ9‬أٌف‪ ،‬لذ ‪٠‬م‪ٛ‬ي‪:‬‬
‫‪It is so expensive.‬‬
‫‪٠ٚ‬ؼٕ‪ ٟ‬أٔ‪ٙ‬خ غخٌ‪١‬ش ٌىٕٗ ‪٠‬غظط‪١‬غ دفغ عؼش٘خ‪.‬‬
‫ِؼًل ٕٕ أٌفاخ‪ ،‬لذ ‪٠‬م‪ٛ‬ي‪:‬‬
‫أِخ ٌ‪ ٛ‬وخْ عؼش٘خ ا‬
‫‪It is too expensive.‬‬
‫‪ٕ٘ٚ‬خ ‪٠‬ؼٕ‪ ٟ‬أٔٗ ال ‪ٍّ٠‬ه حٌمذسس ػٍ‪ ٝ‬ؽشحث‪ٙ‬خ‪.‬‬

‫‪55‬‬
 ‫‪( Present simple‬تصشيف صٍْي)‬
‫ٔغظخذِٗ ٌٍظؼز‪١‬ش ػٓ حألفؼخي حالػظ‪١‬خد‪٠‬ش حٌظ‪ ٟ‬وخٔض طلذع ِٕز صِٓ ‪ِٚ‬خ‬
‫صحٌض‪٠ٚ ،‬ظ‪ٛ‬لغ أْ طغظّش ٌّخ رؼذ حٌ‪ٛ‬لض حٌلخٌ‪ ،ٟ‬أ‪ ٞ‬أٔ‪ٙ‬خ طظىشس رخٔظظخَ‪.‬‬
‫ا‬
‫فّؼًل ٌ‪ ٛ‬أسدٔخ أْ ٔؼزش ػٓ عىٓ ؽخص ِخ ف‪ِ ٟ‬ذ‪ٕ٠‬ش ِخ‪٠ ٛ٘ٚ ،‬مطٕ‪ٙ‬خ ِٕز‬
‫صِٓ ‪ٚ‬ال ‪٠‬ضحي‪ ،‬فل‪ٕٙ١‬خ ‪ّ٠‬ىٓ أْ ٔغظخذَ ‪.present simple‬‬

‫ؽىً ؿٍّش ‪present simple‬‬

‫)ِـشد‪ :‬أ‪ ٞ‬ال ٔض‪٠‬ذ ػٍ‪ ٗ١‬أ‪ ٞ‬ؽ‪ٟ‬ء ‪I – verb (infinitive,‬‬
‫‪) – verb + s‬فخػً ِفشد( ‪Singular subject‬‬
‫)‪) – verb (infinitive‬ؿّغ( ‪Plural subject‬‬
‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫‪Ahmad goes to school every day.‬‬
‫‪٠‬ز٘ذ أكّذ اٌ‪ ٝ‬حٌّذسعش وً ‪.َٛ٠‬‬
‫‪Salma plays the violin every weekend.‬‬
‫طؼضف عٍّ‪ ٝ‬حٌىّخْ وً ػطٍش ٔ‪ٙ‬خ‪٠‬ش أعز‪ٛ‬ع‪ play .‬ؿخءص ٕ٘خ رّؼٕ‪ٝ‬‬
‫"‪٠‬ؼضف"‪.‬‬

‫طزو‪١‬ش‪ٔ :‬ع‪١‬ف ‪ s‬ػٕذ ؿّغ حألعّخء‪ٌ ،‬ىٓ ٕ٘خ ٔع‪١‬ف كشف ‪ s‬اٌ‪ ٝ‬حٌفؼً‬
‫ػٕذِخ ‪٠‬ى‪ ْٛ‬فخػٍٗ ِفشداح‪.‬‬

‫ٔغظخذَ ‪ present simple‬أ‪٠‬عاخ ٌٍظؼز‪١‬ش ػٓ كمخثك ال خًلف ػٍ‪ٙ١‬خ‪،‬‬

‫‪ٚ‬حألفؼخي حٌّظؼٍمش رخإلدسحن ‪ٚ‬حٌؾؼ‪ٛ‬س‪ٚ ،‬حٌلخؿش‪.‬‬

‫‪56‬‬
 ‫ا‬
:‫ِؼًل‬
He hates math.
.‫خص‬١‫خظ‬٠‫ىشٖ حٌش‬٠ )ٛ٘(
She loves her country.
.‫) طلذ رٍذ٘خ‬ٟ٘(
She understands physics.
.‫خء‬٠‫ض‬١‫ُ حٌف‬ٙ‫) طف‬ٟ٘(
He wants to get married.
.‫حؽ‬ٚ‫ذ حٌض‬٠‫ش‬٠ )ٛ٘(
Plants need oxygen to survive.
.‫ٓ ٌٍزمخء‬١‫طلظخؽ حٌٕزخطخص ٌألوغـ‬
She prefers tea to coffee.
.‫س‬ٛٙ‫ حٌم‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬ٞ‫) طفعً حٌؾخ‬ٟ٘(

ً‫ أِخ رلخٌش حٌفخػ‬.I ٚ‫ رؼذ حٌفخػً اْ وخْ ؿّؼاخ أ‬don't ‫ ٔعغ‬ٟ‫رلخٌش حٌٕف‬ٚ
. doesn't ٖ‫ رؼذ‬ٟ‫ؤط‬٠ ‫حٌّفشد‬
I don't like pizza.
.‫ظضح‬١‫ال أكذ حٌز‬
He doesn't like pizza.
.‫ظضح‬١‫لذ حٌز‬٠ ‫ ال‬ٛ٘
They don't like pizza.
.‫ظضح‬١‫ْ حٌز‬ٛ‫لز‬٠ ‫ُ٘ ال‬

57
‫‪ًٔٚ‬لكع أْ حٌفؼً رؼذ ‪٠ doesn't ٚ don't‬ؤط‪ِ ٟ‬ـشداح‪.‬‬

‫‪58‬‬
 ‫‪ Adverbs of frequency‬أحىاه اىتنشاس اىضٍْي‬
‫ٔغظخذَ ‪ٌٍ adverbs of frequency‬ظؼز‪١‬ش ػٓ طىشحس فؼً ِخ ِٓ "ال‬
‫‪٠‬لصً أرذاح" اٌ‪" ٝ‬دحثُ حٌلص‪ٛ‬ي ‪ٚ‬حٌظىشحس"‪ٚ ،‬طؤط‪٘ ٟ‬زٖ حألك‪ٛ‬حي ػخدس ف‪ٟ‬‬
‫‪٠ٚ ،present simple‬ؤط‪ ٟ‬حٌلخي ػخدس لزً حٌفؼً ِزخؽشس‪.‬‬
‫ِٓ أوؼش أك‪ٛ‬حي حٌظىشحس حٌضِٕ‪ ٟ‬حعظخذح اِخ‪:‬‬
‫‪ never‬أر اذح‬
‫‪ٔ rarely‬خدساح‬
‫‪ sometimes‬أك‪١‬خٔاخ‬
‫‪ usually‬ػخدس‬
‫‪ always‬دحث اّخ‬
‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫‪He rarely goes to the market.‬‬
‫٘‪ٔ ٛ‬خدساح ِخ ‪٠‬ز٘ذ اٌ‪ ٝ‬حٌغ‪ٛ‬ق‪.‬‬
‫‪He usually travels by train.‬‬
‫ػخدس ِخ ‪٠‬غخفش ر‪ٛ‬حعطش حٌمطخس‪.‬‬
‫‪I sometimes drink tea.‬‬
‫أؽشد حٌؾخ‪ ٞ‬أك‪١‬خٔاخ‪.‬‬

‫‪59‬‬
 ‫‪( Past simple‬تصشيف صٍْي)‬
‫ٔغظخذَ حٌـ ‪ past simple‬ػٕذِخ ٔظلذع ػٓ فؼً كذع ‪ٚ‬حٔظ‪ ٝٙ‬رخٌّخظ‪.ٟ‬‬
‫‪ٚ‬ال ٔ‪ٙ‬ظُ ٌ‪ٛ‬ؿ‪ٛ‬د أػش ٌ‪ٙ‬زح حٌلذع‪.‬‬
‫ؽىً ؿٍّش حٌـ ‪past simple‬‬
‫)‪Subject – verb 2 (past simple‬‬
‫‪٠‬ى‪ ْٛ‬ػخدس حٌّخظ‪ ِٓ ٟ‬حٌفؼً ٘‪ ٛ‬حٌفؼً حٌّـشد رخإلظخفش اٌ‪ ed ٝ‬رٕ‪ٙ‬خ‪٠‬ظٗ‪،‬‬
‫ٌىٓ ٕ٘خن أفؼخي ال طظزغ ٘زٖ حٌمخػذس ِؼً‪:‬‬
‫اىفؼو اىحبضش ‪v1‬‬ ‫اىَؼْى‬ ‫اىفؼو اىَبضي ‪v2‬‬
‫‪eat‬‬ ‫‪٠‬ؤوً‬ ‫‪ate‬‬
‫‪drink‬‬ ‫‪٠‬ؾشد‬ ‫‪drank‬‬
‫‪swim‬‬ ‫‪٠‬غزق‬ ‫‪swam‬‬
‫‪drive‬‬ ‫‪٠‬غ‪ٛ‬ق‬ ‫‪drove‬‬
‫‪/ write‬سح‪٠‬ض‪/‬‬ ‫‪٠‬ىظذ‬ ‫‪wrote‬‬
‫‪/ read‬س‪٠‬ذ‪/‬‬ ‫‪٠‬مشأ‬ ‫‪ read‬طُمشأ ِ‬
‫‪/‬سد‪/‬‬
‫‪sleep‬‬ ‫‪ٕ٠‬خَ‬ ‫‪slept‬‬

‫أِؼٍش ػٍ‪ ٝ‬أفؼخي ِٕظظّش ‪ٚ‬غ‪١‬ش ِٕظظّش‪.‬‬

‫‪Bilal played tennis last night.‬‬
‫ٌؼذ رًلي حٌظٕظ حٌٍ‪ٍ١‬ش حٌّخظ‪١‬ش‪.‬‬
‫‪I wrote two books last year.‬‬
‫ُ‬
‫وظزض وظخر‪ ٓ١‬حٌغٕش حٌّخظ‪١‬ش‪.‬‬

‫‪60‬‬
‫أِخ رلخٌش حٌٕف‪ ،ٟ‬فٕعغ ‪ didn't‬رؼذ حٌفخػً‪٠ٚ ،‬ؤط‪ ٟ‬رؼذ٘خ حٌفؼً ِـشداح‪.‬‬
‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫‪Bilal didn't play tennis last night.‬‬
‫ٌُ ‪ٍ٠‬ؼذ رًلي حٌظٕظ حٌٍ‪ٍ١‬ش حٌّخظ‪١‬ش‪.‬‬
‫‪I didn't write two books last years.‬‬
‫ٌُ أوظذ وظخر‪ ٓ١‬حٌغٕش حٌّخظ‪١‬ش‪.‬‬

‫‪61‬‬
 ‫‪ Used to‬اػتبد ػيى‬
‫ٔغظخذَ ‪ٌٍ used to‬لذ‪٠‬غ ػٓ أِش حػظخد حٌفخػً أْ ‪٠‬م‪ َٛ‬رٗ رخٌّخظ‪ٌٚ ٟ‬ىٕٗ‬
‫ط‪ٛ‬لف ػٓ فؼٍٗ ح‪٠ٚ ،ْ٢‬ؤط‪ ٟ‬حٌفؼً حٌشث‪١‬ظ ِـشداح رؼذ ‪ِ used to‬زخؽشس‪.‬‬
‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫‪I used to play tennis every day when I was young.‬‬
‫حػظذص أْ أٌؼذ حٌظٕظ وً ‪ َٛ٠‬ػٕذِخ وٕض صغ‪١‬شاح‪.‬‬

‫‪ّ٠ٚ‬ىٓ أْ ٔغظخذَ ‪ٌٍ used to‬لذ‪٠‬غ ػٓ أِش ‪٠‬ؼظخد حٌفخػً ػٍ‪ ٝ‬فؼٍٗ ف‪ٟ‬‬
‫حٌ‪ٛ‬لض حٌلخظش‪ٌٚ ،‬ىٓ ف‪٘ ٟ‬زٖ حٌلخٌش ‪٠‬خظٍف طشو‪١‬ذ حٌـٍّش‪:‬‬
‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫‪I am used to playing tennis every day.‬‬
‫أٔخ ِؼظخد ػٍ‪ٌ ٝ‬ؼذ حٌظٕظ ‪١ِٛ٠‬اخ‪.‬‬
‫‪ٚ‬الكع ٕ٘خ أْ ‪ play‬ؿخءص ِغ ‪ٚ -ing‬أْ فؼً حٌى‪ٕٔٛ١‬ش ‪٠‬ؤط‪ ٟ‬رؼذ حٌفخػً‪.‬‬
‫ِؼخي‪:‬‬
‫‪He is used to running for long distances.‬‬
‫٘‪ِ ٛ‬ؼظخد ػٍ‪ ٝ‬حٌشوط ٌّغخفخص غ‪ٍ٠ٛ‬ش‪.‬‬

‫‪62‬‬
 ‫‪ Remember‬يتزمش‬
‫ِؼٕ‪ ٝ‬حٌفؼً ‪ remember‬رخٌؼشر‪١‬ش ٘‪٠ ٛ‬ظزوش‪ٚ .‬لذ ‪٠‬غظخذَ حٌفؼً ٌٍلذ‪٠‬غ‬
‫ػٓ روش‪ ٜ‬كصٍض رخٌّخظ‪ ،ٟ‬أ‪ٌٍ ٚ‬ظزو‪١‬ش رفؼً ؽ‪ٟ‬ء رخٌّغظمزً‪٠ٚ ،‬خظٍف‬
‫ؽىٍٗ كغذ حالعظخذحَ‪.‬‬
‫أِؼٍش ػٍ‪ ٝ‬حعظخذحَ حٌفؼً ٌٍلذ‪٠‬غ ػٓ روش‪ ٜ‬كصٍض‪:‬‬
‫‪I remember playing golf with my friend.‬‬
‫أطزوش ٌؼذ حٌغ‪ٌٛ‬ف ِغ صذ‪٠‬م‪.ٟ‬‬
‫‪He remembers swimming in the sea.‬‬
‫٘‪٠ ٛ‬ظزوش حٌغزخكش ف‪ ٟ‬حٌزلش‪.‬‬
‫‪ًٔٚ‬لكع ٕ٘خ أْ حٌفؼً حٌز‪ ٞ‬ؿخء رؼذ ‪ remember‬حٔظ‪ ٝٙ‬رـ ‪.ing‬‬

‫أِؼٍش ػٍ‪ ٝ‬حعظخذحَ حٌفؼً ٌٍظزو‪١‬ش رفؼً ؽ‪ٟ‬ء رخٌّغظمزً‪:‬‬

‫‪Remember to sleep early.‬‬
‫طزوش أْ طٕخَ ِزىشاح‪.‬‬
‫‪Remember to study for your test.‬‬
‫طزوش أْ طذسط الِظلخٔه‪.‬‬
‫‪ًٔٚ‬لكع ٕ٘خ أْ حٌفؼً حٌز‪ ٞ‬ؿخء رؼذ ‪ remember‬وخْ ِغز‪ٛ‬لاخ رـ ‪ٚ ،to‬ؿخء‬
‫حٌفؼً ِـشداح‪.‬‬

‫‪63‬‬
 )‫ (تصشيف صٍْي‬Past continuous
ٟ‫ٓ ف‬١‫لض ِؼ‬ٌٛ ‫ي فؼً ِخ‬ٛ‫غ ػٓ حعظّشحس كص‬٠‫ف ٌٍلذ‬٠‫ٔغظخذَ ٘زح حٌظصش‬
:ٟٙ‫ٕظ‬٠ ْ‫ لزً أ‬ٟ‫حٌّخظ‬
:‫ؽىً حٌـٍّش‬
I – was – (verb + ing)
Singular subject )‫ – (ِفشد‬was – (verb + ing)
Plural subject (‫ – )ؿّغ‬were – (verb + ing)
‫ا‬
:‫ِؼًل‬
I was playing tennis when Ahmad came.
.‫وٕض أٌؼذ حٌظٕظ ػٕذِخ ؿخء أكّذ‬
Ali and Bilal were swimming in a pool.
.‫ رشوش‬ٟ‫غزلخْ ف‬٠ ‫رًلي‬ٚ ٍٟ‫وخْ ػ‬
‫ ا‬.ْٛ‫ى‬٠ ً‫ رؼذ فؼ‬not ‫ ٔعغ‬ٟ‫رلخٌش حٌٕف‬ٚ
:‫ِؼًل‬
He wasn't playing tennis.
.‫ٍؼذ حٌظٕظ‬٠ ٓ‫ى‬٠ ٌُ

64
 ‫‪( Past continuous and past simple‬تصشيف صٍْي)‬
‫ٔغظخذَ حٌـ ‪ِ past simple‬غ حٌـ ‪ past continuous‬ػٕذِخ ٔظلذع ػٓ‬
‫فؼً كصً ‪ٚ‬حٔظ‪ ٝٙ‬ر‪ّٕ١‬خ وخْ ٕ٘خن فؼً آخش ‪٠‬لذع رخٌ‪ٛ‬لض ٔفغٗ‪.‬‬
‫ِؼخي‪I called Ali while he was sleeping. :‬‬
‫ؽىً ط‪ٛ‬ظ‪١‬ل‪:ٟ‬‬

‫‪ٕ٘ٚ‬خ ٔؼٕ‪ ٟ‬أْ حٌّظىٍُ حطصً ػٍ‪ ٝ‬ػٍ‪ ٟ‬ر‪ّٕ١‬خ وخْ حألخ‪١‬ش ٔخث اّخ‪ٕ٘ٚ ،‬خ حعظّش‬
‫فؼً "حٌٕ‪ "َٛ‬صِٕاخ أغ‪ٛ‬ي ِٓ "حالطصخي"‪.‬‬
‫‪ّ٠ٚ‬ىٓ أْ طؤط‪ ٟ‬حٌـٍّش رؾىً آخش‪:‬‬
‫‪While Ali was sleeping, I called him.‬‬

‫‪65‬‬
 because, therefore, however, but
‫ بسبب‬because
.‫ي أِش ِخ‬ٛ‫غ ػٓ عزذ كص‬٠‫خ ػٕذ حٌلذ‬ِٙ‫ٔغظخذ‬
He couldn't speak because he was tired. :‫ِؼخي‬
.‫غ ألٔٗ وخْ ِظؼزاخ‬٠‫غظطغ حٌلذ‬٠ ٌُ
Because he was happy, he smiled.
.ُ‫ حرظغ‬،‫ألٔٗ وخْ فشكاخ‬
.‫ش حٌـٍّش‬٠‫ رذح‬ٚ‫عػ أ‬ٚ ٟ‫ لذ طؤط‬because ْ‫ٕ٘خ ًٔلكع أ‬ٚ

‫ ىزىل‬therefore
.‫ ػخلزش أِش ِخ‬ٚ‫ـش أ‬١‫خْ ٔظ‬١‫خ ٌظز‬ِٙ‫ٔغظخذ‬
He didn't study. Therefore he failed his test. :‫ِؼخي‬
.ٗٔ‫ حِظلخ‬ٟ‫ٌزٌه سعذ ف‬ٚ ‫ذسط‬٠ ٌُ

‫ ػيى اىشغٌ ٍِ رىل‬however

.‫لؼش‬ٛ‫ش ِظ‬١‫ـش ِخ وخٔض غ‬١‫ش أْ ٔظ‬١‫خ ٌٍظؼز‬ِٙ‫ٔغظخذ‬
He eats a lot. However, he is very thin. :‫ِؼخي‬
.‫ً ؿذاح‬١‫ أٗ ٔل‬،‫ حٌشغُ ِٓ رٌه‬ٍٝ‫ ٌىٓ ػ‬،‫شاح‬١‫ؤوً وؼ‬٠ ٗٔ‫ا‬

.ِ‫ ىن‬but
He bought a new car, but it was slow.
.‫جش‬١‫خ وخٔض رط‬ٕٙ‫ ٌى‬،‫ذس‬٠‫خسس ؿذ‬١‫ ع‬ٜ‫حؽظش‬

66
 )‫ (تصشيف صٍْي‬Present perfect
‫ضحي أػشٖ ِغظّشاح‬٠ ‫ ٌىٓ ال‬ٟ‫ حٌّخظ‬ٟ‫غ ػٓ كذع كصً ف‬٠‫ٔغظخذِٗ ٌٍلذ‬
.‫ش ػٓ ٘زح حألػش‬١‫ظُ رخٌظؼز‬ٙٔ ٓ‫ٔل‬ٚ ،‫ ٘زٖ حٌٍلظش‬ٝ‫كظ‬
:‫ؽىً حٌـٍّش‬
I – have – verb (past participle)
Subject (singular) – has – verb (past participle)
Subject (plural) – have – verb (past participle)
‫ا‬
It has rained. :‫ِؼًل‬
.rained ٛ٘ rain ِٓ )past participle( ‫ف حٌؼخٌغ‬٠‫غ حٌظصش‬١‫ك‬
،‫داح‬ٛ‫ؿ‬ِٛ ‫ضحي‬٠ ‫ ٌإلؽخسس أْ أػش حٌّطش ال‬present perfect ‫ٕ٘خ حعظخذِٕخ‬
‫ا‬
.ْ٢‫ ح‬ٝ‫ٌش كظ‬ٍٛ‫حسع ِز‬ٛ‫ْ حٌؾ‬ٛ‫فّؼًل لذ طى‬
ٌٗ ‫ف‬١‫ ٔع‬ٞ‫ أ‬،‫) ِٕظظ اّخ‬past simple( ‫خ‬ٙ١‫ْ ِخظ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ٟ‫ حألفؼخي حٌظ‬:ٗ٠ٕٛ‫ط‬
.past simple ‫ ٔفظ حٌـ‬ٛ٘ ٌٗ past participle ‫ْ حٌـ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ –ed

She has written four books already.

.ً‫ٌمذ وظزَض أسرؼش وظذ رخٌفؼ‬
.‫ رؼذ حٌفؼً حٌّغخػذ‬not ‫ ٔعغ‬ٟ‫ٌٍٕف‬ٚ

67
 unless /as long as
‫ ىطبىَب‬as long as
.‫ كذع ِخ ِشطزػ رؤِش آخش‬،‫ي‬ٛ‫ ػذَ كص‬ٚ‫ أ‬،‫ي‬ٛ‫ٓ أْ كص‬١‫خ ٌٕز‬ِٙ‫ٔغظخذ‬
.‫ش حٌـٍّش‬٠‫ رذح‬ٚ‫عػ أ‬ٚ ْ‫خ‬١‫طؤط‬ٚ

You will succeed as long as you study.

.‫عظٕـق ٌطخٌّخ أٔه طذسط‬
As long as you study, you will succeed.

‫ إال إرا‬unless
‫ رؼذ‬ٟ‫ؤط‬٠ ٓ١‫د ؽشغ ِؼ‬ٛ‫ؿ‬ٛ‫لصً اال ر‬٠ ٌٓ ‫ٓ أْ أِشاح ِخ‬١‫خ ٌٕز‬ِٙ‫ٔغظخذ‬
.unless
You will not learn English unless you memorize a lot of
words.
.‫ش ِٓ حٌىٍّخص‬١‫ش اال أْ طؼٍّض حٌىؼ‬٠‫ض‬١ٍ‫ٌٓ طظؼٍُ حإلٔـ‬
Unless you memorize a lot of words, you will not learn
English.

68
 )‫ (تصشيف صٍْي‬Past perfect
ٟ‫ؤط‬٠ ‫زح‬ٌٙٚ ،ٟ‫ حٌّخظ‬ٟ‫ش أْ كذػاخ ِخ كصً لزً كذع آخش ف‬ٙ‫ٔغظخذِٗ ٌٕظ‬
.past simple ‫ػخدس ِغ حٌـ‬
past perfect ‫ؽىً ؿٍّش‬
Subject – had – verb (past participle)
‫ا‬
:‫ِؼًل‬
Ali had sold his old car before he bought the new one.
.‫ذس‬٠‫حكذس ؿذ‬ٚ ٞ‫ؾظش‬٠ ْ‫ّش لزً أ‬٠‫خسطٗ حٌمذ‬١‫ ع‬ٍٟ‫رخع ػ‬
:ٟ‫ل‬١‫ظ‬ٛ‫ؽىً ط‬

.‫ذس‬٠‫ّش كصً لزً ؽشحء حٌـذ‬٠‫خسس حٌمذ‬١‫غ حٌغ‬١‫ًٔلكع ٕ٘خ أْ ر‬

:‫ْ حٌـٍّش ٘ىزح‬ٛ‫ّىٓ أْ طى‬٠ٚ
Ali bought a new car after he had sold the old one.
.ٗ‫ذ حٌـٍّش ٌىٓ ِؼٕخ٘خ ظً ٔفغ‬١‫حخظٍف ٕ٘خ طشو‬ٚ

69
 ‫ ّىاقو صٍْيت‬Time transitions
‫حص‬ٛ‫ خط‬ٚ‫ أ‬،‫ صِٓ حألكذحع‬ٟ‫ش ف‬١‫ طغ‬ٌٝ‫ٔغظخذَ ٘زٖ حٌىٍّخص ٌإلؽخسس ا‬
.‫ء ِخ‬ٟ‫ِظًلكمش ٌصٕغ ؽ‬
:ً‫حل‬ٌٕٛ‫ِٓ أُ٘ ٘زٖ ح‬
Boil the water before adding two spoons of coffee.
.‫س‬ٛٙ‫ ل‬ٟ‫حغً حٌّخء لزً اظخفش ٍِؼمظ‬
ِ
Add a spoon of sugar after the water boils.
.‫ حٌّخء‬ٍٟ‫أظف ٍِؼمش عىش رؼذ أْ طغ‬
First, boil the water. Then add two spoons of coffee and
stir well. Finally, pour the hot coffee in a mug.
‫ا‬
‫س‬ٛٙ‫ صذ حٌم‬،‫شاح‬١‫ أخ‬.‫ذاح‬١‫كشن ؿ‬ٚ ‫س‬ٛٙ‫ ل‬ٟ‫ ػُ أظف ٍِؼمظ‬.‫ حغ ًِ حٌّخء‬،‫ال‬ٚ‫أ‬
.‫ وؤط‬ٟ‫حٌغخخٕش ف‬

70
 )‫ (تصشيف صٍْي‬Present perfect continuous
.‫ ٘زٖ حٌٍلظش‬ٝ‫ضحي ِغظّشاح كظ‬٠ ‫ال‬ٚ ٟ‫غ ػٓ فؼً رذأ رخٌّخظ‬٠‫ٔغظخذِٗ ٌٍلذ‬
:‫ؽىً حٌـٍّش‬
I – have – been – (verb + ing)
Subject (singular) – has – been – (verb + ing)
Subject (plural) – have – been – (verb + ing)

‫ا‬
:‫ِؼًل‬
He has been living in Germany for two months.
.ٓ٠‫ش‬ٙ‫خ ِٓ ِذس ؽ‬١ٔ‫ أٌّخ‬ٟ‫غىٓ ف‬٠ ‫ضحي‬٠ ‫ ال‬ٛ٘
They have been studying since 9 am.
.‫ْ ِٕز حٌظخعؼش صزخكاخ‬ٛ‫ذسع‬٠ ‫ح‬ٌٛ‫ضح‬٠ ‫ُ٘ ال‬
Bilal has been writing since yesterday.
.‫ىظذ ِٕز حٌزخسكش‬٠ ‫ضحي رًلي‬٠ ‫ال‬
Ahmad has been sleeping for 10 hours.
.‫ضحي أكّذ ٔخث اّخ ِٓ ِذس ٓٔ عخػخص‬٠ ‫ال‬
ٟ‫ اكذحّ٘خ ف‬ٟ‫ػخدس ِخ طؤط‬ٚ ،for ٚ since ‫د‬ٛ‫ؿ‬ٚ ‫ حألِؼٍش حٌغخرمش‬ٟ‫ًٔلكع ف‬
.present perfect continuous ‫ؿًّ حٌـ‬
.ً‫ع حٌفؼ‬ٚ‫ػذ رذء كذ‬ِٛ ٓ١‫خ ػٕذِخ ٔز‬ِٙ‫ٔغظخذ‬ٚ ،‫ ِٕز‬since
‫ض‬١‫ْ حٌظشو‬ٚ‫ع حٌفؼً د‬ٚ‫ش ٌلذ‬١ِٕ‫ٓ حٌّذس حٌض‬١‫خ ػٕذِخ ٔز‬ِٙ‫ٔغظخذ‬ٚ ،‫ ٌّذس‬for
.‫ش‬٠‫ػذ حٌزذح‬ِٛ ٍٝ‫ػ‬

71
 ‫‪ٌٍٕٚ‬ف‪ٔ ٟ‬عغ ‪ not‬رؼذ حٌفؼً حٌّغخػذ‪ .‬ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫‪I haven't been studying.‬‬
‫ٌُ أوٓ أدسط‪.‬‬

‫‪72‬‬
 )‫ (تصشيف صٍْي‬Past perfect continuous
ٟٙ‫ٕظ‬٠ ْ‫ٓ لزً أ‬١‫لض ِؼ‬ٌٛ ‫حعظّش‬ٚ ٟ‫غ ػٓ فؼً رذأ رخٌّخظ‬٠‫ٔغظخذِٗ ٌٍلذ‬
.‫عاخ‬٠‫ أ‬ٟ‫رخٌّخظ‬
:‫ؽىً حٌـٍّش‬
I – had – been – (verb + ing)
Subject (singular) – had – been – (verb + ing)
Subject (plural) – had – been – (verb + ing)
‫ا‬
:‫ِؼًل‬
I had been trying to reach you for 15 minutes.
.‫مش‬١‫ٔ دل‬1 ‫ي حالطصخي ره ٌّذس‬ٚ‫وٕض أكخ‬
They had been training since yesterday.
.‫ْ ِٕز حٌزخسكش‬ٛ‫ظذسر‬٠ ‫ح‬ٛٔ‫ٌمذ وخ‬

73
 )‫ (تصشيف صٍْي‬Future simple
.‫س ٌُ طلصً رؼذ‬ِٛ‫غ ػٓ أ‬٠‫ٔغظخذِٗ ٌٍلذ‬
:‫ؽىً حٌـٍّش‬
Subject – will – verb (‫)ِـشد‬
‫ا‬
:‫ِؼًل‬
I will help you with your project tomorrow.
.I'll ‫ ٕ٘خ ٌظصزق‬I will ‫ّىٓ أْ ٔخظصش‬٠ٚ .‫ػه غذاح‬ٚ‫ ِؾش‬ٟ‫عؤعخػذن ف‬
I won't be able to come to your party.
ٛ٘ will ٟ‫ًٔلكع ٕ٘خ أْ ٔف‬ٚ .‫ كفٍظه‬ٌٝ‫َ ا‬ٚ‫ حٌمذ‬ٍٝ‫ْ لخدساح ػ‬ٛ‫ٌٓ أو‬
.won't

74
 )‫ (تصشيف صٍْي‬Future continuous
.ً‫ حٌّغظمز‬ٟ‫ٕش ف‬١‫غظّش ٌفظشس ِؼ‬١‫ٓ ع‬١‫غ ِؼ‬٠‫ش ػٓ كذ‬١‫ٔغظخذِٗ ٌٍظؼز‬
:‫ؽىً حٌـٍّش‬
Subject – will – be – (verb + ing)
‫ا‬
:‫ِؼًل‬
Bilal will be playing Fifa when we visit him.
.ٖ‫س‬ٚ‫فخ ػٕذِخ ٔض‬١‫ٍؼذ ف‬٠ ‫ْ رًلي‬ٛ‫ى‬١‫ع‬
I guess they'll be making mamoul before Eid.
they ‫ًٔلكع ٕ٘خ إٔٔخ حخظصشٔخ‬ٚ .‫ذ‬١‫ي لزً حٌؼ‬ّٛ‫ْ حٌّؼ‬ٛ‫صٕؼ‬١‫ُ ع‬ٙٔ‫أػظمذ أ‬
.they'll ‫ ٌظصزق‬will
‫ ا‬.will ‫ رؼذ‬not ‫ ٔعغ‬ٟ‫ٌٍٕف‬ٚ
:‫ِؼًل‬
I guess they won't be making mamoul before Eid.
.‫ذ‬١‫ي لزً حٌؼ‬ّٛ‫ح حٌّؼ‬ٛ‫صٕؼ‬٠ ٌٓ ُٙٔ‫أػظمذ أ‬

75
 )‫ (تصشيف صٍْي‬Future perfect continuous
ٟ‫ٕش ف‬١‫ ٔمطش ِؼ‬ٝ‫ش كظ‬١ِٕ‫غظّش ٌّذس ص‬١‫ش ػٓ كذع ع‬١‫ٔغظخذِٗ ٌٍظؼز‬
ً‫حٌّغظمز‬
:‫ؽىً حٌـٍّش‬
Subject – will – have – been – (verb + ing)
‫ا‬
:‫ِؼًل‬
I will have been teaching for 10 years in 2025.
.ٕٕٓ1 َ‫ي ػخ‬ٍٛ‫حص رل‬ٕٛ‫ْ ِؼٍ اّخ ٌّذس ٓٔ ع‬ٛ‫عؤو‬
I will have been reading for 2 hours at 7 pm.
.‫ي حٌغخرؼش ِغخ اء‬ٍٛ‫ٓ رل‬١‫ْ لخسثاخ ٌّذس عخػظ‬ٛ‫عؤو‬

76
 )‫ (تصشيف صٍْي‬Future perfect
ٟ‫ش ف‬١ِٕ‫ ٔمطش ص‬ٌٝ‫ي ا‬ٛ‫ص‬ٌٛ‫اخ لزً ح‬١ٙ‫ْ ِٕظ‬ٛ‫ى‬١‫غ ػٓ فؼً ع‬٠‫ٔغظخذِٗ ٌٍلذ‬
.ً‫حٌّغظمز‬
:‫ؽىً حٌـٍّش‬
Subject – will – have – verb (past participle)
‫ا‬
:‫ِؼًل‬
I will have left the party at 9 pm.
.‫ي حٌظخعؼش ِغخ اء‬ٍٛ‫ْ لذ غخدسص حٌلفٍش رل‬ٛ‫عؤو‬
He will have finished the book by tonight.
.‫ٍش‬١ٌٍ‫ي ح‬ٍٛ‫ ِٓ حٌىظخد رل‬ٝٙ‫ْ لذ حٔظ‬ٛ‫ى‬١‫ع‬
.will ‫ رؼذ‬not ‫ ٔعغ‬ٟ‫ٌٍٕف‬ٚ

77
 ‫‪ If conditionals‬إرا اىطشطيت‬
‫ألْ ٘زح حٌمغُ ‪٠‬ؼظّذ وؼ‪١‬شاح ػٍ‪ ٝ‬رؼط طصش‪٠‬فخص حألفؼخي‪٠ ،‬شؿ‪ِ ٝ‬شحؿؼش‬
‫حٌظصش‪٠‬فخص حٌّؼٕ‪١‬ش‪:ٟ٘ٚ ،‬‬
‫‪Present simple‬‬
‫‪Future simple‬‬
‫‪Past simple‬‬
‫‪Past perfect‬‬

‫لزً أْ ٔظطشق ألسرؼش أٔ‪ٛ‬حع ِٓ حعظخذحِخص ؿًّ "ارح" حٌؾشغ‪١‬ش‪ ،‬دػ‪ٔٛ‬خ‬

‫ٔ‪ٛ‬ظق أْ حٌـٍّش حٌؾشغ‪١‬ش طمغُ ٌمغّ‪ :ٓ١‬ؿضء حٌؾشغ‪ٚ ،‬ؿضء حٌٕظ‪١‬ـش‬
‫‪ٚ‬حٌز‪٠ ٞ‬ظلمك رلخٌش طلمك ؿضء حٌؾشغ‪ّ٠ٚ .‬ىٓ حعظزذحي ِىخْ حٌـضث‪ٓ١‬‬
‫رخٌـٍّش‪.‬‬

‫‪Type 0‬‬
‫ٔغظخذَ ٘زح حٌٕ‪ٛ‬ع ػٕذ حٌلذ‪٠‬غ ػٓ أِ‪ٛ‬س طلصً د‪ ٚ‬اِخ رلخٌش ط‪ٛ‬فش ؽشغ ِخ‪.‬‬
‫ؽىً حٌـٍّش‪:‬‬
‫)‪If (present simple, present simple‬‬
‫أ‪ٚ‬‬
‫)‪(present simple) if (present simple‬‬
‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫‪If you heat ice, it melts.‬‬
‫ارح عخٕض حٌـٍ‪١‬ذ ع‪ٛ‬ف ‪٠‬ز‪ٚ‬د‪.‬‬

‫‪78‬‬
 ‫‪Ice melts if you heat it.‬‬
‫‪٠‬ز‪ٚ‬د حٌـٍ‪١‬ذ ارح عخٕظٗ‪.‬‬

‫‪Type 1‬‬
‫ٔغظخذِٗ ٌٍلذ‪٠‬غ ػٓ ٔظ‪١‬ـش ِلظٍّش رلخي كذ‪ٚ‬ع فؼً أِش ِّىٓ ‪ٚٚ‬حلؼ‪ٟ‬‬
‫ف‪ ٟ‬حٌّغظمزً‪ ِٓٚ ،‬حعظخذحِخطٗ حٌ‪ٛ‬ػ‪ٛ‬د حٌّؾش‪ٚ‬غش‪.‬‬
‫ؽىً حٌـٍّش‪:‬‬
‫)‪If (present simple, future simple‬‬
‫أ‪ٚ‬‬
‫)‪(future simple) if (present simple‬‬

‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫‪If you don't hurry, you will miss the train.‬‬
‫ارح ٌُ طغظؼـً عظظؤخش ػٓ حٌمطخس‪.‬‬

‫‪You will miss the train if you don't hurry.‬‬

‫عظظؤخش ػٓ حٌمطخس ارح ٌُ طغظؼـً‪.‬‬

‫‪Type 2‬‬
‫ٔغظخذِٗ ػٕذ حٌظؼز‪١‬ش ػٓ أِش غ‪١‬ش ‪ٚ‬حلغ ف‪ ٟ‬حٌؼخٌُ حٌلم‪١‬م‪ ،ٟ‬ف‪ ٟ‬حٌضِٓ‬
‫حٌلخظش أ‪ ٚ‬حٌّغظمزً‪.‬‬

‫‪79‬‬
 :‫ؽىً حٌـٍّش‬
If (simple past, subject – would – verb (infinitive))
ٚ‫أ‬
(subject – would – verb (infinitive)) if (simple past)
‫ا‬
:‫ِؼًل‬
If he had enough experience for the job, the boss would
hire him.
.‫ش‬٠‫ظفٗ حٌّذ‬ٛ١‫فش ع‬١‫ظ‬ٌٍٛ ‫ش‬١‫ٗ خزشس وخف‬٠‫ وخْ ٌذ‬ٌٛ
The boss would hire him if he had enough experience for
the job.
.‫فش‬١‫ظ‬ٌٍٛ ‫ش‬١‫ٗ خزشس وخف‬٠‫ وخْ ٌذ‬ٌٛ ‫ش‬٠‫ظفٗ حٌّذ‬ٛ١‫ع‬

Type 3
‫ أْ حٌلخٌش‬ٟٕ‫ؼ‬٠ ‫٘زح‬ٚ ،ٟ‫ حٌضِٓ حٌّخظ‬ٟ‫ش ف‬١‫ش ػٓ كخٌش فشظ‬١‫ٔغظخذِٗ ٌٍظؼز‬
.‫خ‬ٕٙ‫غ ػ‬٠‫ظُ حٌلذ‬٠ ‫ٌُ طلصً طّخ اِخ وّخ‬
:‫ؽىً حٌـٍّش‬
If (past perfect, subject – would have – verb (past
participle))
ٚ‫أ‬
(subject – would have – verb (past participle)) if (past
perfect)

80
 ‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫‪If I had found his address, I would have sent him an‬‬
‫‪invitation.‬‬
‫ٌ‪ ٛ‬وٕض لذ ‪ٚ‬ؿذص ػٕ‪ٛ‬حٔٗ ٌىٕض أسعٍٗ ٌٗ دػ‪ٛ‬س‪.‬‬
‫‪I would have sent him an invitation if I had found his‬‬
‫‪address.‬‬
‫ٌىٕض أسعٍٗ ٌٗ دػ‪ٛ‬س ٌ‪ ٛ‬وٕض لذ ‪ٚ‬ؿذص ػٕ‪ٛ‬حٔٗ‪.‬‬

‫‪ًٔٚ‬لكع رخألِؼٍش حٌغخرمش رّخظٍف حألٔ‪ٛ‬حع‪ ،‬أٔٗ ٌ‪ ٛ‬ؿخء ؿضء حٌؾشغ ا‬

‫أ‪ٚ‬ال‬
‫فٕلٓ ٔعغ رؼذٖ فخصٍش (‪ )،‬أِخ ٌ‪ ٛ‬ؿخء ؿضء حٌٕظ‪١‬ـش ا‬
‫أ‪ٚ‬ال فًل ٔعغ فخصٍش‬
‫ف‪ ٟ‬حٌـٍّش‪.‬‬

‫‪81‬‬
 ‫‪ Questions‬أسئيت‬
‫عٕظلذع ف‪٘ ٟ‬زح حٌمغُ رؾىً ِخظصش ػٓ ػًلػش أٔ‪ٛ‬حع ِٓ حألعجٍش ف‪ ٟ‬حٌٍغش‬
‫حإلٔـٍ‪١‬ض‪٠‬ش‪.‬‬

‫‪Yes – no questions‬‬
‫وّخ ‪٠‬ؾ‪١‬ش حالعُ‪ ،‬ف‪ ٛٙ‬حٌغئحي حٌز‪ ٞ‬طى‪ ْٛ‬حإلؿخرش ػٍ‪ ٗ١‬اِخ ٔؼُ أ‪ ٚ‬ال‪.‬‬
‫ؽىً حٌغئحي‪:‬‬
‫ٌظى‪ ٓ٠ٛ‬عئحي ٔؼُ أ‪ ٚ‬ال ػٍ‪ٕ١‬خ حعظخذحَ أكذ حألفؼخي حٌّغخػذس ‪be, do, have‬‬
‫أ‪ِ ٚ‬ؼً‪٠ٚ ... can, will, should:‬ى‪ ْٛ‬طصش‪٠‬ف حٌفؼً رّخ ‪٠‬ظ‪ٛ‬حفك ِغ‬
‫حٌفخػً ‪ٚ‬صِٓ كذ‪ٚ‬ع حٌفؼً‪ٔٚ .‬عغ حٌفؼً حٌّغخػذ رذح‪٠‬ش حٌغئحي‪.‬‬
‫فؼً ِغخػذ‪ٔ/‬خلص = ‪helping verb‬‬
‫فؼً سث‪١‬ظ = ‪main verb‬‬
‫‪Helping verb – subject – main verb/adjective‬‬
‫‪ٕ٘ٚ‬خ طزو‪١‬ش رخٌظصش‪٠‬فخص حٌّخظٍفش ٌألفؼخي ‪.be, do, have‬‬
‫‪be‬‬ ‫‪do‬‬ ‫‪have‬‬

‫حٌضِٓ ‪/‬‬ ‫حبضش‬ ‫ٍبضي‬ ‫حبضش‬ ‫ٍبضي‬ ‫حبضش‬ ‫ٍبضي‬

‫حٌفخػً‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪am‬‬ ‫‪was‬‬ ‫‪do‬‬ ‫‪did‬‬ ‫‪have‬‬ ‫‪had‬‬
‫ٍفشد‬ ‫‪is‬‬ ‫‪was‬‬ ‫‪does‬‬ ‫‪did‬‬ ‫‪has‬‬ ‫‪had‬‬
‫جَغ‬ ‫‪are‬‬ ‫‪were‬‬ ‫‪do‬‬ ‫‪did‬‬ ‫‪have‬‬ ‫‪had‬‬

‫‪82‬‬
 ‫ا‬
:‫ِؼًل‬
Does he want to stay?
‫؟‬ٝ‫زم‬٠ ْ‫ذ أ‬٠‫ش‬٠ ً٘

Is she tall?

‫ٍش؟‬٠ٛ‫ غ‬ٟ٘ ً٘

Does that taste okay?

‫ذ؟‬١‫ً٘ غؼّٗ ؿ‬
Am I your friend?
‫مه؟‬٠‫ً٘ أٔخ صذ‬

Does he have a brother?

‫ٗ أم؟‬٠‫ً٘ ٌذ‬

Could you help me lift this?

‫ رشفغ ٘زح؟‬ٟ‫غ ِغخػذط‬١‫ً٘ طغظط‬

83
 ‫‪Wh- questions‬‬
‫‪٠‬غظخذَ ٘زح حٌٕ‪ٛ‬ع ِٓ حألعجٍش ٌٍغئحي ػٓ ِؼٍ‪ِٛ‬ش ِؼ‪ٕ١‬ش‪ ،‬ا‬
‫ِؼًل ؽخص‪ ،‬أ‪ٚ‬‬
‫ِىخْ‪ ،‬أ‪ ٚ‬صِٓ‪ ،‬أ‪ ٚ‬ػّش‪٘ٚ ،‬ىزح‪.‬‬
‫ِٓ حٌىٍّخص حٌّغظخذِش ف‪٘ ٟ‬زٖ حألعجٍش‪:‬‬

‫‪Wh- word‬‬ ‫اىيفع‬ ‫اىَؼْى‬

‫‪what‬‬ ‫‪ٚ/‬ص‪/‬‬ ‫ِخرح‬
‫‪where‬‬ ‫‪٠ٚ/‬ش‪/‬‬ ‫أ‪ٓ٠‬‬
‫‪when‬‬ ‫‪/ْٚ/‬‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِظ‪ٝ‬‬
‫‪who‬‬ ‫‪/ُٛ٘/‬‬ ‫ِٓ‬
‫‪why‬‬ ‫‪ٚ/‬ح‪/ٞ‬‬ ‫ٌّخرح‬
‫‪how‬‬ ‫‪٘/‬خ‪/ٚ‬‬ ‫و‪١‬ف‬
‫‪how many‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫وُ (ٌٍّؼذ‪ٚ‬د)‬
‫‪how much‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫وُ (ٌغ‪١‬ش حٌّؼذ‪ٚ‬د)‬

‫ؽىً حٌغئحي‪:‬‬
‫بحبىت وجىد أحذ األفؼبه اىَسبػذة‪/‬اىْبقصت ينىُ هنزا‪:‬‬
‫… ‪Wh (helping verb) subject – main verb‬‬
‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫?‪When does the train leave‬‬
‫ِظ‪٠ ٝ‬غخدس حٌمطخس؟‬

‫‪84‬‬
 Where do you live?
‫ٓ طغىٓ؟‬٠‫أ‬

:‫ّبقص‬/‫بحبىت ػذً وجىد فؼو ٍسبػذ‬

Wh (main verb)…
‫ا‬
:‫ِؼًل‬
What happened to you?
‫ِخرح كصً ٌه؟‬
Who scored the goal?
‫ذف؟‬ٌٙ‫ِٓ عـً ح‬

‫بحبىت وجىد فؼو اىنيْىّت ببىسؤاه دوُ وجىد فؼو سئيس ينىُ ضنو‬
:‫اىسؤاه هنزا‬
Wh (verb to be) – subject …
‫ا‬
:‫ِؼًل‬
What is your nationality?
‫ظه؟‬١‫ ؿٕغ‬ٟ٘ ‫ِخ‬
How are you?
‫ف كخٌه؟‬١‫و‬
Where is he from?
‫؟‬ٛ٘ ٓ٠‫ِٓ أ‬

85
 ‫‪ Tags‬أسئيت ريييت‬
‫ا‬
‫عئحال ر‪١ٍ٠‬اخ ألٔٗ اظخفش لص‪١‬شس ػٍ‪ ٝ‬حٌـٍّش‪ٌٚ ،‬ىٓ رص‪١‬غش عئحي‪،‬‬ ‫‪٠‬غّ‪ٝ‬‬
‫‪٠ٚ‬ؾزٗ اٌ‪ ٝ‬كذ ِخ "أٌ‪١‬ظ وزٌه؟" حٌظ‪ ٟ‬طؤط‪ ٟ‬رؼذ ؿٍّش ف‪ ٟ‬حٌٍغش حٌؼشر‪١‬ش‪.‬‬

‫ٌص‪١‬خغش عئحي ر‪ ِٓ ٍٟ٠‬ؿًّ طلظ‪ ٞٛ‬ػٍ‪ ٝ‬فؼً ِغخػذ‪:‬‬

‫?‪He is Bilal, isn't he‬‬

‫ٔفؼً ِخ ‪:ٍٟ٠‬‬
‫اْ وخْ حٌفؼً حٌّغخػذ ِؼزظاخ‪ ،‬أ‪١ٌ ٞ‬ظ ِٕف‪١‬اخ‪( ،‬وّخ ف‪ ٟ‬حٌّؼخي) ٕٔف‪ٌ ٗ١‬ظصزق‬
‫‪ ،isn't‬ػُ ٔعؼٗ رؼذ حٌفخصٍش ِزخؽشس‪ٚ ،‬رؼذ٘خ ٔعغ حٌىٍّش حأل‪ ٌٝٚ‬ف‪ٟ‬‬
‫حٌـٍّش‪ ٟٕٙٔٚ ،‬حٌغئحي حٌز‪ ٍٟ٠‬رؼًلِش عئحي‪ًٔٚ .‬لكع ٕ٘خ أٔٗ ٌ‪ ٛ‬وخْ حالعُ‬
‫صش‪٠‬لاخ ف‪ ٟ‬حٌـٍّش‪ ،‬ولخٌش حعُ رًلي‪ ،‬فٕلٓ ٔغظخذَ حٌعّ‪١‬ش حٌّٕخعذ ٌٗ‬
‫ػٕذِخ ٔؾ‪١‬ش ٌٗ ف‪ ٟ‬حٌغئحي حٌز‪ٌٙٚ ،ٍٟ٠‬زح حعظخذِٕخ حٌعّ‪١‬ش ‪.he‬‬

‫?‪Ali is your brother, isn't he‬‬

‫ٕ٘خ ٌُ ٔىظذ حعُ ػٍ‪ ٟ‬ف‪ ٟ‬حٌغئحي حٌز‪ ٍٟ٠‬رً حعظؼعٕخ رخٌعّ‪١‬ش ‪ he‬ا‬
‫رذال ػٕٗ‪.‬‬

‫ِؼخي ػٍ‪ ٝ‬ؿٍّش ِٕف‪١‬ش رآدحس ٔف‪:ٟ‬‬

‫?‪She isn't playing tennis, is she‬‬
‫٘‪ ٟ‬ال طٍؼذ حٌظٕظ‪ ،‬أٌ‪١‬ظ وزٌه؟‬

‫‪86‬‬
 ‫ِؼخي ِؼزض‪:‬‬
‫?‪I was there, wasn't I‬‬
‫ٌمذ ُ‬
‫وٕض ٕ٘خن‪ ،‬أٌ‪١‬ظ وزٌه؟‬

‫أِخ ٌ‪ ٛ‬وخْ حٌفؼً حٌّغخػذ ِٕف‪١‬اخ‪ ،‬فٕؼزظٗ ػٓ غش‪٠‬ك كزف آدحس حٌٕف‪( ٟ‬ف‪ٟ‬‬
‫حٌّؼخي ؿخءص ‪ )not‬لزً أْ ٔعؼٗ أ‪ٚ‬ي حٌغئحي حٌز‪ ٍٟ٠‬رؼذ حٌفخصٍش‪.‬‬
‫أِخ رلخٌش ػذَ ‪ٚ‬ؿ‪ٛ‬د فؼً ِغخػذ‪ٚٚ ،‬ؿ‪ٛ‬د فؼً سث‪١‬ظ فمػ رخٌـٍّش حٌّؼزظش‬
‫فٕغظزذي حٌفؼً رخٌظصش‪٠‬ف حٌّٕخعذ ِٓ حٌفؼً ‪ ،do‬كغذ حٌفخػً ‪ٚ‬صِٓ‬
‫كذ‪ٚ‬ع حٌفؼً‪ ،‬لزً أْ ٕٔف‪ٕ٘ٚ .ٗ١‬خ ٍِخص عش‪٠‬غ ٌظصش‪٠‬ف حٌفؼً ‪.do‬‬
‫حٌضِٓ ‪ /‬حٌفخػً‬ ‫حبضش‬ ‫ٍبضي‬
‫ٍفشد‬ ‫‪does‬‬ ‫‪did‬‬
‫جَغ ‪I /‬‬ ‫‪do‬‬ ‫‪did‬‬
‫ا‬
‫ِؼًل‪:‬‬
‫?‪He plays football, doesn't he‬‬
‫٘‪ٍ٠ ٛ‬ؼذ وشس حٌمذَ‪ ،‬أٌ‪١‬ظ وزٌه؟‬
‫?‪They work at a hospital, don't they‬‬
‫ُ٘ ‪٠‬ؼٍّ‪ ْٛ‬رّؾف‪ ،ٝ‬أٌ‪١‬ظ وزٌه؟‬

‫أِخ ٌ‪ ٛ‬وخٔض حٌـٍّش ِٕف‪١‬ش فٕلٓ فمػ ّٔل‪ ٟ‬آدحس حٌٕف‪ٔٚ ،ٟ‬عغ حٌظصش‪٠‬ف‬
‫حٌّٕخعذ ِٓ ‪ do‬أ‪ٚ‬ي حٌغئحي حٌز‪.ٍٟ٠‬‬
‫?‪She doesn't speak Spanish, does she‬‬
‫٘‪ ٟ‬ال طظلذع حإلعزخٔ‪١‬ش‪ ،‬أٌ‪١‬ظ وزٌه؟‬

‫‪87‬‬
 ‫?‪You'll never walk alone, will you‬‬
‫أٔض ٌٓ طّؾ‪ٚ ٟ‬ك‪١‬ذاح أرذاح‪ ،‬أٌ‪١‬ظ وزٌه؟‬

‫‪ٚ‬ف‪ ٟ‬حٌّؼخي حألخ‪١‬ش ًٔلكع أْ ‪ ٟ٘ you'll‬ػزخسس ػٓ وٍّظ‪)you will( ٓ١‬‬

‫‪ٚ‬وزٌه أْ ‪ never‬طؼظزش آدحس ٔف‪ .ٟ‬أِخ ٌ‪ ٛ‬أسدٔخ ٔف‪ will ٟ‬رخعظخذحَ ‪not‬‬
‫فظصزق ‪ِ .won't‬ؼً‪:‬‬
‫?‪Asad won't listen to our advice, will he‬‬
‫ٌٓ ‪٠‬غظّغ أعذ ٌٕص‪١‬لظٕخ‪ ،‬أٌ‪١‬ظ وزٌه؟‬

‫‪88‬‬
 Passive voice
‫ؼش‬٠‫ ٕ٘خ ِشحؿؼش عش‬،passive voice ٛ٘ٚ ،ٌٟ‫لزً حالٔظمخي ٌٍمغُ حٌظخ‬
:ٗ١‫خ ف‬ِٙ‫ عٕغظخذ‬ٟ‫فخص حٌظ‬٠‫ وً ِٓ حٌظصش‬ٍٝ‫ٌـٍّش ػ‬

‫ف‬٠‫ حٌظصش‬Present Present Past Past Future

ً‫ حٌفخػ‬/ simple continuous simple continuous simple
I I sleep. I am I slept. I was I will
sleeping. sleeping. help
you.
‫ٍفشد‬ He He is He He was He
sleeps. sleeping. slept. sleeping. will
help
you.
‫جَغ‬ They They are They They We
sleep. sleeping. slept. were will
sleeping. help
you.

ٟٕ‫اخ "حٌّز‬٠‫ٗ ِـخص‬١ٍ‫ ِخ ٔطٍك ػ‬ٛ٘ٚ passive voice ‫ٔغظخذَ حٌـ‬

‫ إٔٔخ‬ٚ‫ أ‬،ً‫ش حٌفخػ‬٠ٛ٘ ِٓ ‫ي أوؼش‬ٛ‫حٌّفؼ‬ٚ ‫ حٌلذع‬ٍٝ‫ي" ػٕذِخ ٔشوض ػ‬ٛٙ‫ٌٍّـ‬
active ِٓ ًّ‫ً ؿ‬٠ٛ‫ ٘زح حٌمغُ طل‬ٟ‫ عٕؾشف ف‬.ً‫ش حٌفخػ‬٠ٛ٘ ‫ال ٔؼشف‬
:‫ش‬١ِٕ‫فخص ص‬٠‫ خّغش طصش‬ٟ‫ ف‬passive ٌٝ‫َ) ا‬ٍٛ‫ ٌٍّؼ‬ٟٕ‫(ِز‬

89
 present simple, past simple, present continuous, past
.future simple continuous, and

verbs to be ‫ٔش‬ٕٛ١‫طش ٌؾىً أفؼخي حٌى‬١‫ٌىٓ لزً حٌؾشف ٕ٘خ ِشحؿؼش رغ‬
.ً‫حٌفخػ‬ٚ ِٓ‫رخخظًلف حٌض‬
ً‫ش حٌفخػ‬١ّ‫ظ‬/ِٓ‫حٌض‬ ‫حبضش‬ ‫ٍبضي‬
I am was
‫ٍفشد‬ is was
‫جَغ‬ are were

past ‫ حٌـ‬ٍٝ‫د آخش حٌىظخد ًٌلغًلع ػ‬ٛ‫ؿ‬ٌّٛ‫ي ح‬ٚ‫ حٌـذ‬ٌٝ‫ّىٓ حٌز٘خد ا‬٠ٚ
ٟ‫خ ف‬ِٙ‫ ألفؼخي ؽخثؼش ألٕٔخ عٕغظخذ‬past participle ‫حٌـ‬ٚ simple
.ً٠ٛ‫حٌظل‬
Present simple
He plays tennis.
plays :ً‫حٌفؼ‬
tennis :‫ي‬ٛ‫حٌّفؼ‬
passive ‫ؽىً حٌـ‬
‫ي ا‬ٛ‫ٔعغ حٌّفؼ‬
ْٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫كغذ حٌّؼخي‬ٚ ،‫ي‬ٛ‫ٔش حٌّٕخعذ ٌٍّفؼ‬ٕٛ١‫ ػُ فؼً حٌى‬،‫ال‬ٚ‫أ‬
past participle ‫رؼذ٘خ ٔعغ حٌـ‬ٚ ،‫حٌضِٓ كخظش‬ٚ ‫ ِفشد‬tennis ْ‫ أل‬is
:‫ٌٍفؼً فظصزق‬
Tennis is played.

90
 She drives a car.
A car is driven.

He doesn't make films.

Films aren't made.

Past simple
He played tennis.
Tennis was played.
.ٟ‫ ألْ حٌضِٓ ِخظ‬tennis ‫ رؼذ‬was ‫ظؼٕخ‬ٚ ‫ٕ٘خ‬ٚ

He made films.
Films were made.

Present continuous
He is playing tennis.
playing :ً‫حٌفؼ‬
tennis :‫ي‬ٛ‫حٌّفؼ‬
passive ‫ؽىً حٌـ‬
‫ي ا‬ٛ‫ٔعغ حٌّفؼ‬
being ً‫ ػُ حٌفؼ‬،‫ي‬ٛ‫ٔش حٌّٕخعذ ٌٍّفؼ‬ٛ١‫ ػُ فؼً حٌى‬،‫ال‬ٚ‫أ‬
:‫ظ فظصزق‬١‫ ٌٍفؼً حٌشث‬past participle ‫شاح‬١‫أخ‬ٚ
Tennis is being played.

91
 She is driving a car.
A car is being driven.

Past continuous
‫ ٌىٓ ِغ‬present continuous ً٠ٛ‫خ حٌّظزؼش رظل‬ٙ‫حص ٔفغ‬ٛ‫ٔظزغ حٌخط‬
:‫ رذي حٌلخظش‬ٟ‫ حٌضِٓ حٌّخظ‬ٟ‫ٔش ف‬ٕٛ١‫حعظخذحَ فؼً و‬
He was playing tennis.
:‫طصزق‬
Tennis was being played.

Future simple
‫ي ا‬ٛ‫ف ٔعغ حٌّفؼ‬٠‫ ٘زح حٌظصش‬ٟ‫ً ف‬٠ٛ‫ٌٍظل‬
‫ف‬٠‫ ػُ حٌظصش‬will be ُ‫ال ػ‬ٚ‫أ‬
.ً‫ ِٓ حٌفؼ‬past (participle( ‫حٌؼخٌغ‬
‫ا‬
:‫ِؼًل‬
He will buy a car.
A car will be bought.

92
 ‫‪ Reported questions‬األسئيت اىَْقىىت‬
‫ف‪٘ ٟ‬زح حٌمغُ عٕؾشف رخخظصخس ػٓ و‪١‬ف‪١‬ش ٔمً‪ ،‬أ‪ ٞ‬طل‪ ً٠ٛ‬حٌغئحي اٌ‪ٝ‬‬
‫ص‪١‬غش ؿٍّش غ‪١‬ش حعظف‪ٙ‬خِ‪١‬ش‪ٛٔ ،‬ػ‪ ِٓ ٓ١‬حألعجٍش‪.wh- ٚ yes – no :‬‬

‫‪Yes – no questions‬‬
‫ٌخط‪ٛ‬حص طل‪ ً٠ٛ‬عئحي ‪( yes – no‬ر‪ٛ‬ؿ‪ٛ‬د فؼً ٔخلص) ٕ٘خ ِؼخي رغ‪١‬ػ‪:‬‬
‫?‪ Is he Ahmad‬ػٕذِخ ‪ٕ٠‬مً ‪٠‬صزق‪:‬‬
‫‪He asked if he was Ahmad.‬‬

‫‪ٕ٘ٚ‬خ لّٕخ رّخ ‪:ٍٟ٠‬‬

‫‪ٚ -‬ظغ ‪ if‬لزً حٌغئحي حٌّٕم‪ٛ‬ي‪٠ٚ ،‬ـ‪ٛ‬ص وزٌه ‪ٚ‬ظغ ‪.whether‬‬
‫‪ٔ -‬مً حٌفؼً رؼذ حٌفخػً ‪ٚ‬طل‪ ً٠ٛ‬صِٕٗ رّخ ‪٠‬ظٕخعذ ِغ حٌفؼً ‪asked‬‬
‫‪ٕ٘ٚ‬خ ‪ٚ‬لغ رخٌضِٓ حٌّخظ‪ ،ٟ‬فؤصزلض ‪ٕ٘ٚ he was.‬خ ‪٠‬ـذس حٌم‪ٛ‬ي رؤْ‬
‫رخإلٔـٍ‪١‬ض‪٠‬ش حٌذحسؿش ال ‪٠‬ظُ طل‪ ً٠ٛ‬حٌضِٓ ػخدس‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬كزف ػًلِش حٌغئحي ‪ٚٚ‬ظغ ٔمطش رذٌ‪ٙ‬خ‪.‬‬

‫ِؼخي آخش‪:‬‬
‫?‪Are they tall‬‬
‫ً٘ ُ٘ غ‪ٛ‬حي؟‬
‫‪He asked if they were tall.‬‬

‫‪93‬‬
 Wh- questions
Who is the fastest runner?
:‫صزق‬٠ ٍٗ‫ػٕذ ٔم‬
He asked who the fastest runner was.

:ٍٟ٠ ‫ٕ٘خ لّٕخ رّخ‬ٚ

ُ‫ظ‬٠ ‫ال‬ٚ ،ٟ‫ رخٌّخظ‬asked ً‫ ألْ فؼً حٌٕم‬was ٌٝ‫ ا‬is ً‫ً حٌفؼ‬٠ٛ‫ طل‬-
.‫ً صِٓ حٌفؼً رخٌذحسؿش ػخدس‬٠ٛ‫طل‬
)the fastest runner( subject ‫ ِخ رؼذ حٌـ‬ٌٝ‫ ا‬was ً‫ ٔمٍٕخ حٌفؼ‬-
‫ظؼٕخ حٌٕمطش ا‬ٚٚ ‫ كزفٕخ ػًلِش حٌغئحي‬-
.‫خ‬ِٕٙ ‫رذال‬

:‫ِؼخي آخش‬
Where does Omar live?
‫غىٓ ػّش؟‬٠ ٓ٠‫أ‬
He asked where Omar lived.

94
 ‫بؼض االختالفبث اإلٍالئيت بيِ أٍشينب وبشيطبّيب‬
‫عٕؼشض ف‪٘ ٟ‬زح حٌمغُ رؼط حٌىٍّخص حٌظ‪ ٟ‬طىظذ رؾىً ِخظٍف ر‪ ٓ١‬أِش‪٠‬ىخ‬
‫‪ٚ‬رش‪٠‬طخٔ‪١‬خ‪ٕ٘ٚ .‬خ ال ٔمصذ حٌىٍّخص حٌّخظٍفش طّخ اِخ‪ ،‬رً حٌىٍّش رحط‪ٙ‬خ ‪ٌٚ‬ىٓ‬
‫حٌىظخرش طخظٍف ا‬
‫لٍ‪ً١‬ل ر‪ ٓ١‬حٌزٍذ‪.ٓ٠‬‬

‫اىنتببت األٍشينيت‬ ‫اىنتببت اىبشيطبّيت‬ ‫اىَؼْى‬

‫‪center‬‬ ‫‪centre‬‬ ‫ِشوض‬
‫‪liter‬‬ ‫‪litre‬‬ ‫ٌظش‬
‫‪meter‬‬ ‫‪metre‬‬ ‫ِظش‬
‫‪apologize‬‬ ‫‪apologise‬‬ ‫‪٠‬ؼظزس‬
‫‪organization‬‬ ‫‪organisation‬‬ ‫ِٕظّش‬
‫‪analyze‬‬ ‫‪analyse‬‬ ‫‪٠‬لًٍ‬
‫‪color‬‬ ‫‪colour‬‬ ‫ٌ‪ْٛ‬‬
‫‪favor‬‬ ‫‪favour‬‬ ‫خذِش‬
‫‪neighbor‬‬ ‫‪neighbour‬‬ ‫ؿخس‬
‫‪program‬‬ ‫‪programme‬‬ ‫رشٔخِؾ‬
‫‪traveled‬‬ ‫‪travelled‬‬ ‫عخفش‬

‫‪95‬‬
 ‫ميَبث ضبئؼت تُيفع بطشيقت ٍغبيشة ىنتببتهب‬
‫اىنيَت‬ ‫اىيفع‬ ‫اىَؼْى‬
‫‪high‬‬ ‫٘خ‪ٞ‬‬ ‫ِشطفغ‬
‫‪light‬‬ ‫ال‪٠‬ض‬ ‫خف‪١‬ف ‪ -‬ظ‪ٛ‬ء‬
‫‪through‬‬ ‫ػش‪ٚٚ‬‬ ‫ػزْش‬
‫‪right‬‬ ‫سح‪٠‬ض‬ ‫‪ – ٓ١ّ٠‬صل‪١‬ق ‪ -‬كك‬
‫‪know‬‬ ‫ٔ‪ٛ‬‬ ‫‪٠‬ؼشف‬
‫‪answer‬‬ ‫آٔغش‬ ‫اؿخرش ‪٠ -‬ـ‪١‬ذ‬
‫‪thought‬‬ ‫ػ‪ٛ‬ص‬ ‫ف ّىش ‪ -‬فىشس‬
‫‪night‬‬ ‫ٔخ‪٠‬ض‬ ‫ٌ‪ً١‬‬
‫‪enough‬‬ ‫أَف‬ ‫‪٠‬ىف‪ٟ‬‬
‫‪talk‬‬ ‫ط‪ٛ‬ن‬ ‫‪٠‬ظىٍُ‬
‫‪half‬‬ ‫٘خف‬ ‫ٔصف‬
‫‪whole‬‬ ‫٘‪ٛ‬ي‬ ‫وخًِ‬
‫‪island‬‬ ‫آ‪ً٠‬لٔذ‬ ‫ؿض‪٠‬شس‬
‫‪laugh‬‬ ‫الف‬ ‫‪٠‬عله‬
‫‪ocean‬‬ ‫أ‪ٚ‬ؽٓ‬ ‫ِل‪١‬ػ‬
‫‪weight‬‬ ‫‪٠ٚ‬ض‬ ‫‪ٚ‬صْ‬
‫‪written‬‬ ‫س‪٠‬ظِٓ‬ ‫ِىظ‪ٛ‬د‬
‫‪sign‬‬ ‫عخ‪ٓ٠‬‬ ‫اؽخسس‬
‫‪bright‬‬ ‫رشح‪٠‬ض‬ ‫الِغ‬
‫‪straight‬‬ ‫عظش‪٠‬ض‬ ‫ِغظم‪ُ١‬‬

‫‪96‬‬
 ‫‪quiet‬‬ ‫و‪ٛ‬ح‪ِ٠‬ض‬ ‫٘خدة‬
‫‪design‬‬ ‫د‪٠‬ضح‪ٓ٠‬‬ ‫‪٠‬صُّ ‪ -‬طصّ‪ُ١‬‬
‫‪eight‬‬ ‫ح‪٠‬ض‬ ‫ػّخٔ‪١‬ش‬
‫‪paragraph‬‬ ‫رخسحغشحف‬ ‫فِمشس‬
‫‪temperature‬‬ ‫ط‪ّ١‬زش‪٠‬ظؾش‬ ‫دسؿش كشحسس‬
‫‪value‬‬ ‫ڤخٌ‪ٛ١‬‬ ‫ل‪ّ١‬ش‬
‫‪fight‬‬ ‫فخ‪٠‬ض‬ ‫لظخي ‪٠ -‬مخطً‬
‫‪natural‬‬ ‫ٔخطؾ‪ٛ‬سحي‬ ‫غز‪١‬ؼ‪ٟ‬‬
‫‪view‬‬ ‫ڤ‪ٛ١‬‬ ‫ِٕظش‬
‫‪soldier‬‬ ‫ع‪ٌٛ‬ذؿش‬ ‫ؿٕذ‪ٞ‬‬
‫‪practice‬‬ ‫رشحوظظ‬ ‫طّش‪ٓ٠‬‬
‫‪neighbor‬‬ ‫ٔ‪١‬ز‪ٛ‬س‬ ‫ؿخس‬

‫‪97‬‬
 past ( ‫) واىتصشيف اىخبىج‬past simple( ‫أفؼبه ضبئؼت ٍغ اىَبضي‬
)participle
Verb Past simple Past ‫اىَؼْى‬
(present) (v2) participle )‫(اىحبضش‬
(v3)
say said said ‫ي‬ٛ‫م‬٠
go went gone ‫ز٘ذ‬٠
know knew known ‫ؼشف‬٠
think thought thought ‫ؼظمذ‬٠
take took taken ‫ؤخز‬٠
see saw seen ٜ‫ش‬٠
want wanted wanted ‫ذ‬٠‫ش‬٠
find found found ‫ـذ‬٠
give gave given ٟ‫ؼط‬٠
tell told told ‫خزش‬٠
work worked worked ًّ‫ؼ‬٠
try tried tried ‫ي‬ٚ‫لخ‬٠
need needed needed ‫لظخؽ‬٠
feel felt felt ‫ؾؼش‬٠
leave left left ‫غخدس‬٠
begin began begun ‫زذأ‬٠
help helped helped ‫غخػذ‬٠

98
 show showed shown ‫ؼشض‬٠
run ran run ‫شوط‬٠
believe believed believed ِٓ‫ئ‬٠
bring brought brought ‫ـٍذ‬٠
stand stood stood ‫مف‬٠
learn learned/lear learned/learnt ٍُ‫ظؼ‬٠
nt
understand understood understood ُٙ‫ف‬٠
watch watched watched ‫ؾخ٘ذ‬٠
follow followed followed ‫ظخرغ‬٠
speak spoke spoken ‫ظلذع‬٠
add added added ‫ف‬١‫ع‬٠
win won won ‫ص‬ٛ‫ف‬٠
remember remembered remembered ‫ظزوش‬٠
buy bought bought ٞ‫ؾظش‬٠
wait waited waited ‫ٕظظش‬٠
die died died ‫ص‬ّٛ٠
send sent sent ً‫شع‬٠
expect expected expected ‫لغ‬ٛ‫ظ‬٠
fall fell fallen ‫مغ‬٠
kill killed killed ً‫مظ‬٠
break broke broken ‫ىغش‬٠

99
 explain explained explained ‫ؾشف‬٠
support supported supported ُ‫ذػ‬٠
drive drove driven ‫ق‬ٛ‫غ‬٠
forget forgot forgotten ٝ‫ٕغ‬٠
suffer suffered suffered ٟٔ‫ؼخ‬٠
avoid avoided avoided ‫ظـٕذ‬٠
refuse refused refused ‫شفط‬٠
shake shook shaken ‫ض‬ٙ٠
stare stared stared ‫زلٍك‬٠
invite invited invited ٛ‫ذػ‬٠
attack attacked attacked ُ‫خؿ‬ٙ٠
secure secured secured ِّٓ ‫ئ‬٠
investigate investigated investigated ‫لمك‬٠
jump jumped jumped ‫مفض‬٠
defend defended defended ‫ذحفغ‬٠
search searched searched ‫زلغ‬٠

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‫‪ّ٠‬ىٓ حعظخذحَ أ‪ ٞ‬ؿضء ِٓ ٘زح حٌؼًّ أل٘ذحف طؼٍ‪١ّ١‬ش غ‪١‬ش طـخس‪٠‬ش د‪ ْٚ‬حٌشؿ‪ٛ‬ع اٌ‪ ٝ‬حٌىخطذ‬

‫صفلش حٌىخطذ ػٍ‪ ٝ‬غ‪ٛ‬دس‪٠‬ذص‪:‬‬

‫‪goodreads/Abdullah Abu Snaineh‬‬

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