Relations & Functions

(Practice Set)

Rao Tutorials
8249 5710 82, 9777 380 759
Contents
1 Relation 4

2 Types of Relations 5
2.1 Reflexive Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Symmetric Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 Transitive Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.4 Identity Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.5 Antisymmetric Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.6 Equivalence Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Exercise 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3 Function 8
3.1 Domain of a Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2 Range of a Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.3 Graph of a Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4 Some Standard Functions 10

4.1 Polynomial Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2 Sine Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.3 Cosine Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.4 Tangent Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.5 Secant Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.6 Cosecant Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.7 Cotangent Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.8 Modulus Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.9 Exponential Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.10 Logarithmic Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.11 Greatest Integer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.12 Fractional Part Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Exercise 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

5 Even/Odd Function 18
Exercise 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6 Period of a Function 19
Exercise 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

7 Injection 21

8 Surjection 21
Exercise 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4

1 Relation
Given set A and B, then a relation from A to B (denoted as R : A → B) is “any subset of
the set A × B”.

For example if A = {a, b, c} and B = {1, 2}, then A×B = {(a, 1), (a, 2), (b, 1), (b, 2), (c, 1), (c, 2)}
and some relations from A to B are :

R1 R2 R3
A B A B A B
a a a
1 1 1
b b b
2 2 2
c c c

R1 = {(a, 2), (c, 2)} R2 = {(a, 1), (b, 1), (c, 2)} R3 = {(c, 1)}

Note(1) Observe how above relations are all subsets of A × B.

Note(2) We can also have null(void) relation, R4 = { }, in which no element of A is mapped

to any element of B.

Note(3) If n(A) = a and n(B) = b then total number of distinct relations from A to B is 2ab .

Note(4) In relation R1 above, we say “a is related to 2” (denoted as aR1 2) or “a & 2 are in

relation” (denoted as (a, 2) ∈ R1 ).

Note(5) In R2 above,we say that “the image of a is 1” & “the pre-image of 2 is c”.

Note(6) Above example relations : R1 , R2 & R3 are defined from A to B, where set A is the
domain and set B is the co-domain of relation.

Note(7) The set of all images in co-domain is the range. E.g., range of R1 is {2}.

Note(8) We can also have relations defined on only one set (say A), denoted as R : A → A,
where both domain & co-domain is A. These relations will be a subset of A × A.

Note(9) To form a relation we need set/sets (domain & co-domain) and also a basis of
relation. Basis tells us which element is mapped to which.

For e.g, if A = {1, 2, 3} then a relation ρ on set A defined as ρ = {(a, b) ⇔ a + b < 4}

is ρ = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1)}, where the basis of relation is a + b < 4.
 5

2 Types of Relations

2.1 Reflexive Relation

A relation ρ defined on set A is reflexive iff (a, a) ∈ ρ ∀ a ∈ A, i.e, every element of A is

related to itself.

E.g Relation ρ defined on set A = {1, 2, 3}, as ρ = {(a, b) iff a divides b}.
Above relation can be described as ρ = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 3)}.
Notice how every element of A is related to itself. So ρ is reflexive.

E.g Relation τ defined on set A = {1, 2, 3}, as τ = {(a, b) ⇔ a + b > 2}.

We have τ = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3)}.
Since 1 ∈ A and (1, 1) ∈
/ A, so τ is not reflexive.

Note(1) If number of elements in set A is n, i.e, n(A) = n, then the total number of
reflexive relations that can be defined on A is 2n(n−1) .

2.2 Symmetric Relation

A relation ρ defined on set A is symmetric if for a, b ∈ A, we have (a, b) ∈ ρ ⇒ (b, a) ∈ ρ.

E.g Relation R defined on set A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, as R = {(a, b) iff |a − b| < 2}.
R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 2), (3, 3)}.
For any (a, b) in R, we have (b, a) also in R, so R is symmetric.

2.3 Transitive Relation

A relation ρ defined on set A is transitive if for a, b, c ∈ A, we have

(a, b) ∈ ρ & (b, c) ∈ ρ ⇒ (a, c) ∈ ρ.

E.g Relation R defined on set N of natural numbers, as R = {(a, b) iff a divides b}.
In the above relation R, if (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R then we have ‘a divides b’ and ‘b
divides c’, which means ‘a divides c’ and thus (a, c) ∈ R. So R is transitive.

E.g Relation ρ = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (3, 2), (2, 3), (3, 3)} is not transitive as (1, 2) ∈ ρ and (2, 3) ∈ ρ
but (1, 3) ∈
/ ρ.
6

2.4 Identity Relation

A relation R defined on set A, is an identity relation if R = {(a, a) ∀ a ∈ A}.

Note(1) For set A = {1, 2, 3}, I = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)} is an identity relation as well as a
reflexive relation;
whereas R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (3, 1)} is a reflexive relation but not an iden-
tity relation.

2.5 Antisymmetric Relation

A relation ρ on set A is antisymmetric if (a, b) ∈ ρ and (b, a) ∈ ρ then a = b.

E.g Relation ρ defined on set Z of integers as, ρ = {(a, b) iff a divides b}.
Observe that in above relation ρ, if (a, b) ∈ ρ and (b, a) ∈ ρ then we have “a divides b”
and “b divides a”, which means “a & b must be equal”, so ρ is an antisymmetric relation.

2.6 Equivalence Relation

A relation that is reflexive, symmetric and transitive is called an equivalence relation.

E.g Relation R defined on set N of natural numbers as, R = {(a, b) iff a + b is even}.
Above relation is R = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 5), . . . , (2, 2), (2, 4), . . . , (3, 1), (3, 3), (3, 5), . . . }.

Since for any natural number a ∈ N, a + a = 2a is even, so (a, a) ∈ R. [reflexive].

If (a, b) ∈ R, then a + b is even ⇒ b + a is even ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R. [symmetric].

If (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R, then a + b = 2λ and b + c = 2µ (where 2λ and 2µ are some

even values) ⇒ a + 2b + c = 2(λ + µ) ⇒ a + c = 2(λ + µ − b) ⇒ a + c is even ⇒ (a, c) ∈ R.
[transitive].

As relation R is reflexive, symmetric & transitive, so R is an equivalence relation.

Note(1) If R is an equivalence relation on set A, then the equivalence class of an element

a ∈ A, (denoted as [a] ) is [a] = {set of all elements that are related to a}.

Note(2) An equivalence relation divides the given set in partitions called equivalence classes,
that are mutually disjoint (no two classes have any element in common) and ex-
haustive (the union of these classes/partitions is the given set).
 7

Exercise 1.

1. A relation ρ is defined on set Z of all inte- Is τ symmetric ?

gers as, ρ = {(a, b) ⇔ a − b = 3}.
 

Is the relation an equivalence ? 4. Let A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} and let a relation R

If yes, then what is the equivalence class be defined on A as
[2] ? R = {(0, 0), (0, 4), (1, 1), (1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 1),
What is the total number of equivalence (3, 3), (4, 0), (4, 4)}.
classes formed by the given relation ? Is R an equivalence relation ? If yes, then
find the distinct equivalence classes of R.
2. Consider the relation R on set R defined
as R = {(a, b) iff a ≤ b2 }. 5. We say that “a is congruent to b mod m”,
What is the range of R ? denoted as “a ≡ b (mod m)” if (a − b) is
Discuss reflexivity, symmetry & transitiv- divisible by m.
ity of R. Let R be a relation on Z defined as :
aRb ⇔ a ≡ b (mod 3).
3. If for the set A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, opera- Is R an equivalence relation ?
tion “addition modulo 6” (denoted as +6 ),
is defined as : 6. Let a relation R be defined on set N × N
as (a, b)R(c, d) ⇔ a + d = b + c.

a + b if a + b < 6
a +6 b = Is R an equivalence relation ?
a + b − 6 if a + b ≥ 6
and relation τ on set A is defined as τ = 7. Given a relation R = {(1, 2), (2, 3)} on the
{(a, b) ⇔ a +6 b = 4}, then : set A = {1, 2, 3}. Find the minimum num-
Is the relation reflexive ? Which elements ber of ordered pairs that must be included
are related to themselves ? in R to make it an equivalence relation.

Answers

1. Yes ; 3. No ; 5. Yes
{. . . , −4, −1, 2, 5, 8, . . . } ; 2 & 5;
3 Yes 6. Yes

2. R ;
4. Yes ; 7. (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (2, 1),
None of reflexive, sym-
{0, 4}, {1, 3}, {2} (3, 2), (3, 1), (1, 3)
metric or transitive
8

3 Function
A relation such that :

(i) Every element in the domain has an image in the co-domain, and

(ii) The mappings are not one-many,

is a function.

E.g Consider the relation f : R → R defined as f = {(a, b) ⇔ a = b2 }.

Observe that for a certain value of a, say 9, we have two values for b, i.e, b = ±3. As a
result the mappings in f are one-many, so f is not a function.
√
E.g Consider g : R → R defined as g = {(x, y) ⇔ y = x}.
√
Domain of g is R, i.e, (−∞, ∞), but for x < 0, y = x ∈
/ Co-domain = R. Thus there
are elements in domain that don’t have any image in Co-domain, so g is not a function.

E.g Consider h : R → R defined as h = {(x, y) ⇔ y = x2 − 5}.

For every element x ∈ R of domain, we have a defined output y = x2 −5 in the co-domain,
so every element in domain has a unique image in co-domain. h is a function.

Note(1) If f : A → B, i.e, f is a function with domain A & co-domain B such that n(A) = a
and n(B) = b then total number of distinct functions that can be formed is ba .

3.1 Domain of a Function

Since for a function, every element in domain has to have an image in co-domain, so the
domain of a function is “the set of all possible values for which a function is defined.”
√ √
E.g Consider the function f = (x, y) ⇔ y = x − 3 or simply f (x) = x − 3.


Since square root of a −’ve number is not real, so for f to exist, we must have x − 3 ≥ 0
or x ∈ [3, ∞), which is the domain (set of all possible inputs) of f .
√
Now we can rewrite above function as f : [3, ∞) → R, f (x) = x − 3.

3.2 Range of a Function

Range of a function is “those elements in the co-domain which have pre-images” or “the set of
all possible outputs”.
 9

f
E.g Let A = {a, b, c} , B = {1, 2, 3, 4} and f : A → B be defined A B
as f = {(a, 2), (b, 2), (c, 3)}. a 1
2
Range of f is those values in the co-domain which have pre- b
3
images i.e, {2, 3}. c
4

E.g Function f : R → R defined as f (x) = x2 , maps all real values in the domain on to all
positive values in co-domain, so range of f is [0, ∞).

3.3 Graph of a Function

The domain of a function is represented by the x-axis and co-domain by y-axis. The ordered
pairs that are mapped by the function are represented as points on cartesian plane.

E.g f : R → R is defined as f = (x, y) ⇔ y = x2 .



f Below is the graph of f (x) = x2 .

R R
Observe that domain is “horizontal span of graph”,
−∞ while range is the “vertical span”.
..
. −∞
−2 .. y
.. .
. 0
co-domain

.. 4
−1.6 .
..
. 1
..
−1 . 2.56
..
. 2
.. 2
0 .
..
. 2.56
1
.. 1
.
..
4 x
√. ..
2 . −0.3 √
.. −2 −1.6 −1 1 2 domain
. ∞
∞
10

4 Some Standard Functions

4.1 Polynomial Functions

A polynomial function of nth degree is of form

f (x) = an xn + an−1 xn−1 + an−2 xn−2 + · · · + a1 x + a0 , where n ∈ N & a0 , a1 , . . . , an ∈ R.

A polynomial function can easily be graphed, if its x & y-intercepts are known, keeping in
mind that graph of polynomial function of degree n turns for a maximum of n − 1
times.
y
E.g f (x) = y = x2 − 2x − 8
x
Putting y = 0, we get x-intercepts as x = −2 & 4. −2 4
Putting x = 0, we get y intercept as y = −8.

Further y = (x − 1)2 − 9 ⇒ ymin = −9 at x = 1.

Also since the function is of degree 2 so the graph will

have 1 turn.

Observe that domain = horizontal span = (−∞, ∞)

and range = vertical span = [−9, ∞). −8
−9

E.g f (x) = y = x3 − 5x2 + 3x + 9

Putting y = 0, we get x3 − 5x2 + 3x + 9 = 0 ... (1) y

By inspection we see that x = −1 is a root of (1), so 9
(x + 1) is a factor.
Dividing x3 − 5x2 + 3x + 9 by x + 1, we get x2 − 6x + 9.
So (1) can be factorized as (x + 1)(x − 3)2 = 0
⇒ curve intersects x-axis at just two points : −1 & 3.

Putting x = 0, we get y intercept as y = 9.

Also since the function is of degree 3 so the graph will x

have 2 turns. −1 3
Observe that domain = horizontal span = (−∞, ∞)
and range = vertical span = (−∞, ∞).
 11

Note that apart from intercepts, there are many other aspects like increasing-decreasing in-
tervals, local max-min, asymptotes, graphical transformations, etc, that help us trace the graph
of a given function. These will be discussed in later topics.

4.2 Sine Function

f (x) = sin x
y
1
x
−3π −2π −π π 2π 3π
−1

Domain : x ∈ (−∞, ∞)
Range : y ∈ [−1, 1]

4.3 Cosine Function

f (x) = cos x
y
1
x
−3π −2π −π π 2π 3π
−1

Domain : x ∈ (−∞, ∞)
Range : y ∈ [−1, 1]

4.4 Tangent Function

f (x) = tan x
y
3

The function is not defined at

2
π 1
odd multiples of , x
2
so the domain is −2π − 3π −π − π2 π π 3π 2π
2 2 2
π −1
 
x ∈ R − (2n − 1) , n ∈ Z.
2
−2
Range : y ∈ (−∞, ∞). −3
12

4.5 Secant Function

f (x) = sec x
1 y
As sec x = so sec x
cos x
will be undefined when 2
cos x = 0, so domain is 1

π

x
x ∈ R − (2n − 1) π
2 −2π − 3π −π − π2 π
2
3π 2π
2 2
−1
As no part of the curve
is between y = −1 & −2
y = 1, so range is
y ∈ (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞).

4.6 Cosecant Function

y
f (x) = cosec x

cosec x will be unde- 2

fined when sin x = 0, so 1
domain is x
x ∈ R − {nπ}, n ∈ Z. −2π − 3π −π − π2 π π 3π 2π
2 2 2
−1
Range is
−2
y ∈ (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞).

4.7 Cotangent Function

f (x) = tan x y

2
The function is not defined at
1
multiples of π,
x
so the domain is −2π − 3π −π − π2 π
2
π 3π 2π
2 2
−1
x ∈ R − {nπ}, n ∈ Z.
−2
Range : y ∈ (−∞, ∞).
 13

4.8 Modulus Function

f (x) = |x| = the numerical/absolute value of x.

If the argument is positive then the function does nothing 
and outputs the same, but if argument is negative then arg , if arg ≥ 0
|arg| =
modulus function outputs an extra negative to make −arg , if arg < 0
it positive.
Some examples are given below :
y y
−2
x+

3
3

3 3
2x

x x
3 −1 3
2
 
2x − 3 , x≥ 3 x2 − 2x − 3 , x ∈ R − (−1, 3)
|2x − 3| = 2
|x2 − 2x − 3| =
−(2x − 3) , x< 3 −x2 + 2x + 3 , x ∈ (−1, 3)
2

4.9 Exponential Function

f (x) = ax , where a > 0, a ̸= 1 is called exponential function.

y y
ax , (a > 1) ax , (0 < a < 1)

1 1
x
x

(When a > 1, ax increases as x increases.) (When 0 < a < 1, ax decreases as x increases.)

14

Observe that exponential functions are defined for all real values of x, and are always positive,
i.e, domain is x ∈ R and range is y ∈ (0, ∞).

4.10 Logarithmic Function

f (x) = loga x is defined only if x > 0, a > 0, a ̸= 1.

y y loga x, (a < 1)
2
1
x
1
1 a a2 x
a 1 a−1
−1

loga x, (a > 1)

(When a > 1, ax increases as x increases.) (When 0 < a < 1, ax decreases as x increases.)

Domain is x ∈ (0, ∞) and range is y ∈ R.

Some results for log function are :

• loga m + loga n = loga mn • loga a = 1

m
• loga m − loga n = loga logs b
n • loga b = , s ∈ R+ − {1}
• p loga m = loga mp logs a

• loga 1 = 0 • aloga b = b

Note(1) logb a = c ⇔ a = bc

a < bc , if a > 1
Note(2) logb a < c ⇒
a > bc , if 0 < a < 1
 15

4.11 Greatest Integer Function

y
f (x) = [x] or ⌊x⌋ is defined as the greatest 3
integer less than or equal to x.
2
E.g. [7.61] = 7, [π] = 3, [−2.41] = −3, [4] = 4,
etc. 1

Domain is x ∈ R, and range is y ∈ Z. x

−2 −1 1 2 3 4
Note(1) [x + k] = [x] + k for x ∈ R, k ∈ Z

Note(2) [−x] = −1 − [x] for x ∈ R − Z

4.12 Fractional Part Function

f (x) = {x} is defined as {x} = x − ⌊x⌋

 y

 x+2 , −2 ≤ x < −1 2



x+1 , −1 ≤ x < 0


1




0≤x<1

x

,
f (x) = x



 x−1 , 1≤x<2 −2 −1 1 2 3 4

x−2 , 2≤x<3







x−3 , 3≤x<4



Domain is x ∈ R and range is y ∈ [0, 1).

Exercise 2.

1. Find the domain and range of the following functions :

x 1 √
(a) f (x) = (b) f (x) = √ (c) f (x) = x2 − 4
x2 − 3x + 2 9 − x2
1 x x
(d) f (x) = (e) f (x) = (f) f (x) =
x−5 1−x 1 + x2
1 √ 2+x
(g) f (x) = (h) f (x) = 9 − x2 (i) f (x) =
2 − cos 3x 2−x
16

1
(j) f (x) = cos−1 (3x − 1) (k) f (x) = tan−1 (2x + 1) (l) f (x) = p
|x| − x

2. Find the domain of the following functions :

1 √ 1
(a) f (x) = + x+2 (b) f (x) = q
log10 (1 − x) log1/2 (x2 − 7x + 13)
√
4 − x2
( !)
(c) f (x) = sin log
1−x

3
 
3. Find the domain of f (x) = log log| sin x| (x2 − 8x + 23) − .
log2 | sin x|

4. Find the interval in which x must belong so that the following functions are defined :

(a) log10 (1 + x3 ) (b) log10 log10 (1 + x3 ) (c) log10 log10 log10 log10 x
s
x−1 2 log10 x + 1
   
(d) log0.4 (e) log100x
x+5 −x

5. Find domain of the following functions :

1 + x2
!
cos(sin x) (b) sin−1
p
(a)
2x
1 − 2|x|
q  
(c) sin−1 (log 2 x) (d) cos−1 + log|x−1| x
3
1 1
(e) sin−1 +√
|x2 − 1| sin x + sin x + 1
2

6. Find the domain of :

q
2(x−2)
q √
(a) f (x) = 4x + 8 3 − 52 − 22(x−1) (b) f (x) = sin−1 (3x − 4x3 ) + cos−1 x
1 q
(c) f (x) = q (d) f (x) =  sin−1 (sin x) − cos−1 (cos x)


4x − |x2 − 10x + 9|

7. If f (x) is defined for x ∈ [0, 1], then find the domain of g(x) = f (tan x).

8. If domain of f (x) is [−3, 2], then find the domain of g(x) = ⌊x⌋.
 

1
9. Find the domain of f (x) =  .
|x − 1| + |7 − x| − 6
  
 17

10. Find the number of solutions of the equation sin x = ⌊1 + sin x⌋ + ⌊1 − cos x⌋.

11. Find x if 4{x} = x + ⌊x⌋, where {·} is the fractional part function.

12. Find the solution set of the equation ⌈x⌉2 + ⌈x + 1⌉2 = 25, where ⌈·⌉ is the least integer
function.

13. Find the number of solutions of the equation ⌊x⌋ − 2x = 4.

 

Answers

1. (a) x ∈ R − {1, 2} (d) (1, ∞)

√ √
y ∈ (−∞, −3 − 2 2] ∪ [−3 + 2 2, ∞) (e) 0, 10−2


h 
(b) x ∈ (−3, 3) ; y ∈ 1
3, ∞
5. (a) (−∞, ∞)
(c) x ∈ R − (−2, 2) ; y ∈ [0, ∞)
(b) {−1, 1}
(d) x ∈ R − {5} ; y ∈ R − {0}
(c) [1, 2]
(e) x ∈ R − {1} ; y ∈ R − {−1}
h i (d) (0, 1) ∪ (1, 2)
(f) x ∈ R ; y ∈ − 21 , 12 √
√
(e) − ∞, − 2 ∪ 2, ∞ ∪ {0}


h i
(g) x ∈ R ; y ∈ 3, 1
1

6. (a) [3, ∞)
(h) x ∈ [−3, 3] ; y ∈ [0, 3] h √ i h √ i
(i) x ∈ R − {2} ; y ∈ R − {−1} (b) −1, − 23 ∪ 0, 23
√ √

(c) 7 − 40, 7 + 40 − {3}
h i
(j) x ∈ 0, 23 ; y ∈ [0, π] h i
(d) 0, π2 ∪ 2 , 2π
3π
 
(k) x ∈ R ; y ∈ − π2 , π2

(l) x ∈ (−∞, 0) ; y ∈ (0, ∞) 7. nπ, nπ + π

,n∈Z

4

2. (a) [−2, 0) ∪ (0, 1) 8. [−2, 3)

(b) (3, 4)
9. R − (0, 1] ∪ {2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ∪ [7, 8)


(c) (−2, 1)
    10. no solution
3. (3, π) ∪ π, 3π
2 ∪ 2 ,5
3π

11. x = 0, 53
4. (a) (−1, ∞)
(b) (0, ∞) 12. x ∈ (−5, −4] ∪ (2, 3]

(c) 1010 , ∞ 13. 4 solutions, x = {−4.5, −4, 3.5, 4}

18

5 Even/Odd Function
A function is called even if f (−x) = f (x).
Some examples of even function are cos x, |x|, x2 , etc.
Graph of an even function is always symmetric about y-axis.

A function is called odd if f (−x) = −f (x).

E.g., x3 , sin x, x|x|, etc. Graph of an odd function is always symmetric about origin.

Note(1) If E is an even function, O an odd function and N is neither even nor odd function,
then
(a) E ± E = E (b) O ± O = O (c) E ± O = N
(d) E × E = E (e) O × O = E (f) E × O = O

Note(2) If f (x) is any function then

(a) f (x) + f (−x) is necessarily even (b) f (x) − f (−x) is necessarily odd

Exercise 3.
1. Check whether the following functions are even, odd or neither of them.
a −1 √
 x 
(a) f (x) = x (b) f (x) = log x + x2 + 1 (c) f (x) = sin x + cos x


ax + 1




 x|x| , x ≤ −1

(d) f (x) = x2 − |x| (e) f (x) = ⌊1 + x⌋ + ⌊1 − x⌋ , −1 < x < 1


, x≥1

−x|x|


1−x
 
(f) f (x) = log
1+x

2. If f (x + y) + f (x − y) = 2f (x)f (y), f (0) ̸= 0 & x, y ∈ R, then determine whether f (x) is

even or odd or neither.

x|x| , 0≤x<1
3. A function is defined for x ≥ 0 as : f (x) = . Find
2x , x≥1

(a) even extension of f (x) (b) odd extension of f (x)

 19

2x(sin x + tan x)
4. Show that the function f (x) = is symmetric about origin.
x + 21π
 
2 − 41
π

5. If f and g are any two functions then prove that :

(a) f is even & g is even ⇒ f og is even (b) f is odd & g is odd ⇒ f og is odd
(c) f is even & g is odd ⇒ f og is even (d) f is odd & g is even ⇒ f og is even

Answers

1. (a) even (e) even


−2x , x ≤ −1
3. (a)
(b) odd (f) odd
−x|x| , −1 < x < 0

(c) neither

2x , x ≤ −1
(b)
(d) even 2. even x|x| , −1 < x < 0

6 Period of a Function
If the graph of a function repeats itself after a particular interval then we say that the function
is periodic and the least value of such interval is called the period of the function.

So if f (x + T ) = f (x) ∀ x ∈ R, then we say that f (x) has period T .

Period of some standard functions :

Function Period
π , if n is even
sinn x, cosn x, secn x, cosecn x
2π , if n is odd
tann x, cotn x π for all n ∈ N
| sin x|, | cos x|, | tan x|, | sec x|, |cosec x|, | cot x| π
Fraction part function {x} 1
√
Algebraic functions x, x, x
x2 +1
, etc
Exponential function ax , and logarithmic func- period doesn’t exist
tion loga x
20

Note(1) If f (x) is periodic with period T and a, b, c, k ∈ R then

(a) period of f (x) ± c is T (b) period of c · f (x) is T

T
(c) period of f (x ± c) is T (d) period of f (ax ± b) is
|a|
T
(e) period of c · f (ax ± b) ± k is
|a|

T , if g is not even
Note(2) If period of f (x) is T , then period of gof (x) is
1T
2 , if g is even

Note(3) If period of f (x) is T1 and that of g(x) is T2 , then the period of h(x) = f (x) + g(x)

L.C.M{T1 , T2 } , if h is not even
is
 1 L.C.M{T , T } , if h is even
2 1 2

Exercise 4.
1. Find the period of the following functions :
x
(a) f (x) = sin x + {x} (b) tan 3x + sin (c) f (x) = | sin x| + | cos x|
3
(d) f (x) = sin4 x + cos4 x (e) f (x) = cos(cos x) + cos(sin x)
(f) f (x) = cos−1 (cos x) (g) f (x) = sin(sin πx) + e{3x}

2. If f is a function satisfying f (x) + f (x + 4) = f (x + 2) + f (x + 6) ∀ x ∈ R, then find the

period of f .
√
3. If f (x) be a function such that f (x − 1) + f (x + 1) = 3f (x) ∀ x ∈ R and f (5) = 100 then
99
find the value of f (5 + 12r).
P
r=0

Answers

1. (a) none (d) π

2 (g) 2
3π

(b) 6π (e) π
2 2. 8

(c) π
2 (f) 2π 3. 104
 21

7 Injection
If a function f : A → B maps different elements of A to different elements of B then we say
that f is a one-one function or an injection.

We can use the following methods to know whether a function is injective or not :

(a) Analytical way

We first put f (x1 ) = f (x2 ), where x1 , x2 belong to the domain of f .
Then on simplifying, if we get x1 = x2 as the only conclusion, then f is an injection.

(b) Graphical way

We first trace the graph of given function f (x). Then we draw straight lines parallel to
x−axis. If any of these lines intersects the graph of f (x) at more than one point, then f
is not an injection.

(c) Using derivatives

If a function is continuous and monotonically increases i.e, f ′ (x) > 0 or monotonically
decreases i.e, f ′ (x) < 0, throughout its domain, then f is an injection.

8 Surjection
A function f : A → B is said to be a surjection or an onto function if every elemnt of B has
a pre-image in A.

In other words, if range = co-domain, then f is a surjection.

If f is not a surjection (onto), then f is an into function.

Note(1) If A and B are two finite sets with m and n elements respectively, then the total
n
number of surjections from A to B is (−1)n−r Cr r m .
P n
r=1

Exercise 5.
1. Discuss the following functions for injection, surjection & bijection :

(a) f : Q → Q, f (x) = 2x − 3
(b) f : R → R, f (x) = 3x3 + 5
(c) f : R → R, f (x) = x2 + x
22

2. Discuss the following functions f : A → B, where A = {x : −1 ≤ x ≤ 1} = B, for

injectivity, surjectivity & bijectivity :

(a) f (x) = |x| (b) f (x) = x|x|

πx
(c) f (x) = ⌊x⌋ (d) f (x) = sin
2

3. Find the number of surjections from A = {1, 2, 3, . . . , n}, n ≥ 2 to B = {a, b}.

4. There are exactly two distinct linear functions which map [−1, 1] onto [0, 3]. Find the point
of intersection of those two functions.

x−2
5. Let A = R − {3}, B = R − {1} and f (x) = . Is f a bijection ?
x−3

x2
6. If f : R → A, defined as f (x) = is a surjection then find A.
x2 + 1

Answers
 
1. (a) bijection (b) bijection 4. 0, 23
(b) bijection (c) many-one, into
5. Yes
(c) neither (d) bijection

2. (a) many-one, into 3. 2n − 2 6. A ∈ [0, 1)