WELCOME TO DPS FARIDABAD

E-LEARNING PLATFORM
DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL FARIDABAD

CHEMISTRY
Class VII

TOPIC - MATTER
Welcome to The Magical World of
Chemistry
Chemistry is the study of matter, its properties, how
and why substances combine or separate to form
other substances, and how substances interact with
energy.
Many people think of chemists as being white-coated
scientists mixing strange liquids in a laboratory, but
the truth is we are all chemists. Understanding basic
chemistry concepts is important for almost every
profession. Chemistry is part of everything in our
lives.
Every material in existence is made up of matter —
even our own bodies. Chemistry is involved in
everything we do, from growing and cooking food to
cleaning our homes to launching a space shuttle.
Chemistry is one of the physical sciences that help us
to describe and explain our world.
MATTER
Physical and Chemical Classification of Matter
(Physical Classification i.e. on the basis of physical properties like shape, density, volume etc.)
Is sponge a solid? If yes, how are we able to
compress it?
LIQUIDS TAKE UP THE SHAPE OF THE CONTAINER THEY ARE KEPT IN
GASES HAVE MASS AND OCCUPIES SPACE
 Comparing

Packing The constituent particles are very The constituent particles are less closely The constituent particles are free to
closely packed. packed. move about.
Shape and Volume They have a definite shape as well as They have a definite volume but no They neither have a definite shape nor
a definite volume. definite shape. a definite volume.
Density They have high density. Their density is lower than those of They generally have very low densities.
solids but much higher than those of
gases.
Interparticle forces of Interparticle forces of attraction are Interparticle forces are weaker than Interparticle forces of attraction are
attraction the strongest. those is solids but stronger than those in the weakest.
gases.
Separating Forces Minimum separating force exists separating force between particles is Maximum separating force exists
between particles stronger than silids but weaker than between particles
gases
Kinetic Energy Their particles have minimum kinetic Their particles have kinetic energy higher Their particles have highest kinetic
energy. than those of solids. energy.
Compressiblity Solids are completely Incompressible. Liquids are almost incompressible. Gases are highly compressible.
Lets try to answer some questions now!

Why do solids have definite shape

and volume?
Pressure is
Why are gases
applied
compressible?
Why does ice float on water?

Hollow Spaces or Voids

CAN THE VARIOUS STATES OF MATTER INTERCONVERT INTO EACH OTHER?
Curiosity
Corner (DIY)
• Are there only three
states of matter?
• Can the states of matter
interconvert by any
other way than varying
temperature?
• Boiling and Evaporation,
both, are the processes
wherein liquids convert
to gases. What is then
the difference between
the two?
• Why pumice stone
cannot be compressed?
CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
WHAT ARE ELEMENTS?
• A pure substance that is entirely made up of the same kind of
particles/atoms/molecules.
• They are represented by symbols.
• There are 118 known elements till date and these are all placed in the
periodic table.
ELEMENTS 1-10 AND THEIR USES
ELEMENTS 11-20 AND THEIR USES
SYMBOLS OF ELEMENTS

Look up the internet for the

symbols of the following
Elements:
1. Barium
2. Iodine
3. Lead
4. Tin
5. Iron
6. Copper
7. Mercury
8. Silver
9. Gold
10. Platinum
11. Zinc
12. Chromium
13. Cobalt
14. Nickel
WHAT IS A COMPOUND?
• A pure substance formed when two or more elements combine in a fixed
proportion by mass.
• Compounds are represented using a Chemical Formula. A chemical formula is a
symbolic representation of the proportions of atoms that constitute a particular
chemical compound.
Some commonly used compounds and their molecular
formula:

Compound Name Compound Formula

Glucose C6H12O6
Vinegar C2H4O2 OR CH3COOH
Baking Soda NaHCO3
Common Salt NaCl
Chemical in Ant Sting CH2O2 OR HCOOH
WHAT IS A MIXTURE?
• It is an impure substance formed when two or more
substances combine in any proportion by mass.

• It cannot be represented by a chemical formula.

• It is of two types:

1. Homogeneous Mixtures
2. Heterogeneous Mixtures
 HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE
• It is a kind of mixture in which the different components are
mixed uniformly.

• There are no visible boundaries present.

 HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE

• It is a kind of
mixture in
which the
Minute
different Maid
components Pulpy
Orange
are not
mixed
uniformly.

• There are
visible
boundaries
present.
WHY IS AIR A MIXTURE AND WATER A
COMPOUND?
 2:1 (BY VOLUME)
1:8 (BY MASS)

• 2 Volumes of Hydrogen combine with 1 Volume of Oxygen to form a

molecule of Water i.e. in the ratio of 2:1.

• 2 X 1 units of Hydrogen combine with 16 units of Oxygen to form one

molecule of water. Therefore, the ratio is 2:16 or 1:8.
 DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN:

ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS

1. These are the pure substances which are 1. These are the pure substances which
formed by two or more similar kind of are formed when two or more
atoms. elements combine in a fixed
proportion by mass.

2. These are represented by symbols. 2. These are represented by chemical

formulae.
3. Their smallest unit is an atom. 3. Their smallest unit is an element.

Examples: Gold(Au), Examples: Water(H2O), Carbon

Sodium(Na),Oxygen(O) etc. dioxide(CO2) etc.
DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN:
 DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN:

HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE

1. A mixture in which the different 1. A mixture in which the different

constituents are mixed uniformly. constituents are not mixed uniformly.

2. They do not have visible boundaries. 2. They have visible boundaries.

• Examples: Sugar solution, salt solution, • Examples: Muddy water, mixture of sand
fruit juice(without pulp) etc. and sugar, Pulpy fruit juices, milk, etc.
 ATOMS AND MOLECULES

What is an Atom?
All matter is made of very tiny particles called atoms, which participates in
chemical reactions.
What is a Molecule?
A molecule can be defined as the smallest particle of an element or a
compound that is capable of an independent existence and shows all the
properties of that substance.
 To attain stability
Atoms Molecules
(Are of two types)

Molecules of
Elements Molecule of
(E.g.: O2, N2,H2 , P4 etc.) Compounds
(E.g.: H2O, CO2 ,C6H12O6 etc.)

• Atoms combine together to form molecules to attain stability.

• If similar atoms combine together they form molecules of an
element.( E.g.: O2 ,H2 ,N2 , P4 etc.)
• If different atoms combine together they form molecules of
compounds. (E.g.: H2O, CO2 ,C6H12O6 etc.)
Some more Molecules and the Atoms that join together to form these
 VALENCY
It is defined as the combining power/capacity of an element
 VALENCY
One molecule of water is made up of 2 atoms of
hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. Why? Why
only this particular ratio?
Valencies of common Electropositive Radicals Valencies of common Electronegative
(Cations) Radicals (anions)
S.No. Element Valency
S.No. Element Valency
1. Aluminum Al3+
2. Ammonium NH4+
1. Fluoride ion F1- OR F-
3. Barium Ba2+ 2. Chloride ion Cl-
4. Calcium Ca2+ 3. Bromide Br-
5. Chromium Cr2+ 4. Iodide I-
6. Copper Cuprous Cu1+ 5. Sulphide S2-
Cupric Cu2+ SO32-
6. Sulphite
7. Hydrogen H1+ SO42-
7. Sulphate
8. Iron Ferrous Fe2+ NO -
8. Nitrite 2
Ferric Fe3+
9. Nitrate NO -
9. Lead Plumbous Pb2+ 3

Plumbic Pb4+ 10. Hydroxide OH-

2-
10. Magnesium Mg2+ 11. Carbonate CO3
11. Manganese Mn2+ 12. Acetate CH3COO-
12. Potassium K1+ 13. Phosphate PO43-
13. Silver Ag1+ 14. Oxide O2-
14. Sodium Na1+
15. Hydride H-
15. Tin Stannous Sn2+
Stannic Sn4+
16. Cyanide CN-
17. Bicarbonate HCO -
16. Zinc Zn2+ 3
17. Mercury Mercuric Hg2+ 18. Phosphide P3-
18. Lithium Li1+ 19. Nitride N3-
 CHEMICAL FORMULA
It is defined as the representation of a compound with the help of symbols and valencies.
For Example: Sodium Chloride – NaCl

How to Write Chemical Formulas?

➢ By the CRISS CROSS method

Now lets try to write the chemical formulas of
the following compounds on our own!

1. Magnesium Phosphate
2. Calcium Acetate
3. Potassium Phosphate
4. Potassium Chloride
5. Sodium Nitrate
6. Sodium Bicarbonate
7. Silver Nitrate
8. Barium Chloride
9.Ferrous Chloride
10.Cupric Nitrate
 ATOMICITY
It is defined as the total number of atoms present in one molecule.

Atomicity of some common Compounds

S.No. Compound Atomicity

Calculate the
1. Phosphorous Molecule (P4) 4 Atomicity of the
Molecules of
2. Chlorine Molecule (Cl2) 2 following compounds
Elements 3. Sulfur Molecule (S8) 8 on our own!
4. Argon (Ar) 1 1. Water
5. Ozone(O3) 3
2. Methane
3. Sulfur Trioxide
6. Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4) 7
4. Sulphurous Acid
7. Ammonia (NH3) 4 5. Phosphoric Acid
8. Phosphorus Pentoxide (P2O5) 7 6. Chloroform
Molecules of 9. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 3
Compounds 10. Glucose(C6H12O6) 24
11. Cane Sugar (C12H22O11) 45
12. Phosphine (PH3) 4

NOTE: Sulphur and Sulfur, both the spellings can be used. Similarly Sulfuric/Sulphuric , Sulphurous/Sulfurous can
be used.
 MOLECULAR MASS
Molecular mass is equal to the sum of the atomic masses of the
atoms in a molecule.

Lets Calculate the Molecular Mass of Water

Calculate the Molecular Masses of the following:
Atomic masses:
Na=23 , Cl=35.5, O=16, C=12, Al=27, S=32, H=1, Fe=56,
K=39, Mg=24, Ca=40

1. Calcium Carbonate
CaCO3
40+12+(16 X 3) = 100 a.m.u

2. Aluminium Sulphate
Al2(SO4)3
(27 X 2)+(32 X 3)+(16 X 3 X 4) = 342 a.m.u
Atomic masses:
Na=23 , Cl=35.5, O=16, C=12, Al=27, S=32, H=1, Fe=56, K=39,
Mg=24, Ca=40

3. Sodium Hydroxide
NaOH
23+16+1 = 40 a.m.u

4. Ferrous Sulphide
FeS
56+32 = 88 a.m.u

5. Potassium Sulphite
K2SO3
(39 X 2)+32+(16 X 3) = 158 a.m.u
Atomic masses:
Na=23 , Cl=35.5, O=16, C=12, Al=27, S=32, H=1, Fe=56, K=39, Mg=24,
Ca=40

6. Sodium Chloride
NaCl
23+35.5 = 58.5 a.m.u

7. Magnesium Acetate
(CH3COO)2Mg
(12 x 2)+(1 x 3 x 2)+(12 x 2)+
(16 x 2)+(16 x 2)+24 = 142 a.m.u
ASSIGNMENT QUESTION
Lets now try to calculate the molecular masses of the
following compounds.

(Atomic masses- Mg-24, P-31, O-16, Ca-40, C-12, K- 39,

Cl- 35.5, Al-27, N- 14, Na- 23, Fe- 56, S- 32, H-1)

1. Magnesium Phosphate
2. Calcium Oxide
3. Potassium Hydroxide
4. Potassium Chloride
5. Aluminium Nitrate
6. Sodium Bicarbonate
7. Ferric Chlorid
 CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
The Representation of Chemical Reactions with the help of Symbols and Formulas is
known as a Chemical Equation.
If any special conditions
are required for the
reaction to take place,
they are mentioned on

C + O2 the arrow
CO2
(s) (g) (g)

REACTANTS PRODUCTS

Physical States of Reactants and Products

 Write Chemical Equations for the following reactions

1. Magnesium + oxygen Magnesium Oxide

Symbol for Symbol for Formula for
Magnesium Oxygen gas Magnesium oxide

Mg + O2 MgO

Mg O
+2 -2

Mg2O2
MgO
 Write Chemical Equations for the following reactions

2. Carbon + oxygen Carbon Dioxide

Symbol for Symbol for Formula for Carbon
Carbon Oxygen gas dioxide gas

C + O2 CO2
 Write Chemical Equations for the following reactions

3. Calcium Oxide + Carbon Dioxide Calcium Carbonate

Formula for Formula of Formula for
Calcium Oxide Carbon Calcium Carbonate
dioxide gas
CaO + CO2 CaCO3

Ca CO3
+2 -2

Ca2(CO3)2
CaCO3
 Write Chemical Equations for the following reactions

4. Sodium + Water Sodium Hydroxide + Hydrogen

Symbol for Formula of Formula for Symbol for
Sodium water Sodium Hydroxide Hydrogen
gas
Na + H2O NaOH + H2

Na OH
+1 -1

NaOH
 Write Chemical Equations for the following reactions

5. Zinc + Sulphuric acid Zinc Sulphate + Hydrogen

Symbol Formula of Formula for Zinc Symbol for
for Zinc Sulphuric Sulphate Hydrogen
acid gas
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2

Zn SO4
+2 -2

Zn2(SO4)2
ZnSO4
 Write Chemical Equations for the following reactions

6. Sodium Carbonate + Hydrochloric Acid Sodium Chloride +

Carbon dioxide + Water

Na2CO3 + HCl NaCl + CO2 + H2O

Na Cl
+1 -1

NaCl
 BALANCING OF CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
A balanced equation is one in which the number of atoms for each element in
the reaction is the same for both the reactants and the products.

Step 1: Write down the (skeletal) chemical equation.

Step 2: Draw a line to separate Reactant side (LHS) and Product side (RHS).
Step 3: Now write all the elements present in reactant in LHS and elements
presents in product in RHS.
Step 4: Write the number of each element in front of the element.
Step5: Check whether the number of element in reactant is equal to the
number of the same element in product.
Step 6: Now since the number is not equal so the equation is not balanced.
Let’s balance it!
Step 7: Draw boxes on each element or compound in the equation so that we
know that no changes or alterations can be done inside the boxes while
balancing the equation.
Step 8: Now start balancing
Example : Magnesium + Oxygen →Magnesium Oxide
UNBALANCED/
Mg + O2 → MgO SKELETAL EQUATION

LHS RHS
Mg=1 Mg=1
O=2 O=1 Multiply by 2

Mg + O2 → 2 MgO
Mg=1 Mg=2
O=2 O=2
Multiply by 2

2 Mg + O2 → 2 MgO
Mg=2 Mg=2
O=2 O=2
HENCE BALANCED!
Example : Nitrogen(g) + Hydrogen(g) → Ammonia(g)

N2(g)+H2(g) → NH3 (g) UNBALANCED/

SKELETAL EQUATION

LHS RHS

N=2 N=1 Multiply by 2

H=2 H=3

N2(g)+H2(g) →2 NH3 (g)

N=2 N=2
H=2 H=6
Multiply by 3
N2(g)+3H2(g) → 2 NH3 (g)
N=2 N=2
H=6 H=6

HENCE BALANCED!
 CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
The Representation of Chemical Reactions with the help of Symbols and Formulas is
known as a Chemical Equation.
If any special conditions
are required for the
reaction to take place,
they are mentioned on

C + O2 the arrow
CO2
(s) (g) (g)

REACTANTS PRODUCTS

Physical States of Reactants and Products

 BALANCING OF CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
A balanced equation is one in which the number of atoms for each element in
the reaction is the same for both the reactants and the products.

Step 1: Write down the (skeletal) chemical equation.

Step 2: Draw a line to separate Reactant side (LHS) and Product side (RHS).
Step 3: Now write all the elements present in reactant in LHS and elements
presents in product in RHS.
Step 4: Write the number of each element in front of the element.
Step5: Check whether the number of element in reactant is equal to the
number of the same element in product.
Step 6: Now since the number is not equal so the equation is not balanced.
Let’s balance it!
Step 7: Draw boxes on each element or compound in the equation so that we
know that no changes or alterations can be done inside the boxes while
balancing the equation.
Step 8: Now start balancing
Example : Zinc + Hydrochloric Acid → Zinc Chloride + Hydrogen

Zn + HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
LHS RHS
Zn =1 Zn=1
H=1 H=2
Cl=1 Cl=2
Multiply by 2

Zn + 2 HCl → ZnCl2 + H2

Zn =1 ✓ Zn=1 ✓
H=2 ✓ H=2 ✓
Cl=2 ✓ Cl=2 ✓

Zn + 2 HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
HENCE BALANCED!
Example : Hydrochloric Acid + Sodium Hydroxide → Sodium Chloride + Water

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

LHS RHS
H=2 ✓ H=2 ✓
Cl=1 ✓ Cl=1 ✓
Na = 1 ✓ Na = 1 ✓

HENCE THE EQUATION IS ALREADY BALANCED!

Example : Sodium Oxide + Water → Sodium Hydroxide

Na2O + H2O → NaOH

LHS RHS
Na =2 Na=1
O=2 O=1
H=2 H=1 Multiply by 2

Na2O + H2O → 2 NaOH

Na =2 ✓ Na=2 ✓
O=2 ✓ O=2 ✓
H=2 ✓ H=2 ✓

Na2O + H2O → 2 NaOH

HENCE BALANCED!
Example : Cupric Nitrate + Silver → Silver Nitrate + Copper

Cu(NO3)2 + Ag → AgNO3 + Cu
LHS RHS
Cu= 1 Cu = 1
N =2 N=1 Multiply by 2
O=6 O=3
Ag = 1 Ag = 1

Cu(NO3)2 + Ag → 2AgNO3 + Cu
Cu= 1 Cu = 1
N =2 N=2
O=6 O=6
Ag = 1 Ag = 2
Multiply by 2
Cu(NO3)2 + 2 Ag → 2 AgNO3 + Cu

Cu= 1 ✓ Cu = 1 ✓
N=2✓ N=2✓
O=6✓ O=6✓
Ag = 2 ✓ Ag = 2 ✓

Cu(NO3)2 + 2 Ag → 2 AgNO3 + Cu

HENCE BALANCED!
Example : Calcium + Oxygen →Calcium Oxide
UNBALANCED/
Ca + O2 → CaO SKELETAL EQUATION

LHS RHS
Ca=1 Ca=1
O=2 O=1 Multiply by 2

Ca + O2 → 2 CaO
Ca=1 Ca=2
O=2 O=2
Multiply by 2

2 Ca + O2 → 2 CaO
Ca=2 ✓ Ca=2 ✓
O=2 ✓ O=2 ✓
HENCE BALANCED!
 VALENCY
Valency is defined as the combining capacity of an element.

The Valencies can be categorized as :

S.No Type Definition Example

1 Monovalency The valency of an Na+1, K+1, Cu+1, Li+1

element is +1 / -1
Cl-1 , F-1 , NO -1, I-1
3

2 Divalency The valency of an Mg+2, Ca+2, Ba+2, Zn+2

element is +2 / -2
O-2 , S-2 , SO -2, CO -2
4 3

3 Trivalency The valency of an Al+3, Cr+3, Fe+3

element is +3 / -3
P-3 , N-3 , PO 4-3

4 Tetravalency The valency of an C , Si , Ge

element is 4
 ATOMICITY
S.No Type Definition Example
1 Monoatomic When the total Fe, Ca, Na, Mg, Ar, He, Al
number of atoms in a
molecule is 1
2 Diatomic When the total O2, H2, Cl2, N2,
number of atoms in a CO(Carbon Monoxide), HCl, NO(Nitric Oxide)
molecule is 2
3 Triatomic When the total O3( Ozone), NO2(Nitrogen dioxide) ,CO2( Carbon
number of atoms in a Dioxide), N2O (Nitrous Oxide), SO2 (Sulphur Dioxide)
molecule is 3
4 Tetratomic When the total P4(Phosphorous Molecule), SO3(Sulphur Trioxide),
number of atoms in a PH3(Phosphine), NH3(Ammonia)
molecule is 4

5 Polyatomic When the total S8 (Sulphur Molecule),H2SO4 (Sulphuric Acid), P2O5

number of atoms in a (Phosphorous Pentoxide), C6H12O6 (Glucose), CHCl3
molecule is more (Chloroform), CCl4 (Carbon Tetrachloride), H2CO3
than 4 (Carbonic Acid), C12H22O11 (Sugar)