The University of Jordan

Name: Ala’ Baniissa

University Number: 8210908

Course: Research and Methodology

Assignment #3

Instructor: Dr. Musa Abdalla

 Literature review
The fast depletion of fossil fuels, the alarming rate at which the Earth's atmosphere is getting
polluted, the increased impact of global warming on Earth and the stringent anti-pollution laws
imposed in certain countries have created a motivation to explore new solutions to reduce the effect
of automobiles emissions on earth [1].
Internal combustion engines are well established as efficient and flexible prime-movers, with
good adaptability to alternative energy sources. Continuous development of this technology is
undergoing, with a focus on the effects of fuel properties on combustion, as well as
unconventional modes of operation [2].
A comprehensive survey on the energy balance of IC engines using alternative fuels was
presented and extensive theory on the energy balance was given including the application of the
first-law of thermodynamics, variations in heat transfer correlations for wall heat loss evaluation,
thermodynamic models etc [1].
To reduce pollutant emissions and increase fuel economy, the current trend in internal combustion
(IC) engines is toward downsizing where smaller cylinder volumes are used in combination with
super charging. This increases the surface to volume ratio of the combustion chamber, meaning
that wall effects gain importance. Mass, momentum and heat transfer processes in the boundary
layers near the wall have impacts on heat losses or, for compression ignition engines, on ignition
timing [4].
The emission of a non-road diesel equipped with the after-treatment system under hot and cold
starts was analyzed. The PM emissions for the cold start exceed CHINA IV emissions standards.
For the other emissions studied (NOx, HC, CO, and CO2), the difference in emissions between
the hot and cold start is noticeable only in the early stages of the NRTC (0–600 s) [5].
In recent years, with the gradual depletion of petroleum resources, the improvement of gas fuel
storage and transportation technology, especially the increasingly stringent engine emission
regulations, the application of gas fuels in engines has entered a new period of development, and
natural gas is currently the most widely used kind of gas fuel [6]. Natural gas, mainly from oil
fields, is a mixture of naturally occurring, light hydrocarbons in rocky reservoirs beneath the
earth’s surface. As its main component is methane, natural gas has a high calorific value per unit
and low carbon atom content [6].
Also, The use of alternative fuels like alcohols, biodiesels, hydrogen etc. in automotive engines is
weighty in this context [1]. However, the principal job is, the selected alternative fuel has to serve
its purpose best. More usage of alternative fuels and energy loss minimization from automotive
engines can be an effective solution to this issue.
In this paper, these types of alternative fuels (alcohols, biodiesels, and hydrogen) will be tested,
evaluated in terms of their effects on atmosphere, economic aspect, efficiency in automobiles, and
negative impact of using them fuel on the engine. Also, to make a comparison between them and
fossil fuels (gasoline and diesel) which are used in IC engines.
 References:

1. Abedin, M. J., H. H. Masjuki, M. A. Kalam, A. Sanjid, SM Ashrafur Rahman, and B. M.

Masum. "Energy balance of internal combustion engines using alternative fuels." Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Reviews 26 (2013): 20-33.
2. Irimescu, Adrian, Silvana Di Iorio, Simona Silvia Merola, Paolo Sementa, and Bianca Maria
Vaglieco. "Evaluation of compression ratio and blow-by rates for spark ignition engines based
on in-cylinder pressure trace analysis." Energy Conversion and Management 162 (2018): 98-
108.
3. Irimescu, Adrian, Simona Silvia Merola, Cinzia Tornatore, and Gerardo Valentino.
"Development of a semi-empirical convective heat transfer correlation based on
thermodynamic and optical measurements in a spark ignition engine." Applied Energy 157
(2015): 777-788.
4. Renaud, Antoine, C-P. Ding, S. Jakirlic, A. Dreizler, and B. Böhm. "Experimental
characterization of the velocity boundary layer in a motored IC engine." International Journal
of Heat and Fluid Flow 71 (2018): 366-377.
5. Feng, Renhua, Zhengwei Sun, Guanghua Li, Xiulin Hu, Banglin Deng, and Shiqin Xiong.
"The impact of thermal status on emissions of a non-road diesel engine equipped with
aftertreatment system under transient operation." Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 36
(2022): 102244.
6. Liu, Kaimin, Zhongwen Pei, Banglin Deng, Jing Yang, and Yangtao Li. "Experimental study
on transient emissions characteristics of a heavy duty natural gas engine under world
harmonized transient cycle." Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 38 (2022): 102377.
7. Fan, Xueqi, Zhizhao Che, Tianyou Wang, and Zhen Lu. "Numerical investigation of boundary
layer flow and wall heat transfer in a gasoline direct-injection engine." International Journal
of Heat and Mass Transfer 120 (2018): 1189-1199.
8. Bashi, Mohsen, and Mohsen Ghazikhani. "An investigation of recovering the energy of
exhaust heat for improving conventional compression ignition to low temperature combustion
by adding diesel vapor." Energy Conversion and Management 245 (2021): 114337.
9. Schmitt, Martin, Christos E. Frouzakis, Yuri M. Wright, Ananias G. Tomboulides, and
Konstantinos Boulouchos. "Direct numerical simulation of the compression stroke under
engine-relevant conditions: Evolution of the velocity and thermal boundary
layers." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 91 (2015): 948-960.
10. Semlitsch, Bernhard, Yue Wang, and Mihai Mihăescu. "Flow effects due to valve and piston
motion in an internal combustion engine exhaust port." Energy Conversion and
Management 96 (2015): 18-30.