Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC 2020)
IEEE Xplore Part Number:CFP20K25-ART; ISBN:978-1-7281-4889-2
A Comprehensive Survey on Mobile Edge
Computing: Challenges, Tools, Applications
2020 Fourth International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC) 978-1-7281-4889-2/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE 10.1109/ICCMC48092.2020.ICCMC-0009
Fatema Vhora
Computer Engineering Department
Parul Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Parul University.
Vadodara, Gujarat, India
fatema.vhora@paruluniversity.ac.in
Abstract—Mobile edge computing (MEC) is an emerging
standard where cloud computing services like storage and
computing, are provided to the edge of networks. MEC has the
potential of executing computing-intensive applications such as
augmented and virtual reality. It is an essential component in the
internet of things (IoT) and 5G architecture that provides a
noticeable reduction in latency and energy consumption of
mobile devices. This paper covers a comprehensive survey about
the MEC concept including MEC Analogue. It presents a
different edge paradigm like fog computing, cloudlet, MEC,
along with its architecture. The diverse challenges with its related
work are covers during the survey. Simulation tools and
challenges for real time implementations are explained. Finally,
different MEC scenarios and applications are discussed.
Keywords—Mobile Edge Computing; Fog Computing;
Cloudlet; IoT; 5G
I. INTRODUCTION
The enormous growth of gadgets like smart watches,
smartphones, IoT devices, and connected vehicles leads to the
requirement of stable internet connection with the fast response
time. These smart devices have limitations in terms of storage,
battery, memory, and speed [1]. In today's era, to cope up with
the user’s requirement, two things need to be considered 1)
strong internet connectivity 2) device resource constraints. The
network architecture proposed by ETSI (European
Telecommunications Standards Institute) that is known as
MEC, to address these challenges.
The main motive of MEC is to implement cloud facilities,
and IT benefits at the edge of the network within the proximity
of users using RAN (Radio Access Network)[2]. MEC helps to
reduce the latency and increase bandwidth, which is useful in
terms of getting fast response time. MEC is one of the essential
components of 5G technology [3].
In section II, MEC synopsis is presented, which include
MEC analogue, Edge computing approaches, and MEC
architecture. In section III, the Challenges of MEC and their
related work are discussed. Section IV presents different
simulations tools that can be used to set up a MEC scenario.
Section V presents different Scenarios of MEC. Section VI
describes various applications of MEC. Finally, the conclusion
is present in section VII.
978-1-7281-4889-2/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE
Jay Gandhi
Computer Engineering Department
Parul Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Parul University.
Vadodara, Gujarat, India
jay.gandhi2881@paruluniversity.ac.in
II. MEC SYNOPSIS
MEC is identifying as one of the crucial technologies for
5G along with NFV (Network function virtualization) and
SDN (Software Defined Network). The focal point of NFV is
different functions of the network, and various applications can
run at the edge because of the MEC framework. MEC is
beneficial for both service providers (i.e., app developers,
telecom operators), and customers. Developers convey their
most demanding applications over a mobile network, while
telecom operators give better service by providing fast speed to
their customers [4].
A. MEC Analogue
By allowing access from the edge, mobile edge computing
provides faster services to customers. According to ETSI white
paper, MEC’s components [5] are list in Table 1.
TABLE 1: MEC COMPONENTS
Component Name Description
On-Premise By accessing local resources, it runs isolated.
Proximity Set up at the nearest location
Low Latency The user device is more adjacent to the edge server,
so latency rate is low
Location Awareness Within Local Access Network MEC collects
information about the location of each device
Network context If MEC developed in a business model, then it gets
information network information through different applications
B. Edge Computing Approaches
In the traditional approach, cloud computing is used to
fulfill user’s on-demand request for storage, resources,
computation. The main drawback of cloud computing is its
centralized policy. The data are stored centrally, and allocation
happens based on the user's demand. Sometimes there is a
possibility that a bulk of requests arrives at the same time,
which increases congestion and latency [6].
To overcome the drawback of cloud computing and to
provide a decentralized approach, edge computing is
introduced. In edge computing, resources and storage are
available at the edge of the network to enable the computing. It
provides fast service because the edge device is located nearer
to the users [7]. Edge computing has three approaches 1) Fog
Computing 2) Cloudlet 3) Mobile Edge Computing.
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IEEE Xplore Part Number:CFP20K25-ART; ISBN:978-1-7281-4889-2
1) Fog Computing
In 2012, CISCO introduced a concept of fog computing
that follows the principles of edge computing, i.e.,
computation and resource availability are at the edge of a
network [7]. The processing in fog computing performed at
the Local area network in fog node. It reduces latency
compared to Cloud computing. To implement complicated
actions it mainly depends on a wireless connection. So,
connection lost is quite an issue in this paradigm. The main
benefit of fog computing is that data collected from different
sensors and processed in a single device [1]. Many times fog
computing name is used in place of mobile edge computing,
but still, it has some differences.
2) Cloudlet
In 2009, M.Satyanarayana introduced the cloudlet concept
with his teammate and implemented it at Carnegie Mellon
University. Cloudlet mainly works to provide cloud
capabilities at the edge of a network by covering a vast area
network. It required a continuous internet connection. The
small data center is deploying as a node in the cloudlet [8].
3) Mobile Edge Computing
In 2014, ETSI made one group that combine different
industries and name it as ISG (Industry specification group),
and they introduced a new edge concept known as MEC. It
mainly brings IT & Cloud services at the edge of the network.
They try to overcome the limitations of Fog computing and
MCC (Mobile cloud computing) [1].
Fig 1. Edge Paradigm Differences
Fig 1 shows the difference between FC, MEC, and cloudlet
in terms of node devices, node locations, their software
architecture, how much context information they can gather,
how they can connect with different nodes, and what are
different connectivity mediums can be used.
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C. MEC Architecture
Fig 2. MEC Architecture
As shown in Fig 2, MEC Architecture is partition into
three layers. 1) Cloud layer 2) MEC Layer 3) Device Layer.
In the device layer, millions of different devices such as
mobile devices, IoT devices, sensors are connected to different
base stations that are close to their proximity[1, 7]. In the
MEC layer, MEC servers are installed at base stations with the
capabilities of cloud & IT services. It processes the arrived
requests from different devices and provides computation
capabilities or demanding resources at the base station. In this
way, decentralization is achieved because devices are
connected and process their requests to the nearest MEC
server, unlike cloud where all request goes in a centralized
place. In the core network, all MEC servers connected with
the cloud [9].
III. MEC CHALLENGES
Cloud computing has a centralized nature, while Mobile
edge computing has decentralized and distributed
characteristics that provide low latency and higher bandwidth
with scalability [10]. But due to such characteristics, specific
challenges have occurred, which explained below.
A. Task Offloading
Mobile devices have limitations like speed, memory,
storage capacity. The numerous applications required high-
speed internet connectivity and high computation power, which
is not possible in a mobile device. So, in such situations, it is
feasible to transfer resource-intensive tasks to external
platforms like cloud, grid, MEC server that is known as task
offloading [11]. There are two ways to offload the task. 1)
Fully Offload - In this scenario, the whole process or task
migrates to a server, either it is a cloud server or MEC server.
The fully offload, also known as Corse offloading. 2) Partial
Offload - In this scenario, the tasks or processes are first
divides into different parts, and some of the parts migrate to the
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 Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC 2020)
IEEE Xplore Part Number:CFP20K25-ART; ISBN:978-1-7281-4889-2

server. The selected chunks are the small part of the code. The
partial offload, also known as fine-grained offloading. The
several algorithms proposed to overcome the challenge of
offloading. DDLO (Distributed deep learning-based
Offloading) algorithm proposed to make the fast and efficient
offloading decisions using a deep learning model[12]. An
adaptive framework proposed that adopts different network
situations and makes an offloading decision accordingly [11].
The COSTA (Cost aware service caching and task offloading
assignment) algorithm proposed in mobile edge computing that
addresses the joint problem of caching as well as offloading
[13]. The algorithm proposed in [14] considers energy
efficiency, as well as resource allocation during task offloading
decisions using Time and Frequency division multiple access
(TDMA, FDMA). The linear regression is used for prediction
based offloading in MEC [15].Table 2 shows the comparison
of different task offloading methodologies and their limitations.

TABLE 2: TASK OFFLOADING COMPARISON

Year Methodology Scenario Necessary Objective Limitations
information

2016 [14] TDMA, Multi-user, Channel gain To allocate resources while Resource allocation based on
FDMA single edge cloud considering energy during threshold structure
offloading

2018 [12] Deep Neural Multi-device, Multi-task, Link information To generate an offloading Unable to apply for real-time
Network single access point decision offloading

2019 [11] Adaptive Mukti-device, Multi-task, Proxy, Current To support a mobile application Used for Object-oriented
framework Multi-node location of a device with offloading capabilities applications only

2019 [13] COSTA Multi-task, Multi-base station Input data of task To generate offloading decision The only local optimal solution
considering service caching provided

2019 [15] Linear Single user, Input task data To make an offloading decision Used for LAN network only
regression Multi-task, Multi-node based on prediction

B. Congestion Control C. Resource Allocation

Due to limited resources of the MEC server, when the huge
number of requests appears and the data traffic's growth is
increased that is known as congestion. The main reason for the
congestion is bounded resources at the server. The reason for
the bottleneck is the capacity of each server and machines [16].
It is network layer affairs that are mainly dealing with a
situation when more data is available in-network, and no
sufficient resources are available. It is one of the significant
issues in the MEC network, which can be resolved by 1)
Buffering traffic- When network capacity is full and resources
are occupied, at that time it stored the packet. It queued them
unless the buffer capacity is complete [16] and 2) Wisely
allocated resources – In this technique using limited resources,
turn by turn it awarded when a request has arrived for support
[17]. The architecture is developed for hierarchical by nature in
smart homes to provide low-latency services for smart devices
in the edge network [18].
MEC server has a higher capacity in terms of storage and
computation power compared to mobile devices. It has some
limitations (i.e., Limited computation and network resources),
and because of this, to allocate computing and network
resources under different/changeable conditions is a difficult
task. To handle this challenge, many researchers have
proposed various approaches. DRLRA (Deep Reinforcement
Learning based Resource Allocation) approach used to
balance network resource usage and cut down average service
time using reinforcement learning [17]. The AR (Augmented
Reality) has some joint assets, and it proposed an approach via
Successive Convex Approximation (SCA) [19]. The method
proposed for mutual communication and computation (JCC)
resource allocation on user's demand to meet the requirements
if a resource is available at the MEC server at that time [20].
Table 3 shows resource allocation methodology’s comparison.

TABLE 3: RESOURCE ALLOCATION COMPARISON

Year Methodology Delay Technology/Scenario Objectives

2016 [19] SCA (Successive Convex Approximation) Relaxed delay AR(Augmented Reality) apps To reduce energy consumption when
allocating resources

2018 [20] JCC(Joint Communication and Computation) Delay-aware General To allocate resources on-demand

2019 [17] Deep Reinforcement Learning Routing delay, SDN (Software Defined To cut-down service time and balance
Processing delay Network) resource allocation

2019 [18] Stackelberg Game Normal Smart Home To improve resource allocation efficiency,
minimizing MEC server’s utility

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IEEE Xplore Part Number:CFP20K25-ART; ISBN:978-1-7281-4889-2
D. Security and Privacy issue
Security and privacy of data is a significant challenge in the
MEC network. The applications from user's devices are
transfer to MEC via a wireless medium. At that time data are
disclosed to a trespasser and converted into data stealing. It
reduces by using different encryption techniques that take
more time and degrades the performance of the application
[21]. When some tasks are migrated to the cloud from the
edge at that time, data security is a vital issue. Certain
privacies one needs to keep in mind like infrastructure
security, Edge server security, Edge Network security, Edge
device security [22].
E. Mobility
The mobile users are generally moving, which results in
connection lost with the edge devices. In MEC, mobility is a
TABLE 4: MOBILITY COMPARISON
Year Methodology Network/Scenario
2017 [23] EMM (Energy-aware mobility UDN (Ultra-Dense
management) Network)
2018 [24] DMPO (Dynamic mobility aware partial SDN( Software
offloading) Defined Network)
2019 [25] Framework for IoT application General Network,
IoT device
2019 [26] GAMEC (Genetic Algorithm and the General
simulated annealing algorithm for service
selection in MEC)
F. Standardization
There are no standard protocols or frameworks available
for the MEC network. The researchers always assume
scenarios whenever they are working with MEC due to a lack
of environment. So, the standardization of MEC is the biggest
issue. If this issue resolved, then all assumptions of
researchers will cleared and uniformity is maintained in
MEC[3].
IV. SIMULATION TOOLS
Edge computing is the latest trend in the market for
researchers but due to a lack of standardizes protocol, the main
challenge is proposing a standard for edge computing. It is
possible in cloud computing to create a real time environment
or implementation. But it is not possible in edge computing
due to reasons, which is discussed in this section[27]. The
researchers mainly depend on the simulation tool when it
comes to edge computing. There are many simulation tools
available for edge computing, each has its pros & cons
discussed in this section. The top-rated simulation tool that
satisfies almost all criteria for mobile edge computing is the
"Edgecloudsim" tool. The Edgecloudsim explained in this
section.
A. Challenges for Real-Time Implementation
The following problems researchers are facing in the real-
time application of MEC. The below mentioned problems are
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common issue that needs to be solved. When the user/device
moves from one location to another it enters into the different
territory each time, because of that performance decrease.
Many researchers proposed different approaches to solve the
mobility issue effectively. The user-centric approach is
proposed in [23] to optimize delay in an ultra-dense network
by considering energy efficiency during mobility
management. The proposed algorithm in [24] predicts a user’s
movement in order to take an offloading decision. The
frameworks proposed in [25] work well with IoT devices with
limited mobility. The GAMEC approach used to reduce the
response time of service invocation and for the optimization
purpose. GAMEC is a combination of a genetic algorithm plus
a simulated annealing algorithm in the MEC network [26].
Table 4 shows methodologies used for mobility and its
limitations.
Objective Limitations
To optimize delay User movement is limited
To offload task by predicting Limited to one dimension
the device's mobility
Security and efficiency Limited mobility
To reduce the response time Data transmission speed is predefined.
of service invocation
helpful while selecting the simulator. These features are
required for the MEC environment.
1) Virtualize Resources: To build virtualized resources
and its arrangement in a real-time environment is a big
challenge[28]. Challenges may include CPU, storage,
memory. Somehow this challenge can overcome because
cloud computing works in virtual funds, but the scenario is
different when it comes to edge computing because the
application that runs on the edge is separate. Suppose the
application runs on the edge is a sensor device app. So we
need to allocate VM (Virtual Machine) and also need to
combine computation capability as well. That’s how it
becomes more complex[27].
2) Mobility: To build a movement in real-time is an
expensive and time-consuming task. So, most of the
researchers work on simulation[26]. In the cloud computing
mobility not considered generally, but in edge computing
mobility is one of the essential aspects that need to be
considered [25].
3) Network designing: In edge computing the different
access channels like LAN, WLAN, LTE, is used for testing
purposes[16]. Channels may vary based on the requirements
because several users are significant, so fixing
channel/transmission is a challenging task[3].
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IEEE Xplore Part Number:CFP20K25-ART; ISBN:978-1-7281-4889-2

4) Scalability: It is challenging to decide the level of
scalability. If too many aspects consider, then scalability is
poor. If fewer aspects consider, then scalability is high [27]. It
generally shows how to handle increasing demand.
5) Extensibility: Researches generally works on modified
architecture according to their requirement. So, whatever
model is designed should have to be altered or extended
according to the researcher's obligation [28].
6) Cost: One of the biggest challenge is cost. To overcome
all the problems listed above, it surely requires a considerable
amount [22]. Generally, the cost includes resource cost,
workforce cost, and material cost.
B. Edge Computing Simulation Aspects
Edgecloudsim tool [27] proposed in 2018 to mimic the
environment of MEC and develop the algorithms for
communication.
because of the missing mobility module [29]. The network
design is provided in Table 6.
3) IOTSim: It mainly used for IoT application processing.
IoT has much data so it moves towards the processing of big
data also. It includes storage and processing into cloudsim. For
big data processing, the map-reduced technique used along
with the batch paradigm [30]. The network design for IoTSim
described in Table 6.
4) EdgeCloudsim: It is an architecture based on different
modules [27] which is shown in Table 5. The modules that are
missing in IOTSim and iFogsim are added in Edgecloudsim
[28]. Table 6 shows a comparison based on the challenges
listed above. Based on the comparison, we conclude that
Edgecloudsim almost full fills all the requirements, so it is a
suitable simulation tool for edge computing.
TABLE 5: EDGECLOUSIM MODULES
Module Description
Mobility Module The mobility module manages the location of edge
devices and clients. The Hash table contained all the
data about the mobile device's current location
(i.e.X, Y component). Whenever the device location
changed, the Hash table gets updated.
Load Generator Based on the user's application, it generates/develop
Module tasks.
Networking Whenever users upload or download data at that
Module time, the transmission delay is generated, which is
handled by the Networking module.
Edge Orchestrator It handles all the client requests by collecting data
Module from the rest of the modules and make decisions.
Core Simulation The module uses to run the different configuration
Module files provided for creating an edge scenario.

TABLE 6: COMPARISON BETWEEN EDGE SIMULATION TOOL

IFogsim IOTSim Edgecloudsim
Fig 3.Edge Computing Simulation Aspects Concept Fog Edge Edge
Virtualize Yes Yes Yes
The different aspects of Edge computing depicted in Fig 3. Resources
Mobility No No Yes
Edge computing mainly consists of three aspects related to
Network Cloud data Cloud data Cloud data
Network design, Edge specific design, and Computation design[28] center, center, center,
design. Each element has different features, which shown in fig Sensor, Latency, Network link,
3. IoTsim and iFogsim do not have all these aspects, some of Actuators, Bandwidth Edge server,
them are missing like mobility, offloading decisions. But Fog devices, WLAN & LAN
Edgecloudsim meets all the aspects, so it is widely used among Network link, Delay,
Delay, Bandwidth
researchers. Network usage,
Energy
C. Edge Simulator Tools Consumption
Scalability No Yes(Map No
1) Cloudsim: It is commonly used simulation tools for reduced)
cloud computing. Cloudsim lacks in dynamic communication Extensibility Yes Yes Yes
model, mobility, and real edge load generation. These
functionalities are not much relevant in cloud computing [28]. V. MEC SCENARIOS
Therefore, edge computing requires extending the functionality Based on the technology used for accessing data from
of the Cloudsim tool by providing a feature that is not available network, there are two scenarios explained below where MEC
in Cloudsim. Nowadays several MEC simulators are available can be implemented.
namely iFogsim, IoTSim, and the latest one is Edgecloudsim.
2) iFogsim: It is used to implement IoT and fog A. Inside Usage
environment simulation. In simulator the delay allocated to the If MEC uses in the big campus like college, airport,
link is fixed and avoiding network load effect. It also provides company, stadium, station, theatres, then it falls under inside
the location information of the user device which is static usage. In this scenario, MECServer is installed at access points
(i.e., Wi-Fi access point or 4g access point)[5]. It provides

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IEEE Xplore Part Number:CFP20K25-ART; ISBN:978-1-7281-4889-2
lightweight virtualization through gateways. The gateway is
responsible for running services. It uses WLAN, LAN channel
for accessing. The purposes for inside usages are [4]
x To examine activities like air conditioning,
temperature, access control, by joining different
sensors.
x To deliver fast services to customers because it's
within their territory.
x In theatres, station, or any big campus it is used to
provide security by delivering live content in
station/airport. It also guides passengers through
AR (Augmented Reality) services.
B. Outside Usage
If MEC uses at the mobile base station then it will cover a
wide area, and it falls under outside usage. For external usage,
macro-cell dealer enclosed the computation capabilities and
virtualization features to RAN [4]. Because of this joint
venture, it allows applications to deliver content over the
network with high and fast service. It uses LTE for accessing.
The purposes of outside mobile usage are [5]
x To give better QoS (Quality of service) to the user.
x To cut down latency.
x Provide personalized services.
x To improve the capabilities of the infrastructure.
x Because it blends with radio machinery tightly, it
provides benefits like finding device location,
providing network traffic information symbols.
x Because it blends with radio machinery tightly, it
provides benefits like finding device location,
providing network traffic information symbols.
VI. APPLICATIONS
A. Content caching & content delivery
Caching is used to keep a copy of the content for further
distribution to the client. When a user requests a first time for
content at the edge, and the content is not available. In such a
case, it gets content from the core network and caching keeps a
copy of that content. Thus when a user requests another time, it
directly provides from an edge but first-time core connection is
necessary [3].
B. Augmented Reality(AR)
AR is a technology that enables a user to feel a realistic
scenario using virtualization. But to allow this type of scene at
the mobile devices is quite tricky due to resource limitation &
energy consumption. The use of MEC technology enables
computation-intensive tasks to be offloaded to nearest MEC
Server. It reduces delay and gives a fast response to the user
[31].
C. Health Sector
In the health sector, the patient data and its processing are
important aspects. Patient data is available locally and process
it using MEC gives a fast response. For e.g., Health application
in a wearable device, it tracks user's activity and generates data
like a number of footsteps during a day, water consumption
record. Based on the collected data, the MEC made processing
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to produces results of patients’ health and suggest the
precautions [32].
D. Self-driving vehicle
The vehicle learns from previous data using different
machine learning algorithms. But that data is stored in the
cloud, so every time vehicles have to request to cloud for data
and latency is increased. MEC approach used to provide data
and reduces the latency using the nearest edge device [3].
E. Connected house & working areas
It is the scenario of inside usage where MEC Server
installed at the campus and user access through WLAN or
LAN channel[3]. Different sensors of smart homes are
connected with a gateway, and the gateway is operated by a
network service operator. MEC works as a node, and it allows
local execution for IoT applications [33].
F. Video monitoring
The video surveillance used for security purposes and to
find criminals using face recognition from live surveillance. It
needs central processing like a cloud, but it suffers in terms of
speed and latency. The issues can be resolved using MEC [1].
G. Blockchain
It is a ledger technology for creating a blockchain. Each
node works as a computation unit that follows a decentralized
manner. Therefore, MEC is suitable for such type of
processing [22].
VII. CONCLUSION
The excessive growth of resource-intensive applications
certainly is a challenge to provide more reliable service to users
by retaining limited mobile device resources in mind. MEC has
the potential to be the future technology that offers bandwidth,
storage, and battery power to a mobile device to perform
computationally intensive tasks. The direct wireless
communication among mobile devices and edge servers cause
the possibility of enabling applications that demand ultra-low
latency. This paper presents a thorough survey of
contemporary work in the field of MEC that covers the MEC
concept, various edge paradigm, and architecture. The study
also incorporates challenge, simulation tools, and applications
which helps and motivates the researchers to work in the
dynamic and evolving research area of MEC.
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