1.

Standard deviation is a statistic that measures the dispersion of a dataset relative to its mean and is
calculated as the square root of the variance. The standard deviation is calculated as the square root of
variance by determining each data point's deviation relative to the mean.
3. The coefficient of variation (CV) is the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean.

V=σ/μ
where:σ=standard deviation,μ=mean
aa

Application”  coefficient of variation (CV) measures data point dispersion around a mean. Representing
the standard deviation to the mean makes CV a valuable resource in comparing variations from one data
series to another. It shows how much data varies in a sample in comparison to the mean of the population.
4. The mean (average) of a data set is found by adding all numbers in the data set and then dividing by the
number of values in the set.
The median is the middle value when a data set is ordered from least to greatest.
The mode is the number that occurs most often in a data set.
l MERITS OF ARITHEMETIC MEAN-l ARITHEMETIC MEAN RIGIDLY DEFINED BY ALGEBRIC FORMULA
l It is easy to calculate and simple to understand
l IT BASED ON ALL OBSERVATIONS AND IT CAN BE REGARDED AS REPRESENTATIVE OF THE GIVEN DATA
l   Arithmetic mean can be computed even if the detailed distribution is not known but some of the observation and number of the
observation are known.
l It is least affected by the fluctuation of sampling 
DEMERITS OF ARITHMETIC MEAN-l It can neither be determined by inspection or by graphical location
  Arithmetic mean cannot be computed for qualitative data like data on intelligence honesty and smoking habit etc
 It is too much affected by extreme observations and hence it is not adequately represent data consisting of some extreme
point
l Arithmetic mean cannot be computed when class intervals have open ends
Merits of median--(1) Simplicity:- It is very simple measure of the central tendency of the series.
(2) Free from the effect of extreme values: - 
(3) Certainty: - Certainty is another merits is the median. Median values are always a certain specific value in the
series.
(4) Real value: - Median value is real value and is a better representative value of the series compared to arithmetic
mean average, the value of which may not exist in the series at all.
(5) Graphic presentation: - Besides algebraic approach, the median value can be estimated also through the graphic
presentation of data.
(6) Possible even when data is incomplete: - Median can be estimated even in the case of certain incomplete series.
It is enough if one knows the number of items and the middle item of the series.
Demerits of median:
(1) Lack of representative character: -
(2) Unrealistic:- When the median is located somewhere between the two middle values, it remains only an
approximate measure, not a precise value.
(3) Lack of algebraic treatment: - Arithmetic mean is capable of further algebraic treatment, but median is not. For
example, multiplying the median with the number of items in the series will not give us the sum total of the values of
the series.However, median is quite a simple method finding an average of a series. It is quite a commonly used
measure in the case of such series which are related to qualitative observation as and health of the student.
Merits of mode: (1) Simple and popular: - Mode is very simple measure of central tendency. Sometimes, just at the
series is enough to locate the model value. Because of its simplicity, it s a very popular measure of the central
tendency
(2) Less effect of marginal values: -
 (3) Graphic presentation:- Mode can be located graphically, with the help of histogram.

(4) Best representative: - Mode is that value which occurs most frequently in the series. Accordingly, mode is the
best representative value of the series.
Demerits of mode: (1) Uncertain and vague: - Mode is an uncertain and vague measure of the central tendency.
(2) Not capable of algebraic treatment: - Unlike mean, mode is not capable of further algebraic treatment.
(3) Difficult: - With frequencies of all items are identical, it is difficult to identify the modal value.
(4) Complex procedure of grouping:- Calculation of mode involves cumbersome procedure of grouping the data.
If the extent of grouping changes there will be a change in the model value.
6. The regression coefficients are a statically measure which is used to measure the average functional
relationship between variables. In regression analysis, one variable is dependent and other is independent. Also, it measures
the degree of dependence of one variable on the other(s).
A=note Write formula

B= note Write formula

Properties Of Regression Coefficient:

The Properties of Regression Coefficient are as follows:

 The average values of two regression coefficients are used to calculate the correlation coefficient.
 The correlation coefficient cannot be greater than one, i.e., 1. As a result, when one of the regression coefficients exceeds unity, the other
should be less than unity.
 Both regression coefficients will have the same symbol, i.e., positive or negative. As a result, one regression coefficient can’t be negative, and
the other is positive.
 The coefficient of correlation would have the same symbol as the regression coefficients, so if the regression coefficients are positive, the
coefficient of correlation will be positive. If the regression coefficients are negative, the coefficient of correlation will also be negative. The
average of the two regression coefficients will be higher than the correlation value.

8.
1.Probability can be defined as the ratio of the number of favorable outcomes to the total number of outcomes of
an event.
P(A)=n(A)/n(S)
3.If A and B are two events in a sample space S, then the conditional probability of A given B is defined as P(A|
B)=P(A∩B)P(B), when P(B)>0.
4. A sample space is a collection or a set of possible outcomes of a random experiment. The sample space is
represented using the symbol, “S”.
5. In Probability, the set of outcomes of an experiment is called events. There are different types of events such
as independent events, dependent events, mutually exclusive events, and so on.
a) If the probability of occurrence of an event A is not affected by the occurrence of another event
B, then A and B are said to be independent events.
b) Two events A and B are said to be mutually exclusive events if they cannot occur at the same
time. Mutually exclusive events never have an outcome in common.
 Mutually exclusive events
Independent Events

They cannot be specified based on the outcome of a

They are independent of trials
maiden trial.

Can have common outcomes Can never have common outcomes

If A and B are two independent events, then

If A and B are two mutually exclusive events, then
P(A ∩ B) = 0
P(A ∩ B) = P(B) .P(A)

Exhaustive Events Meaning

Events E1, E2, E3, …,En are called exhaustive events if at least one of them necessarily occurs whenever the experiment is
performed. example:-Sample space S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Assume that A, B and C are the events associated with this experiment. Also, let us define these events as:
A be the event of getting a number greater than 3
B be the event of getting a number greater than 2 but less than 5
C be the event of getting a number less than 3
We can write these events as:A = {4, 5, 6},B = {3, 4},and C = {1, 2}
We observe that----------A ⋃ B ⋃ C = {4, 5, 6} ⋃ {3, 4} ⋃ {1, 2} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} = S
Therefore, A, B, and C are called exhaustive events. However, the probability of exhaustive events is equal to 1.

9………..What is correlation? Correlation is a statistical measure that expresses the extent to which two variables are
linearly related (meaning they change together at a constant rate). It's a common tool for describing simple
relationships without making a statement about cause and effect.
 Primary Data Secondary Data For

Definition

Primary data are those that are collected for the first time. Secondary data refer to those data that have already been
collected by some other person.

Originality

These are original because these are collected by the These are not original because someone else has collected these
investigator for the first time. for his own purpose.

Nature of Data

These are in the form of raw materials. These are in the finished form.

Reliability and Suitability

These are more reliable and suitable for the enquiry because These are less reliable and less suitable as someone else has
these are collected for a particular purpose. collected the data which may not perfectly match our purpose.

Time and Money

Collecting primary data is quite expensive both in the terms of Secondary data requires less time and money; hence it is
time and money. economical.

Precaution and Editing

No particular precaution or editing is required while using the Both precaution and editing are essential as secondary data
primary data as these were collected with a definite purpose. were collected by someone else for his own purpose.

What is quantitative data?

Qualitative and differ in their approach and the type of data they collect.
Quantitative data refers to any information that can be quantified — that is, numbers. If it can be counted or measured,
and given a numerical value, it's quantitative in nature. Think of it as a measuring stick.
Quantitative variables can tell you "how many," "how much," or "how often."

What is qualitative data?

Unlike quantitative data, qualitative data is descriptive, expressed in terms of language rather than numerical values.
Qualitative data analysis describes information and cannot be measured or counted. It refers to the words or labels
used to describe certain characteristics or traits.
You would turn to qualitative data to answer the "why?" or "how?" questions. It is often used to investigate open-
ended studies, allowing participants (or customers) to show their true feelings and actions without guidance.

Discrete variables are countable in a finite amount of time. For example, you can count the change in your pocket. You
can count the money in your bank account. You could also count the amount of money in everyone’s bank accounts. It
might take you a long time to count that last item, but the point is—it’s still countable.
 Discrete variables on a scatter plot.

What is a Continuous Variable?

Continuous Variables would (literally) take forever to count. In fact, you would get to “forever” and never finish counting
them. For example, take age. You can’t count “age”. Why not? Because it would literally take forever. For example, you
could be:25 years, 10 months, 2 days, 5 hours, 4 seconds, 4 milliseconds, 8 nanoseconds, 99 picosends…and so on.

Time is a continuous variable.