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Anatomy - Physiology (Chapter 7 - Muscular System)
Anatomy - Physiology (Chapter 7 - Muscular System)
Anatomy - Physiology (Chapter 7 - Muscular System)
SYSTEM
SEELEY'S ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY, 9TH EDITION.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
The muscular system is responsible for the movement of
the human body.
FUNCTIONS OF
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
1.Movement of the body. Contraction of
skeletal muscles is responsible for the
overall movements of the body, such as
walking, running, and manipulating
OVERVIEW OF
objects with the hands. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
2. Maintenance of posture. Skeletal muscles
constantly maintain tone, which keeps us
sitting or standing erect.
3. Respiration. Muscles of the thorax
carry out the movements necessary for
respiration.
4. Production of body heat. When skeletal
muscles contract, heat is given off as a
by-product. This released heat is critical to
the maintenance of body temperature.
5. Communication. Skeletal muscles are
involved in all aspects of
communication, including speaking,
writing, typing, gesturing, and facial
expressions.
6. Constriction of organs and vessels. The
contraction of smooth muscle within the
walls of internal organs and vessels causes
those structures to constrict. This
constriction can help propel and mix food
and water in the digestive tract, propel
secretions from organs, and regulate blood
flow through vessels.
7. Contraction of the heart. The contraction
of cardiac muscle causes the heart to beat,
propelling blood to all parts of the body
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
STRUCTURE OF A MUSCLE
(a) Part of a muscle attached by a tendon to a bone. A muscle is composed of muscle fasciculi, each surrounded by perimysium.
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
CHARACTERISTICS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
SKELETAL MUSCLE
Skeletal muscle, with its associated connective tissue, constitutes approximately 40% of body we
EXCITABILITY
is the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus. Normally, the
stimulus is from nerves that we consciously control.
EXTENSIBILITY
means that skeletal muscles stretch. After a contraction, skeletal
muscles can be stretched to their normal resting length and beyond to a
limited degree
ELASTICITY
is the ability of skeletal muscles to recoil to their original resting length
after they have been stretched.
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
THE SARCOMERE
The striated appearance of skeletal muscle fibers is due
to the arrangement of the myofilaments of actin and
myosin in sequential order from one end of the muscle
fiber to the other. Each packet of these microfilaments
and their regulatory proteins, troponin and
(a) Organization of skeletal muscle
tropomyosin (along with other proteins) is called a
components. (b) Electron micrograph of sarcomere.
skeletal muscle, showing several
sarcomeres in a muscle fiber. (c) Diagram
of two adjacent sarcomeres, depicting the
structures responsible for the banding
pattern.
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
EXCITABILITY OF MUSCLE FIBERS
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
NERVE SUPPLY & MUSCLE FIBER
STIMULATION
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
Another specialization of the skeletal muscle is the site where a motor neuron’s terminal meets the muscle fib
In a neuromuscular junction, several branches of an axon junction with a single muscle fiber.
Photomicrograph of neuromuscular junctions.
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
FUNCTION OF NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION
(a) The active site on actin is
exposed as calcium binds to
troponin.
(b) The myosin head is attracted to
actin, and myosin binds actin at its
actin-binding site, forming the
cross-bridge.
(c) During the power stroke, the
phosphate generated in the
previous contraction cycle is
released. This results in the
myosin head pivoting toward the
center of the sarcomere, after
which the attached ADP and
phosphate group are released.
(d) A new molecule of ATP
attaches to the myosin head,
causing the cross-bridge to detach.
(e) The myosin head hydrolyzes
ATP to ADP and phosphate,
which returns the myosin to the
cocked position.
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
SUMMARY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
CONTRACTION
MUSCLE METABOLISM
Each glucose molecule produces two ATP and two molecules of pyruvic acid, which can be used in aerobic respiration or converted
available, pyruvic acid is converted to
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Aerobic respiration is the
breakdown of glucose in the
presence of oxygen (O2) to produce
carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.
Approximately 95 percent of the
ATP required for resting or
moderately active muscles is
provided by aerobic respiration,
which takes place in mitochondria.
BREAKDOWN OF
ATP
AND CROSS-BRIDGE
MOVEMENT DURING
MUSCLE
CONTRACTION
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
PHASE OF A MULTIPLE
MUSCLE WAVE
TWITCH SUMMATION
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
FATE OF ATP IN RESTING AND
EXCERCISING MUSCLE
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
SKELETAL MUSCLE
PRIME
MOVERS
Muscles that are primary concern with the movement (Agonist Muscles)
ANTAGONISTS
working in reverse of that particular movement, preventing the prime mover to over
extend
SYNERGISTS
Helps the prime movers lending a little extra oomph stabilizing joints against
dislocation
FIXATORS
if a synergist immobilize the muscles’ origin bone so that the prime mover can be more
effective.
MOTOR UNITS
a group of muscle fibers that all get their Signals from the same, single motor neuron
LARGE MOTOR UNIT
motor neurons may synapse with and innervate a thousand muscle fibers
SMALL MOTOR UNIT
A hand full of motor neuron connect to a single fine neuron that produce a specialized
movement/ function
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
FATIGUE
Fatigue is a temporary state of reduced work capacity. Without fatigue, muscle fibers would be worked to the p
These mechanisms include:
Acidosis and ATP depletion due to either an increased ATP consumption or a decreased ATP production
Oxidative stress, which is characterized by the buildup of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS; free radicals)
3. Local inflammatory reactions
MUSCLE TONE
Muscle tone is the constant tension produced by body muscles over long periods of time. Muscle tone is respon
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
SMOOTH MUSCLE
Smooth muscle fibers are spindle-shaped (wide in the middle and tapered at both ends, somewhat like a footba
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
CARDIAC MUSCLE
Cardiac muscle tissue is only found in the heart. Highly coordinated contractions of
cardiac muscle pump blood into the vessels of the circulatory system. Similar to
skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is striated and organized into sarcomeres, possessing
the same banding organization as skeletal muscle.
Contractions of the heart (heartbeats) are controlled by specialized cardiac muscle cells
called pacemaker cells that directly control heart rate. Although cardiac muscle cannot
be consciously controlled, the pacemaker cells respond to signals from the autonomic
nervous system (ANS) to speed up or slow down the heart rate. The pacemaker cells
can also respond to various hormones that modulate heart rate to control blood
pressure.
This group of cells is self-excitable and able to depolarize to threshold and fire action
potentials on their own, a feature called autorhythmicity; they do this at set intervals
which determine heart rate. Because they are connected with gap junctions to
surrounding muscle fibers and the specialized fibers of the heart’s conduction system,
the pacemaker cells are able to transfer the depolarization to the other cardiac muscle
fibers in a manner that allows the heart to contract in a coordinated manner.
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MUSCLE TYPES
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
SUPERFICIAL BODY MUSCULATURE
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
SUPERFICIAL BODY MUSCULATURE
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
FASCICLE ARRANGEMENT
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
FACIAL EXPRESSION
MASTICATION
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MUSCLE OF THE PELVIC FLOOR AND
PERINEUM
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MUSCLE OF THE SHOULDER
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
ARM MUSCLES
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MUSCLES OF THE HIP AND THIGH
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
DISEASES AND DISORDERS
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
SUMMARY
FUNCTIONS OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
The muscular system produces body movement, maintains posture, causes respiration,
produces body heat, performs movements involved in communication, constricts organs
and vessels, and pumps blood.
MUSCLE CONTRACTION
1.Action potentials are carried along T tubules to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, where
they cause the release of calcium ions.
2. Calcium ions, released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, bind to the actin
myofilaments, exposing attachment sites.
SUMMARY
5. This process requires ATP breakdown.
6. A muscle twitch is the contraction of a muscle fiber in response to a stimulus; it
consists of a lag phase, a contraction phase, and a relaxation phase.
7. Tetanus occurs when stimuli occur so rapidly that a muscle does not relax
between twitches.
FATIGUE
Muscular fatigue occurs as ATP is depleted during muscle contraction. Physiological
contracture occurs in extreme fatigue when a muscle can neither contract nor relax
NOMENCLATURE
Muscles are named according to their location, origin and insertion, number of heads, or
function.
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
SUMMARY
MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
1.Muscles of facial expression are associated primarily with the mouth and eyes.
2. Four pairs of muscles are involved in mastication.
3. Tongue movements involve intrinsic and extrinsic muscles.
4. Swallowing involves the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles, plus muscles of the soft
palate, pharynx, and larynx.
5. Neck muscles move the head.
TRUNK MUSCLES
1.The erector spinae muscles hold the body erect.
2. Intercostal muscles and the diaphragm are involved in breathing.
3. Muscles of the abdominal wall flex and rotate the vertebral column, compress
the abdominal cavity, and hold in and protect the abdominal organs.
4. Muscles form the floor of the pelvis.
REFERENCE
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