Mitochondria
- Produces ATP from oxygen to
glucose
Microfilaments is inside the cell
Membrane protein
- To receive amino acid-based
hormones that cannot pass through
plasma membrane
Lysosome
- Contains acidic environment
(ENZYME) that is capable of
digesting wide variety of molecules
Active transport
- Uses energy (ATP) to move a
molecule against its concentration
- the use of energy from ATP to move
ions and small molecules against
their concentration gradient.
PLASMA MEMBRANE
- The plasma membranes of adjacent
cells are held together
desmosomes.
- It contains receptors for specific
signaling molecules.
- It is selectively permeable.
The sodium-potassium pump
- mechanism that ensures that there is
a higher concentration of sodium
ions in the extracellular fluid than in
the intracellular fluid
PHOSPOLIPIDS
- to present a barrier to the passage of
water-soluble molecules.
- a cell contains molecules that have a
hydrophobic end and a hydrophilic
end
- Phosphate is the HYDROPHILIC
- Lipid is the Hydrophobic
- polar head and non-polar tail
RIBOSOME
- Synthesize protein
ER
- Synthesize fatty acid, phospholipid
and cholesterol
Facilitated diffusion
- movement along a concentration
gradient assisted by protein carrier
molecules.
- refers to the role of the protein
carriers.
- protein channels or molecules
- where glucose or an amino acid bind
to a receptor protein on the plasma
membrane, which then moves the
molecule into the cell without the
expenditure of energy
Diffusion
- the movement of ions and molecules
away from regions where they are in
high concentration towards regions
where they are in lower
concentration.
Endocytosis
- the plasma membrane engulfs the
substance and moves it through the
membrane.
- phagocytosis and pinocytosis
- A cell ingests bacteria.
Integral protein in the PM
- is to form channels to allow for the
passage of ions.
by Answer is B: the inside of a cell is negative
while the exterior side of the
mem brane is positive. This difference
in charge constitutes a difference in
electrical potential (or voltage), known
as the resting membrane potential. An
action potential is generated when the
membrane is stimulated and the
potential reversed.
Osmosis
- diffusion of water through a
membrane
cell nucleus
- contains chromosomes which are
composed of molecules of DNA.
DNA
- is composed of units called
nucleotides which consist of a sugar
(deoxy ribose) attached to a
phosphoric acid group (PO 3 OH)
and one of four bases.
Chromosomes
- contain the code for the sequence of
amino acids used to construct
different proteins
codon
- adenine, guanine, cytosine &
thymine
. mRNA “transcribes”
- this code then moves from the
nucleus to a ribosome in the
cytoplasm where it is
 “translated”
- the protein is assembled by joining
the required amino acids in the
appropriate sequence
Mitosis
- is the process by which a somatic
cell divides to produce two cells with
identical DNA.
- then during mitosis, the two
chromatids separate and move into
the two daughter cells
Meiosis
- occurs only in the gonads. This
process results in four daughter
cells. Human cells have two copies
of each of 23 chromosomes, one
copy being inherited from the father
and the other copy from the mother.
The gametes need to have only one
copy of each of the 23
chromosomes, so that when the
sperm fuses with the ovum, the
“diploid” number of 46 (two copies of
each chromosome) is restored.
Nucleolus
- site where ribosome assemble prior
to their migration into the cytoplasm
transfer RNA
- molecule that carries an amino acid
to the ribosome for incorporation into
a protein
- molecule that contains anticodons
Cytoskeleton
- forms an internal framework inside
the cell and is made of microtubules,
intermediate filaments, and
microfilaments
Filtration
- do not involve the movement of
molecules from an area of greater
concentration to an area of lower
concentration
dehydrated patient
- hypotonic intravenous drip
- it is solution that contains fewer
solutes than the cell
- Isotonic solutions have the same
solute and water concentrations as
the cell. Isotonic solutions cause no
visible changes in cells since there is
not an area more highly
concentrated. The use of isotonic
intravenous solutions allows red
blood cells to retain their normal size
and disc-like shape.
Protein
- molecules in the cell membrane that
serve as receptors or binding sites
for hormones or other chemical
messengers
peroxisomes
- A cell whose job is to detoxify
harmful or poisonous substances
such as alcohol would have many
- uses molecular oxygen to convert
and detoxify harmful substances
such as alcohol and free radicals
Microvilli is for absorption
- tiny finger-like projections that
increase the surface are of the cell
for quicker absorption
interphase, prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, telophase
Cilia
- Whiplike cellular extensions that
move substances along the cell
surface are called
Gene
- DNA segment that carries
information for building one protein
or polypeptide chain
Membrane Conjunctions
• Tight junctions are areas where the
membranes of adjacent cells fuse together.
This creates an impermeable leak proof
cellular sheet and prevents substances from
passing between the cells. Tight junctions are
found in epithelia lining fluid containing
cavities, such as the small intestine.
• Desmosomes are areas where fine protein
filaments extend between two adjacent cells
and are anchored in button-like thickenings of
the cell membranes called plaque. This type
of junction holds adjacent cells together very
firmly and is found in areas where cellular
sheets are subjected to considerable
mechanical stress, such as the skin. Within
each cell, the plaques on one side are
connected to plaques on the opposite side by
thicker protein filaments that act to internally
anchor the plaques in place.
• Gap junctions consist of hollow protein
cylinders, called connexons, which extend
completely through the plasma membrane of
 neighboring cells and meet and join together
in the extracellular space. This creates a
continuous channel for the passage of
substances between the interiors of the two
adjacent cells. Gap junctions, which promote
intercellular communication, are found
between the cardiac muscle cells in the
heart.
Translation
- during protein synthesis, of
assembling proteins by decoding the
information in messenger RNA
centrioles
- rod-shaped bodies that lie at right
angles to each other and internally
are made up of fine microtubing
Interphase
- period of the cell cycle when the cell
grows and performs its metabolic
activities
- DNA replication
anaphase
- phase of cell division during which
the chromatids are pulled apart and
move to the opposite ends of the cell
Prophase
- cancer drug interferes with the
development of mitotic spindle fibers
during cell division
• Prophase- chromatin threads coil and
shorten so that visible bar-like bodies, called
chromosomes, appear. Each chromosome is
made up of two strands, called chromatids,
which are held together by a centromere.
Additionally, the centrioles separate and move
toward opposite sides of the cell, directing the
assembly of the mitotic spindle (composed of
microtubules) between them as they move.
• 2. Metaphase chromosomes cluster and
align in the center of the spindle, midway
between the centrioles, forming a straight line
of chromosomes.
• Anaphase the centromere split and the
chromosomes move slowly apart toward
opposite ends of the cell. A cleavage furrow
appears over the midline of the spindle and
eventually pinches the cytoplasmic mass into
two parts in a process called cytokinesis.
• Telophase- the chromosomes reach opposite
ends of the cell and their movement ends,
and they then uncoil and become chromatin
again. A nuclear membrane then forms
around each chromatin mass, the spindle
breaks down and disappears,
The rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER):
- is studded with ribosomes b. makes
proteins on its ribosomes
The smooth ER:
- lacks ribosomes on its surface
- functions in lipid metabolism, drug
and pesticide detoxification
Five molecules in PLASMA MEMBRANE
1. Lipid molecules (phospholipids) provide
the medium in which protein molecules
float, form the basic fabric of the
membrane, and are relatively
impermeable to most water-soluble
molecules.
2. Cholesterol molecules have a stabilizing
effect and help to keep the membrane
fluid.
3. Protein molecules are responsible for
the most specialized functions of the
membrane. They act as enzymes, serve
as receptors or binding sites for
hormones and other chemical
messengers, act as carriers that bind to
substances and move them through the
cell membrane, and form pores through
which water and small molecules can
move.
4. Carbohydrate molecules add an
identification tag to mark protein
molecules, and make the cell membrane
a fuzzy, sticky, sugar-rich area.
5. Glycoprotein molecules determine blood
type; act as receptors that certain
bacteria, viruses, or their toxins can bind
to; and play a role in cell-to-cell
interactions
STEPS OF PROTEIN SYSTESIZE
1. Uncoiling of DNA the DNA segment or
gene that specifies one polypeptide or
protein uncoils.
2. Transcription (DNA-directed synthesis
of mRNA) one strand of DNA acts as a
template for the synthesis of the
complementary mRNA molecule, and
there is a transfer of information from
the DNAʹs base sequence (code) into
the complementary base sequence of
mRNA (codon).
3. Translation (RNA-directed synthesis of
a polypeptide or protein) involves five
steps. First, mRNA leaves the nucleus
and attaches to ribosomes. Second,
tRNA (anticodon) transports an amino
acid to the mRNA strand and recognizes
a mRNA molecule (codon). Third, the
codon and the anticodon bind. Fourth,
the ribosome moves the mRNA strand
along as each codon is read
sequentially. Finally, as each amino acid
is bound to the next by a polypeptide
bond, its tRNA is released. The
polypeptide or protein chain is released
when the termination (stop) codon is
read.