1

lwo-inensknl Rondorn Vanäble -

n tte
het x and Ybe tuo stonebm vceuiales dyhed
Gne Somjle sace S, thrm te furatin ,) that agns
Pint in IR (RxR),s alled a too-emnenol Sandan
Vamable.
Joint Prbobiliky Mas tumetin
Acthnitàn
) ia a tuo-elnensoe d'ck rondm vosioe, then
jaint dscte nehèn of x, 4, alio called the

Pay (, J) - Plx-, Y=4) dor all value

anel
(2i,3) o (x,y)
othewir

funetin
L
ket ) e a chsrrte tuo- cbinensinal . shich tkes

pmbabiity
d'sti buton ot X dedemineel cy laws:
 Px(u)- P(x-x)
P(x=xn-) +P(X-xn Y-y).-.+Plu-a Jn

and i's knaon os mbgnal pohcbiliby mas

diauree mangial dosiy tumhin X.
Simlaty tk mangil pobility mas

Conditinal nhtatihy finctin

Achnbin VoMible
het (y) be a dscte tuo-dnensiond hencom
Then te omdbtinal 'svek density funchen on te tondtin
has tunctin of X, gien Yy clensted by
by(13) is detined as:
, povided P(Y)+
PLY-5)
 Atuo dimensinal buten
t.v. x,y) have a hrconate hst

P(x=, ) -) foY 1=9 ,2, 3 and j: o,

3a
indhhd te moonginol Jstnbuhen of X and }.

X 3
Morgirel Asrbuten

32 32 l|32

SBa
19
Morid 3
32 32 4
diy
Pl)

The moygnal pubcility ditrbhin ot Xis gien :

Yalue of X,x 1

19
PU=) 32

The

32 32
 2
X
a;taste Therck,
the
3)7
P(X>) (X=0) P P(Y=0
X=o) P(Y),
Py=l|x=0)= X>) PYg, |X=o)- for, Thee
P(x>)
PY=g,X)
genby isX=n for diibhin
y of cnotzrol The
aohability
The
the hind
(3r+J)
may
ihy jonjotinb r ale birou ataavuee (x,9)9)(x, snal cinen
.v. .vsÝnal heo H
 Joint Bensih functo
ket x andl Y be Comtiruaa uv's.Ajoint pao bubiliy cle
Jnchn P,) for these thuo vcuoòles is a

Then tor anj tuo- cinnyna set A

A

n pothatar,As thh tuo-eimeng bnal onetorngle

P[9eAJ Pasxs, Csy<d)e

hncbn
Arhiniten
denaly fnton of xand Y, deroed
The moyginal oabiith
ae

Nok
da
Conditinal functkin

et Xcind Y be to ontinuauy 9n.v.'s (wih foint

for
Ond ). Then ony X Yabhu 1
monginal
tohich fotu>0, * conditind pokehilihy density Runchen

that

Jnenden Rimdm Veuistk

Tüoo s..'s Xond Yorth font pd! (pm.) fylJ)
nd mosginal pdP's (pm.}'s) f) ond g) resjethwy
Sud
stuchasbe ay

that two- clinenstincd Cmtinuas Jhand on Vcsuibhle

O, elsewhe

( ind Plo<sg <y<), P(x*}<1), x>) and PX<I}K2)

 t

Lpxpx9 +

(k<x)d <

%)d (7V1>X)d
2
7kvl7X)d' ((d
 the
Fxy (19): S-e-ed+e) ix>0,J70
elsewher
(o) Find te maygie
s) Are x ared 4 denahy ofx and y
() Fnd independent?
Plx<IOys) ond Plx+ si)
The

-Thercfors, tyl: A-) 20, J20

bhenile
dy

(b) lwe kavc

Xand y ar
'ndebendent Vancbl.

fetm dady
(he)+
 7y
U,)

Je - e")d

Expecled Valu of a Randm emsbhe

"he execed yolu of a sentm voucbe
vavucblk g's a werhted aulage
all pissbk values andam Vauable, cohex te

(fur cortnusy v)
Cpected alne o fumhion ofoB a Rondon Vaayoe-
Consder
Sueh tha
(for Contiuay Y)

Sose thet the Tumker of (os Xthat pas thwugh a Car

Wash bhuie en 4:00 P mcd S.to PM ang Smny fodoy kas
flaig pubosliy ditiutèn :

the ambunt mony in collar pwd

at gx)= Qx-1 xepeent Cormig tor
the mangyy. hhd the atenebnts
to attendet by
tho ontiador time jerid.
E( ( ]:X (21-) ay

1.67
et x be a garelem Vcuie ath cdensiy Auncthin
0esewher
hind

(4a+3)

8
Yropestia of Erpetahin
thcn E(xY): Elx)t ElY)
indendod then ElxY)= ex). EY)
3. X Is a S.. ond Ca i's constant , hen

ti) Efax] a E[y)

lhex, Yox)X) Is a fnchin of x.

thn
a 91.v. ond a' ond 'b sc Constun
E[ax+b]: aco) +b
Povded all the expectahën ex1s.

n Constants, then

þrovided all te epethin exid.

(ohr a' cnd b' 0ne Constnt

9 X,,92. --, Xn b n hemelom Vamatle, then

.
a'aj (wtxi, X)

indecnde n then or Ci, j)>o

Thus
 behween wo tv.'s X and s
Ihe covaàNe
Cov (3,9) : E x-M)(Y-u]
x,y di
X(Tua) (9-4,)pa)
X,1Cmhinuu.

OR
Coy tx,): C(x)- E).E9)

Conselahm
U)
Ihe Coveahon Coekth ient of Xand Ydened by Cm

Corl9)

8 Tao ardorn vouàlle s Xond Y ue hfollouin oint

draty untit
|o; othease.
Aind Corcrniane onl conelabin bchoeen
een Xcond1.
 Cor(xy)= C(xy)-E)-f9)

faBwda

E)> 5(1)did 3

-J
 Corlx)

Ox = oy (1) ond Vov(x)= Cxy-(E)

(4)

Simloh, Verl 9):

Vor) : 0.246

Thec fox, Conl* ): Covx)

 Numenical Sunm aves f ata

Jitnbhutons
rueny dlisbibatin is acnenient uny rgenting
mas data in tobuar fam by gayiny the clak.

HisteAgorthispam
s is a senia gectkangea,eoch paporhin in
loidth to the Slonge Vales othin a clas ar prpoahinal
in heit to the number itens faliy in he clas.
data:
Example Drau a tstarom blauig
0-10 ]0-0 Q0-36 g0-40 yo-so So-60

IS
No of lokers : 30

ofworkey
Nla
9

18

3o

(3)
 Stem-and-kat iagom and
Astem ond leaf digrom tiy
Tesegent data
data so at itis siinle t see
Vasas dta value.Ous. t r's a digum
hat chipy s
Orderd numyial elata. Astem ond lea
digam1a
shan a a shecral tahk wbere the
ar dnded into dits ofa data velu

bxany - lonsier thh follaig humidhy seading saunded to the

neorst peent :
44 S3 34
4
32 34 42 &8

Awa stm and leaf diyrm

het
bstorbunen;
Hamidih Raiy freqeny
lo-19
Qo-94
30-34
4o-49 3
 loe (oonted to avoc th doss t itomatin inhe innt n
table, twe loeld keep ack th last dyt
s cithin coch clas, getbirg
l0-4
S
30-34

So-si

Ihis cam ayo be n

1

I 3 4STg
OR

toher the lelt Rand cokmn, ttth 'stm', girs tte tens
|0, 20, 3, 40, Gnd so. I numbes n a 9ow, th leave
Roe te Jmt d's't. The le ft hard cotumn fums #
Sem or each number to the uh thec yerhial ne
Jea. Thes sheld net be any g4þ1 in the
eren it here ae no dewes stem
piohialor yaku.
 Boxplot
H box ord tobskey lot - abe called a box plot- cbstlay the
a

fire nomber Summay a set dat. k fin umer

Summang Is te minimum, int guonthle , med'an, third
quoile , ond maximum
Mininym Moyimu

bxample ASamje ot lo boxcs soisins tas these weijht (ingmm)

&4, &9, 28, 34, 30, 35, 35, 38, 3
Moke a box plot the data
Soln . rder he datea Smallest to
a5, 28,29,21, 30, 34, 35, 35,
lagat
31, 3
2 And he
medon
he medon is he mean e he mddle tuo
3ot34 - 32
The mecen is 32
 oink o the
leff the medin.
QS, a, 29,29, So

34, 35, 35, 3?, 8r

3 = 3S

Skp: Comk the fre numker Summuny by gndig th min.

Ond th max.
paint
Ihe minimumis 95
Th maximrn þoin ia 36.
The ie number
Summay 2í, 9, 32, 35, 38.
Mate,1-ig
ale ond Jobel on 0xis hat th the
tie nmer

31 34 37

weitd (jroni)
 box frum &, tb &a coith a vehial ine
thvagh th melin.
Mdin

3) 34 37

Se3:- Axow a ohislkey fae O, to ie minim point ond

am Ga to moximm þant.Necbin
Minimm Movinwn

34 34

The fie umks sumrawy didy th data inho sechirs hat

lach Cortin
otoximeely &sto tk eleta in that set
9n chrc

Phout
mere ton 29
groms.
 ime equene ot
A is a gruph tha dilay data colechel in
Aime sen plot
ne squene trmm ony pueM, "Tk chost on ke ued to
a time
dckmine orcY tine ond i th data
oint s at yandlom Y exhibit
exhibit any paltem.
Exame Asa a tine sevnès gxoh to the
follaoig dota.
Year Ruduchim Chmlobon)_Jeay
1994
1997 003 42
33
|448
1999 ST

35

Soln
6o

40

20
Scater
Ascater ciog
ciogram ( Atso knaon as satter plot, gcater
Joh, and onclahin chas ) s aa tool for onabyziy
Jhelahndjs bchocen tuo voyiades or ctumining hao cdes-y
r tuo yyables ce elated. Che Vaable
haauzontl axis al other 's blotted en tth Vexteal
vertica axs.
7he ptn ot their
lahin shp pattrns.
intesecting oins Con Jhially shauw

Hgh Beree posbie cyelehn

1

No Corel atin No Correlahn

 data:
CXomple - Sras a scatter rom
X: 13 14
S 9 6 Jo 13

Also descnibe th nelahinsh behween X and.

Soln

16

+ 6 14 J6

bon tth ahor scater e find that te ploted (oihts

data e Shajbt ine
Jope. Hene oe can Conclucle that thert à a petect
abre Conrclahin behuecn tuo yoncbles.