Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study was to determine the potential effect of LEMGER (Citrus limon

and Zingiber officinale) juice in reducing high blood pressure among hypertensive

individuals. The independent variable is the LEMGER (Citrus limon and Zingiber

officinale) juice. The dependent variable was reducing high blood pressure. The study

involved hypertensive individuals that suited and passed our ethical criteria, and the

data was collected through a survey and got their blood pressure used an electric

sphygmomanometer. The participants of the study will be hypertensive individuals in

Dagumbaan, Maramag, and Bukidnon. The delimitation of the study was considered

and focused on hypertensive individuals. This study did not take into other external

factors that may affect the results such as lifestyle, physical activities, and other health

conditions. This study only examined the potential effects of LEMGER (Citrus limon

and Zingiber officinale) on hypertensive individuals. This study only covered one

month of intervention. The research design of this study is a pre-experimental

research design.
 PRESENTATION, ANALYSES, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the interpretation and analysis of the data collected from

the Barangay Health Center and hypertensive individuals of Barangay Dagumabaan,

Maramag, Bukidnon. The data collected are presented based on the following content

on the results regarding the effects of LEMGER (lemon and ginger) juice in reducing

high blood pressure in hypertensive individuals through tables.

Hypertensive Individual’s Socio-demographic Profile in terms of Age, Gender, and

Occupation
Age refers to the length of time that a person has existed since birth, typically

measured in years, months, and days. According to the study by Malta (2014) stated

that Chronic non-communicable diseases, especially systemic arterial hypertension

and diabetes mellitus, and their related morbidity and mortality are currently the most

common public health problems and a higher burden of disease in Brazil.

Table 1.1 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Socio-demographic Profile of

the Participants as to Age, Gender, and Occupation

Variable Category Number Percentage

<50 years
A. Age old 5 50
>50 years
old 5 50
B. Gender Male 3 30
61-70 Female 7 70
C. Occupation Teacher 2 20
Farmer 2 20
Businessman 6 60

Table 1 showed the frequency and percentage distribution of the socio-

demographic profile of the participants as to age, gender, and occupation. The study

was completed by 10 participants. As a result, the age of the participants ranges from

34-75 years old. The findings reveal that half of the participants (50%) were less than

50 years old, and the remaining half of the participants (50%) were more than 50
years old. In this study, age is grouped into below 50 and above 50 years old to

identify whether the intervention had a more significant effect on which age group

consented and completed the study.

Moreover, in the most recent National Nutrition Survey (NNS) carried out by

the Philippines in 2018, research from the Food and Nutrition Research Institute

(FNRI) revealed that the prevalence of hypertension among people aged 20 to 59 ages

was 19.2% in 2018. In addition, the study by Patelene (2018) supported the fact that

the prevalence for older adults aged 60 and over was still 35% in 2018. Moreover, the

study by Chia et. al., (2017) supported the fact that hypertension awareness in the

Philippines is around 67.8%, and of those who are aware, only 75% are treated, with

only 27% of those who are treated having it under control. In addition, the data from

VIGITEL (Vigilance Risk Factors and Protection for Chronic Diseases by Telephonic

Inquiry) in Brazil (2012) revealed that the prevalence of hypertension among

Brazilian adults aged 35 and older was 24.3 and 11.7%, respectively.

However, as a result of the participant’s gender, there are 7 females, which is

70% of the total population, and 3 males, which is 30% of the total population. This

means that the majority of the participants were female. In the study by Chia et al. et

al.  (2017) supported the fact that hypertension awareness in the Philippines is around

67.8%, and of those who are aware, only 75% are treated, with only 27% of those

who are treated having it under control. Moreover, the study by Choi et al. (2017)

concluded that in the Philippines, women (51.3%) had a higher overall control rate of

hypertension than men (44.8%).

However, as a result of the participants’ occupations, there are 6 of the

participants were businessmen, which is 60% of the total population, 2 of the

participants were teachers, which is 20% of the population, and 2 of the participants

were farmers, which is 20% of the population. This means that most of the

participants were businessmen. The study by Sengul et. al., (2013) stated that

hypertension is a silent disease in which the symptoms are rarely seen during the early

stage until a serious complication such as heart attack, stroke or chronic kidney

disease occurs. In addition, the study by Rau et. al., (2014) revealed that work-related

factors are also among the important risk factors for hypertension, along with other

risk factors.

  Blood Pressure Level Test (mm Hg)

Pre-test Qualitative Qualitative
Respondents Systolic Diastolic Interpretation Description
1 135 87 High Blood Pressure Stage 1 High Risk
2 140 110 High Blood Pressure Stage 2 Very High Risk
3 178 115 High Blood Pressure Stage 2 Very High Risk
4 161 90 High Blood Pressure Stage 2 Very High Risk
5 147 81 High Blood Pressure Stage 2 Very High Risk
6 202 131 Hypertension Crisis Emergency Risk
7 199 111 Hypertension Crisis Emergency Risk
8 185 116 Hypertension Crisis Emergency Risk
9 152 99 High Blood Pressure Stage 2 Very High Risk
10 159 99 High Blood Pressure Stage 2 Very High Risk
Mean of Blood
Pressure Level 168. 3 106.8 High Blood Pressure Stage 2 Very High Risk
Table 1.2. Socio-Demographic Profile of the Participants in terms of Blood Pressure Level

Legend: Blood Pressure Level Qualitative Interpretation Qualitative Description

120/80 Normal Low Risk
120-129/80 Elevated Moderate Risk
130-139/80 High blood Pressure Stage 1 High Risk
140-179/90-119 High blood Pressure Stage 2 Very High Risk
180 above/120 above Hypertensive Crisis Emergency Risk
Table 1.2 showed the pre-test of the blood pressure level of the participants.

As a result, participants 2,3,4,5,9, and 10 showed an increase and were classified as

high blood pressure levels in stage 2 at a very high risk of high blood pressure. And

participants 6,7, and 8 showed an increase and were classified as hypertension crisis

at emergency risk. Also, participant 1 showed an increase and was classified as high

blood pressure in stage 1 at a high risk of high blood pressure.

 The result showed the blood pressure level of hypertensive individuals as

showed that in the pre-test before drinking LEMGER (Citrus limon and Zingiber

Officinale) juice the mean systolic blood pressure level increased to 168.3 mm Hg and

the mean diastolic blood pressure level decreased to 10.8 mm Hg, which can be

classified as high blood pressure stage 2 at very risk of high blood pressure levels of

the participants.

The result of the analysis revealed that blood pressure levels are increased in

hypertensive individuals as it showed in the pre-test before drinking LEMGER

(Citrus limon and Zingiber officinale) juice, the mean pre-test systolic blood pressure

level increased by 168.3mm Hg and the mean of the pre-test diastolic blood pressure

level increased by 106.8 mm Hg, which can be classified as high blood pressure stage

2 and at very risk of high blood pressure levels of the participants, this means that the

pre-test

before drinking LEMGER (Citrus limon and Zingiber officinale) juice the mean blood

pressure is increased.

According to Shahoud, (2021) stated that as a crucial biological parameter,

blood pressure has many very well- synchronized systems involved in its regulation,

so the amount of pressure is kept stable and with low variability. Blood pressure is a

measure of how hard your blood pushes against your arteries as it moves through your

body. In addition, the study of Rodger, (2016) tells that blood pressure increases, and

the systolic and diastolic readings are greater than 180 or 110, respectively.
 Potential effects of LEMGER (Citrus limon and Zingiber Officinale) Juice on
Hypertensive Individuals’ Blood Pressure Level.
Legend: Blood Pressure Level Qualitative Interpretation Qualitative Description
120/80 Normal Low Risk
120-129/80 Elevated Moderate Risk
130-139/80 High blood Pressure Stage 1 High Risk
140-179/90-119 High blood Pressure Stage 2 Very High Risk
180 above/120 above Hypertensive Crisis Emergency Risk
Table 2. Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure Level Pre-Testing and Post-Testing Results
Blood Pressure Level (mm Hg)
Pre-test Qualitative Qualitative Post-test Qualitative Qualitative
Respondents Systolic Diastolic Interpretation Description Systolic Diastolic Interpretation Description
High Blood High
1 160 116 Pressure Stage 2 Risk 120 79 Normal Low Risk
High Blood Very High Blood
2 140 110 Pressure Stage 2 High Risk 130 70 Pressure Stage 1 High Risk
High Blood Very High High Blood
3 178 115 Pressure Stage 2 Risk 130 75 Pressure Stage 1 High Risk
High Blood Very High
4 161 90 Pressure Stage 2 Risk 120 79 Normal Low Risk
High Blood Very High
5 147 81 Pressure Stage 2 Risk 120 80 Normal Low Risk
Hypertension Emergency High Blood
6 202 131 Crisis Risk 134 81 Pressure Stage 1 High Risk
Hypertension Emergency High Blood
7 199 111 Crisis Risk 133 85 Pressure Stage 1 High Risk
Hypertension Emergency
8 185 116 Crisis Risk 128 72 Elevated Moderate Risk
High Blood Very High
9 152 99 Pressure Stage 2 Risk 119 79 Normal Low Risk
High Blood Very High
10 159 99 Pressure Stage 2 Risk 115 75 Normal Low Risk
Mean of Blood High Blood Very High
Pressure Level 168. 3 106.8 Pressure Stage 2 Risk 124. 9 77.5 Elevated Moderate Risk

Table 2 showed the interplay between the hypertensive individual’s blood

pressure level pre-testing and post-testing. In which the table also showed the

effectiveness of the LEMGER (Citrus limon and Zingiber Officinale) to cause the

change in the participants’ blood pressure levels. However, participants number

1,4,5,9, and 10 showed a significant decrease in blood pressure levels in a one-month

intervention in which the participants were classified as having high blood pressure

stage 2 and at very high risk of high blood pressure in pre-testing, and post-testing the

participants were classified as normal and at low risk of high blood pressure. While

participants’ number 2 and 3 also showed a decrease in blood pressure levels in a one-

month intervention in which the participants were classified as having high blood

pressure stage 2 in pre-testing and at very high risk of high blood pressure and in post-

testing the participants were classified as high blood pressure stage 1 and at high risk
of high blood pressure. Lastly, participants 6, 7, and 8 showed a decrease in blood

pressure levels in a one-month intervention in which the participants were classified

as hypertension crisis in pre-testing and at emergency risk of high blood pressure, and

in post-testing the participants were classified as high blood pressure stage1and at

high risk of high blood pressure.

The result of the study showed that the effects of LEMGER (Citrus limon and

Zingiber officinale) on hypertensive individuals’ blood pressure levels showed the

mean of the pre-test systolic 168.3 mm Hg and the pre-test diastolic 124.9 were

classified as high blood pressure stage 2 and at very high risk of high blood pressure.

Also, the mean of the post-test systolic was 124.9 mm Hg, and the post-test diastolic

77.5 mm Hg was classified as elevated and at moderate risk of high blood pressure,

which means that there is a positive effect on blood pressure level after drinking

LEMGER (Citrus limon and Zingiber officinale) juice reducing the systolic blood

pressure level of the participants.

The result of the analysis revealed a positive effect on the blood pressure level

of hypertensive individuals as it showed that in the post-test after drinking LEMGER

(Citrus limon and Zingiber officinale) juice, the mean systolic blood pressure level

decreased to 124.0 mm Hg and the mean diastolic blood pressure level decreased to

77.5 mm Hg, which can be classified as elevated at moderate risk of high blood

pressure levels of the participants. The LEMGER (Citrus limon and Zingiber

officinale) juice proved effective in treating high blood pressure levels, as it showed a

significant decrease in both the systolic and diastolic blood pressure values that the

LEMGER (Citrus limon and Zingiber officinale) juice may have helped in reducing

the blood pressure of the participants.

 According to González et. al., (2010) concluded that the nutrients found in

lemons such as fibers, potassium, antioxidants, and flavonoids may lower BP. Lemon

juice and its crude flavonoid’s lowering of blood pressure. It has been reported by

other researchers that lemon is found several components that may potentially help

lower high blood pressure, including vitamin C, flavonoids, and potassium.

However, Oussama et. al., (2022) stated that daily ginger consumption was a

different study by Shaban et. al., (2017) said that it acts as a therapeutic effect that

enhances the immune system and improves the cardiovascular system by reducing the

level of low-density lipoprotein and cholesterol that has a harmful effect on the heart.

Also act as a vasodilator which can reduce blood pressure, and improve blood

circulation (Chrubasik, 2015). Moreover, the study of Ojulari et. al., (2014) concluded

that when investigating the effect of ginger on the cardiovascular system, their result

showed that significant reduction of systole and diastole blood pressure.

In a similar study by Steven (2023), each participant received 24g of ginger

and 36 slices of lemon for 30 days before their daily 5 pm afternoon. The result

revealed that there was a significant effect in the mean blood pressure level in the

post-test than in the pre-test. Furthermore, Baby (2022) concluded that lemon and

ginger contain components that are also believed to help reduce risks associated with

cardiovascular disease and liver disease.