Modern History

MODERN
INDIAN
HISTORY
Reasons • Wars of Succession
for • Aurangzeb’s Policies
Decline • Weak Successors of Aurangzeb
of • Empty Treasury
Mughal • Invasions like Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah
s: Abdali
• Growth of Regional power like Hyderabad,
Bengal and Awadh etc.
• Capture of Constantinople and Asia
Reasons for Minor by Turkish.
Discovery of • Greater Advancement in ship building.
Trade Route: • Venice and Genoa monopoly over traded
route.
Reasons for Discovery
of Trade Route
• 1492: Columbus – Spain –

America.
• 1498: Vasco Da Gama – Portugal
– India– Cape of Good Hope –
Calicult.
• Triangular Trade: America
(Plantation mining/ Raw
material) – Europe (maufacutrer)
– Africa (Salves and market).
Order of Arrival
Portugal British French
Dutch Danes
About Portuguese
• 1498: Vasco de Gama,

welcomed by Zomorin.
• 1503: Calicut (First Facoty)
• 1510: Captured Goa from
Bijapur Sultanate.
• 1539: Defeated Ottamans,
Mamluks of Egypt, Sultanate of
Gujarat and Zomorin.
• 1596: Monopoly in SE Asia.
• 1612: Battle of Swallyhole.
About Dutch
• Established in 1602.
• 1605: Masulipatnam First
Factory.
• 1656: captured Sri Lanka from
Portuguese.
• 1741: Battle of Colachel –
defeated by Travancore.
• 1759: Battle of
Bedara/Chinsurah
• 1814: Anglo Dutch Treaty.
• 1824: Anglo Dutch Treaty.
About British
• 1599: John Midenhall visited

India via land route and same
year “The Merchant Adventurers”.
• 31st December 1600 got sole
trading Rights in East by Queen
Elizebeth Taylor I.
• 1609: William Hawkins - Jahangir
About British
• 1611: Masulipatnam
• 1613: Surat
• 1615: Thomas Roe –
Ambassador of James I – Royal
Farman – Trading rights.
• 1630: Sultan of Golconda –
Trading right – while in 1632
minting right.
1633: 1st factory on East Coast – Balasore.
1639: Madras (Fort St. George) – Raja of Chandragiri.
1661: Catherine of Braganza and Charles II.
1690: Estd Sutanuti (Calcutta – Fort William).
1717: Royal Farman by Farukhsiyar.

About French
1690 and
1664: 1669: later:
Louis XIV Masuli Chandranag
and patna ore
Colbert m (Calcutta),
1668: 1673: Later Balasore,

Surat Pondi Mahe, Qasim
cherr Bazar,
y Karaikal.
About Danes
• Estd in 1616.
• Two important areas – Tamil Nadu
(Tranquebar) and Bengal
(Serampore)
1st Carnatic War (1746-
1748):
• Reason: Austria War of

succession
• Treaty: Treaty of Aix – la –
Chapplle
• Outcome: Status quo.
2nd Carnatic War (1749-
1754)
Reason: Dispute of succession at
Hyderabad (Muzaffar Jung) and
Carnatic (Chanda Sahib): Battle of
Ambur/Vellore.
Treaty: Treaty of Pondicherry
Outcome: Gifted Northern Sarkar to
French.
Battle of Plassey (1757)
Reasons:
❑ Fortification of Fort St. William.
❑ Mounting of gun at St. William.
❑ Support by EIC to Gasheeti
Begum for Nawab-ship.

❑ Shelter to corrupt official.
❑ Illegal use of Royal Farman.

Significance
❑ Boosted British prestige.

❑ Economic support.
Outcome:
❑ British got rich province of
Bengal; this will help them later
to capture entire India.
3rd Carnatic War (1758-
1763)
• Battle of Wandiwash.
• Reason: Seven year war:
• Treaty: Treaty of Paris:
• Outcome: French Factories
returned but they can’t fortify them.
Battle of Buxar
(1764)
Reason: Nawab Unable to

fulfill EIC economic Desire.
Treaty: Treaty of Allahabad.
Outcome
Significance
1. Demonstrated better military co-

ordination and unity of command.
2. Established EIC firm control on
Bengal as got Diwani Right and
started Nizamat Administration.
3. Trading rights in Awadh.
1st Anglo-Mysore War:
(1767-69)
Reason: Proximity towards

French and Territorial dispute
with Carnatic.
Treaty: This led to Treaty of
Madras
Outcome: Mutual Restitution
and Treat of Mutual Defense.
1st Anglo-Maratha
War (1775-82)
• Reason: Treaty of Surat with
Raghunath Rao
• Treaty: Treaty of Salbai.
2nd Anglo-Mysore
War: (1780-98)
• Reason: Violation of Treaty of
1st war and attack of French port
under Haider protect.
• This led to Treaty of Manglore.
3rd Anglo-Mysore
War: (1790-92)
• Reason
• Differences with Tarvancore.
• This led to annexation of half
Mysore.
4th Anglo-Mysore
War (1799)
This led to Tipu sultan killed

and Krishan Wodeyar restored.
2nd Anglo-Maratha
War: (1803-05)
Reason:
• Subsidiary Alliance by Baji
Rao II.
• This led to Treaty of Raighat
with Holkar and Subsidiary
Alliance forced Sindhia and
Bhosle defeat.
3rd Anglo-Maratha War: (1817-1818)
Reason: Pindari and resentment

among maratha’s.
Subsidiary Alliance
1. By Wellesley.
2. Permanently Station and maintaincompany’s troop
by Kingdom.
3. Necessary Mediation for ForeignRelation.
4. Can’t employee other Europeans.
5. Company not to interfere in internalmatter.
Negatives:
1. Lost right of self defence.

2. Lost sovereignty in external matter.
3. Cost of Subsidiary forces too high.
4. Disbandment of army therefore,
caused unemployment.
5. Rulers protected from internal and
external threats so tend to neglect
public interest.
Advantage to British
1. Maintain large army at cost

of Indianstate.
2. Enabled them to fight wars
away from their own
territories.
3. Controlled defense and foreign
relation of protected ally.
Conquest of Sindh
Reason:
Growing Anglo-Russian rivalry in
Europe and Asia. To defend Indian
Territory from Russia aggression
and Commercial possibilities of
river Sindh.
Treaty of 1832: Opened Roads
and Rivers for trade. Annexed
1843
Conquest of Punjab
Reasons:
1. Death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh 1839
2. Political instability.
3. Selfish and corrupt leaders.
4. Fertile land.
Punjab
Treaty of Amritsar – Peace and
friendship with Raja Ranjit Singh
1st Anglo Sikh War
Reason: Lost 1st Anglo-Afghan
War. This led to Treaty of Lahore.
2nd Anglo Sikh War
Reason: Fertile Land of Punjab.
This led to annexation of Punjab in
1849.
Doctrine of Lapse
1. Kingdom under British

protection ruler died without
Natural successor.
2. Only personal property not
kingdom given to adopted son.
Reason for Policy of Annexation (1846- 56)
1. Allies served their purpose.

2. Trade suffering from mal-
administration.
➢ Area annexed: Satara, Nagpur and
Jhansi.
➢ Title Annexed: Nawab of Carnatic,
Nawab of Surat, Raja of Tanjore and
Nana Saheb.
➢ Annexing Awadh - Difficulties:

a. British allies since Battle of
Buxar.
b. Most obedient.
c. Many heirs.
Reason:
1. Immense potential of Awadh as
market.
2. Raw cotton demand.
Reason given: Mis-governance

and refusing to introduce reform.
• Annexed 1856.
The Structure of Govt. and The Policies of British (1757-1857)
Objective:
1. Increase company’s profit.
2. Maintain and strengthen British
hold over India.

Structure of Government
• Prior 1765:
1. Aim to increase profitable
trade and collect taxes.

2. Hardly any
intention to innovate
administration.
Structure of Government
• 1765-1772: Dual govt. in Bengal

afterTreaty of Allahabad.
• After 1772:
1. Ended dual Govt.
2. Higher authority situated in
England.
Issues
1. Rich resources of Bengal fallen into

the hand of EIC.
2. High dividend and fabulous wealth
created jealous section in Britain.
3. Targeted Companies official –
boycotted by Aristocracy and
condemned as exploiter.
4. MP sought to win public support by
taxing company.
Issues
5. Political thinker – afraid of

powerful company can debauch
English Nation.
6. Exclusive privileges attacked by
Free Trade supporter – The Wealth
of Nation Adam smith.
Economic Policies
1600-1757: trading Corporation – profit

came from sale of Indian goods.
Why India ruler tolerated
and encouraged EIC?
1. Increased Indian export.
2. Encouraged production.
3. Increased state revenue.
4. Expertise in seas helped export

of Indian goods.
Economic Policies
• By 1720: Most European

counties except Holland either
prohibited or imposed heavy
duty on Indian goods.
Economic Policies
• After 1757 (Battle of Plassey):

1. Utilized Indian Bengal revenue to
finance – export Indian goods.

2. Used Political power to dedicate
terms – forced to sell cheap raw

material, sold raw material at high
rate, low wages, forbidden to
work for Indian merchant,
monopolies many foreign market.
How colonial pattern of trade helped Industrial
Revolution
1. Exported raw material.

2. Accumulated capital.
3. Rapid increase in population in
Britain – Cheaper labour.
4. Military support from British Govt.
5. Increased in demand –
colonalization.
Impact of IR
1. Rapid economic growth.

2. Increased standard of living.
3. Increased in urbanization in Britain.
4. New classes insociety:
Industrial capitalist and worker.
Impact of IR
• Rise of capitalist class – impacted

Indian administration and its
policies as profit comes from
selling goods not cheap raw
material. Therefore, attacked
company’s monopolies to trade
with east and exploitative revenue
control.
Impact of IR
• Strong campaign against EIC(1793-

1813) – ended EIC monopoly in
1813.
• Later agricultural India made
economic colony of Industrial
England with policies of free trade
which exposed Indian handicraft to
unequal competition of machine
made products – faced extinction.
Impact of IR
• R.C. Dutt’s The Economic

History of India (1901).
Issues faced by Indian Industries: De-
Industrialization
❖ Cheaper products.
❖ Rapidly improving
productivitybecause of
inventions.
❖ Free trade (One sided).
❖ Forced to export raw material
rather than exporting goods.
EIC 1813 commercial policy
Transformed Indian in:

1. Consumer of British goods.
2. Supplier of raw material.

EIC 1813 commercial policy
• Drain of Wealth: Started from

Bengal (1757).
• EIC export to Britain – India got

no adequate economic return - In
1765 got Diwani rights of Bengal –
used revenue of Bengal to
Purchase Indiangoods – exported
Britain – Investments.
EIC 1813 commercial policy:
❑ Foreign Character of Rule: – as

previous ruler – spent revenue in India
only.
❑ Salaries and other income.
❑ Excess of export over its imports.
➢ Drain of wealth increased after
1858 – important role in financing
British capitalist development.
Development of Means of
Transport and Communication
Reason:
To facilitate cheap and easy system
of transport facilitate flow of raw
material and access to market.
Why Railways required?
1. Untapped market in interior –

increase export of raw material and
access tomarket.
2. Safe investment of surplus money.
3. Outlet for British steel
manufacturer.
4. For ease in administration.
Why British investor readily invested?
❑ Return too high at that time.

❑ Safe investment as ensured return.
• 1st Railway line Bombay to Thane
(1853) – Dalhousie – till 1869
owned by private sector, after
1869-80 by Government later
1890 by both – because slow
progress and costly.
• Indian kept out.

• Primary focus – Political, economic
andmilitary.
• Economic factors: Increased raw
material excess – linked port to
cities and rate favor import.
• Telegraph: Efficient and

modern postal system.
• 1st Calcutta to Agra (1853) – by
Dalhousie –Postal stump –
uniform for letter over land –
earlier dependent on distance.
Land Revenue Policy Need
❖ To pay for its purchase

of Indianhandicraft and other
export goods.
❖ Meet cost of conquest of whole India.
❖ Consolidation of British rule.
❖ Meet cost of administration.
❖ Salaries of British employees.
Land Revenue Policy Need
• Steep rise in burden of taxation of

peasants – without which might
not be able to conquer India.
• Since time immemorial – State
taxed agricultural product –
directly or indirectly.
Permanent Settlement
Reason:
Failure of auction system due to
variation in tax collects each year.
Area:
Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and part of UP and
Madras – 19% of India.
❖ Zamindars – converted into landlord.
❖ Right of ownership hereditary and
transferable.
Permanent Settlement
❖ Cultivators reduce to low status – mere tenant –

deprived right of soil and other customary right –
at mercy of zamindars.
❖ 10/11th rental to Govt. and 1/11th to keep with
themselves.
❖ Sum paid were fixed – rigid revenue pay system.
❖ John Shore planned Permanent Settlement.
Reason to Recognize Zamindar as Land
lord
1. Political support or loyalist section.
2. Administrative ease.
3. Financial stability.
4. Copy England model of
Landlordism – landlord in England
– landowner not the case in India.
Temporary Settlement
Area: Central India and Awadh.

1. Zamindar made owner of
land but revenue they pay
periodically revised.
Ryotwari System
Area: Madras, Bombay, South and
South-western India – 51% of total area.
Reason:
❖ No zamindars with large estates.
❖ Didn’t want to upset existing system.
❖ Reed and Munro – recommended –
settlement directly with actual

cultivators.
❖ Permanent settlement company real
loser.
Ryotwari System
❖ Cultivator – recognized as owner of

his land – subjected to revenue.
❖ Not permanent – revised after 20-
30 years – Govt. right to enhance
revenue at will.
❖ Ryot to pay revenue even in
droughts.
❖ Rate of revenue exorbitant.
Ryotwari System
❖ Did not introduce peasant

ownership.
❖ Peasant – No. of zamindars
replaced by 1 Giant zamindar i.e.
Govt.
❖ Peasants mere Govt. tenant –
land sold if failed to pay.
Mahalwari System
❖ Area: Ganga valley, Noth-

Western provinces, part of
central India and Punjab – more
than 25% of land.
❖ Village/estate head – collectively
claimed to be landlords of
village.
Mahalwari System
❖ Punjab – Modified
Mahalwari system – known
as Village system.
❖ Periodically revised.
❖ British Land revenue system
differs from ancient:
Private property.
Administrative Organisation
❖ Warren Hasting and Cornwallis –

Overhauled administration.
❖ Three Pillar: Civil services, Army
and Police.
❖ Reasons:
❖ Maintenance of law and order.
❖ Perpetuation of British rule.

Civil Services
❖ Founder Cornwallis – Clive and

Hasting attempted to remove
corruption.
❖ Regulating Act 1773 and Pitt’s
India Act 1774 – laid down rule
for recruitment – Power was in
the hand of Court of director.
Civil Services
❖ Steel frame – most efficient and

powerful – highly paid.
❖ Indian – highest post with salary
500 –not allow at higher post.
❖ Wellesley established Fort
William College at Calcutta
(1800) – 3yrs –Indian language.
Civil Services
❖ COD disapproved – opened

college Herford in London –
later 1806 shifted to
Haillebury.
❖ Charter Act 1833 – limited
exam for ICS (British only).
❖ Charter Act 1853 – Open
Competition for ICS.
Civil Services
❖ 1st exam London (1855) –

established
❖ Civil Service Commission
(1858).
❖ Bentinck in favor of Indianization
of services – to cut administrative
expenses.
❖ S.N. Tagore first India to qualify ICS
(1864).
Civil Services
• Atchinson Commission
(1892) – recommended exam
to be held in India- Govt. of
India Act 1919 approved it –
1st time held in 1922 at
Allahabad.
Problem faced by Indian
❖ Financial burden.
❖ Max. age 22 yrs.
❖ Exam in English medium.
❖ Proficiency in Greek and Latin.
Reasons for keeping Indian of high
rank post
❖ Administration based on
British ideas and practices –
best implemented English
only.
❖ Didn’t trusted ability and
integrity ofIndian.
❖ Required at that time – as to
establish British rule.
Army
❖ Officers exclusively British –

HighestIndian officer Subedar.
❖ Bulk of them from UP and Bihar –
before 1857.
❖ Kept in isolation.
Important Function
1. Instrument through which India

powerswere conquered.
2. Defend British Empire – Foreign
rivals.
3. Safeguarded British supremacy –
internal revolt.
4. Chief instrument extending
anddefending the British.
MODERN
INDIAN
HISTORY
Reasons to support foreigners
❖ Absence of modern
nationalism.
❖ Loyalty to salt.
Police
❑ Founder Cornwallis – relieved

– zamindars from police
function – regular police and
thanas – before Britain.
❑ Thanas headed by Daroga
(Indian) – District headed by
Superintendent of Police
(European).
Police
❑ Excluded Indian from top

post.
❑ Village duty performed by
watchmen – decreased
dacoity.
Judicial Organistation
❑ 1726: Mayor’s Court in Madras, Bombay and
Calcutta.
❑ Hierarchy of civil and criminal court –
Hasting (established) and Cornwallis
(stabilized) in 1793.
❑ Cornwallis separated post of Civil Judge and
Collector.
❑ Diwani Adalat/ Civil Court: Presided by
District Judge (ICS): Follow both Hindu and
Muslim law.
❑ Warren Hasting estd two Court for resolving disputes – Civil

disputes Collector - District Diwani Adalat – Sadar Diwani Adalat
– Hindu and Muslim law applicable and Criminal disputes –
Indian officers overall administration of Collector – Muslim laws –
District Fauzdari Adalats – Sadar Nizamat Adalat (headed by
Deputy Nizam assisted by Qazi) for.
❑ 1773: Supreme Court at Calcutta.
❑ Cornwallis – Fauzadari Court abolished – Circuit court estd –
court of appeal for civil and criminal case and Sadar Nizamat
Adalat Calcutta – supervision of Governor-General and member of
Supreme council.
• Bentinck (1831) – abolished
Provincial Court of Appeal and
Circuit – work assigned to
Commissioners – Later to Distt. Judge
and Distt. Collectors.
• Bentinck – increased status and
power of Indian in Judicial services –
appointed them Deputy Magistrate,
Sub-ordinate Judge and Principal
Sadar Amins.
❑ Charter Act 1833: Appointed

Law commission – headed by
Macaulay – to codified Indian
laws –
❑ 1865 – High Courts established
at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay
- replaced Sadar Diwani and
Nizamat Adalat.
Rule of Law
❑ At least in theory – as
discriminatedEuropean.
❑ Administration – according to Laws
but Laws itself defective.
❑ Great deal of power in hand of
civil servants and police.
Equality before Law
❑ European and their descendents –

separate court and even Laws –
Only tried by European Judges.
❑ Legal inequality – Justice become
expensive.
❑ Complicated Laws.
Social and Cultural Policy
❑ Non interference till 1813.
❑ Took active steps after (1813-1857) – mainly due to rising
industrial interest – partial transformation.
❑ Reforms carried out within parameter of promoting colonialism.
❑ Reforms encourage by Christian missionaries – for conversion.
❑ Reasons to oppose Social and Cultural Reform: Interference
might produce a revolutionary reaction.

❑ Three characteristics of new thought: Reason/Science, Capacity of
man to progress and Humanism.
Humanitarian Measures
❑ Abolished Sati - 1829.

❑ Prohibited Infanticide –
1795 and 1802 – Later Act
in 1870
❑ Widow Remarriage 1856.
❑ Child Marriage – 1929.
CHILD MARRIAGE
Spread of Modern Education:
❑ Promoted by Govt. (to develop western taste), Christian

Missionaries (For conversion) and enlightened Indian (to
remove evil from society).
❑ Hasting (1781): Calcutta Madrassa.
❑ Duncan (1791): Sanskrit College at Varanasi.
❑ Charter Act 1813 – 1 Lac rupees for education – not made
available till 1823.
❑ Dilemma – Western education vs Indian and in Vernacular
language vs English.
Spread of Modern Education
❑ 1835 – To teach western science

and literature via English
medium – neglected masses –
adopted Downward Filtration
Theory – Educated upper and
Middle Class – educate the
masses.
Aim of Western Education
❑ Develop western taste.

❑ Reduce administration cost.
❑ Woods Dispatch(1854):
❑ Govt. assumed responsibility to educate masses –
University setup in 1857 at Madras, Bombay and Calcutta

( among 1st graduate – Bankim Chandra Chatterjee).
❑ Cause of Failure of Indian Education System:
❑ Lacked official support and Govt.job require English
Weakness of Modern Education
System
❑ Neglected masses.
❑ English medium.
❑ Education costly.
❑ Total neglect of girl education.
❑ Neglected scientific and technical
education (Only Non-medical
EDUCATION COSTLY
College Roorkee and 3 Medical
colleges).
Economic Impact of British Rule
Previously political structure

overthrown but economic
structure remained same but not
in case of British – made Indian
economy sub- ordinate to British
economy.
Artisans and Craftsman Reasons for
Collapse
❑ Cheaper import.
❑ Policy of Free Trade.
❑ Impact of modern means of transport.
❑ Oppression practiced by EIC – low wages and harsh rate of raw
material.
❑ Higher export duties.
❑ British patronized their own homeproducts.
❑ Failed to find alternative employment.
❑ Destruction of rural crafts – destruction of self –sufficient rural
economy – led to de-industrialization.
❑ Indian became agricultural colony of manufacturing Britain.
Peasants
❑ Sank into poverty.

❑ In Permanent and temporary
settlement area - compelled to pay
illegal duties – to perform forced
labor (Begar).
❑ In Mahalwari and Ryotwari –
conditionare same.
Problems in Agricultural Sector
❑ Population pressure.
❑ Dis-proportional increase in landrevenue.
❑ Debt trap.
❑ Little help from Govt.
❑ High revenue and rigid method of collection.
❑ Moneylenders helped by legal system.
❑ Land became sellable.
❑ Growing commercialization of land.
❑ Loss and overcrowding of land.
Old Zamindars
❑ Highest bidding system.

❑ Permanent settlement Act –
heavy revenue and rigid law of
collection – estate ruthlessly sold.
❑ Condition of zamindars soon
improved radically:
❑ Increased power over tenants.
❑ Zamindars set high revenue.
Reasons for subletting
❑ No effective outlets for

investment.
❑ Convenient to lease out land.
❑ Growth of sub-
infeudation or intermediaries.
❑ Supported Foreign rulers.
Stagnation and Deterioration of
Agriculture
Causes:
❑ Overcrowding in agriculture.
❑ Excessive land revenue demand.
❑ Growth of landlordism.
❑ Increasing indebtness.
❑ Growing impoverishment of cultivators.
❑ Overcrowding in agriculture and sub- infeudation. – led to division and

fragmentation of land – small holding.
❑ No Govt. support.
❑ Technologically stagnation.
❑ Agricultural education neglect.

Development of Modern Industries
❑ Machine age – with Cotton textile, jute and coal-mining -

1850’s.
❑ 1st textile (Bombay) – by Cowasjee Nana Bhoy 1853.
❑ 1st Jute mill (Bengal) -1855.
❑ Cement, Paper, Matches, sugar and glass industries – 1930’s.
❑ Modern Indian Industries – owned and controlled by British
capitalist – due to cheap labor and raw material along with
market.
❑ No Govt. support to Indians.
Problem with Industrial Sector
1. British managing agencies dominating.

2. Difficult to get credit.
3. British enterprises – close connection
with British supplier.
4. Policy favoring foreign capital.
5. Railways freight rate encourage
foreign import.
6. No heavy or capital goods industries.
7. Lagged – electric power.
Plantation Industries
1. Exclusively owned by European.

2. Plantation worker highly oppressed
– Book Neel Darpan (Dinbandhu
Mitra)– 1860.
3. With synthetic dye – indigo demand
fall.
4. Tea Industry developed in Assam,
Bengal, South India, and Hills of
Himachal – 1850.
Plantation Industries
❑ Profit went out.

❑ Highly paid staff was foreigner.
❑ Technical staff – foreigner.
❑ Sold in foreign market.
❑ Mostly purchased equipment
from abroad.
❑ Advantage: Creation of unskilled
jobs.
Issues related to Modern
Industries
❑ Little impact on poverty.
❑ No effort to protection to old Industries
(Free Trade).
❑ No protection to infant industries (Free
Trade).
❑ Limited too few cities only.
❑ Social consequence – birth of 2 new
classes – Industrial capitalist and
modern working class.
Poverty and Famines
Causes:
❑ Increase in population.
❑ Decrease in production.
❑ Economic exploitation.
❑ Decay of Indigenous industries.
❑ Failure of modern Industries.
❑ High Taxation.
❑ Drain of wealth.
❑ Backwardness in agriculture.
Social and Cultural Awakening
Causes:
❑ Awareness about colonization – due to internal weakness.
❑ Thoughtful Indians – looked for strength and weakness
along with way and means to remove weakness.
Two sects:
❑ Faith in traditional ideas and institution.
❑ Modern western thoughts of Modern science and doctrine of
reason and humanism.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy
❑ Represent synthesis of East and west –

respected Indian and western culture both.
❑ Know many languages like: Sanskrit,
Persian, Arabic, English, French, Latin,
Greek and Hebrew.
❑ Gift of Monotheists (Persian) -1809
❑ Atmiya Sabha – (1814)
❑ Learn Sanskrit and Hindu philosophy –
Varanasi
Raja Ram Mohan Roy
❑ Quran and Persian – Patna

❑ Bible – Greek and Hebrew.
❑ Wanted people to adopt: Rational and scientific, human dignity
and social equality.
❑ Acquainted to Jainism and other religious movement.
❑ Translated Vedas and Upanishads – Bengali
❑ Held Vedanta – based on principle of reason.
❑ Precepts of Jesus (1820).
Raja Ram Mohan Roy
❑ Holistic missionary – no blindly follow

of any religion – guided by reasons.
❑ Brahma Samaj (1828) – based on
Reasons, vedas and upanishads –
Obective (Purify Hinduism and preach
monothesim) – Focus (Human dignity).
❑ Hindu college (1817) with David Hare.
❑ Vedanta College (1825)
He was Against
• Priesthoods, Religious ritual and

superstitions, Rigid caste system,
Sati system, Idol worship,
Polygamy, degraded status of
widow, subjugation of women,
women inferior to men.
He Supported
❑ Monotheism, fixed rent for

peasants, removal of heavy export
duties, abolition of company’s
trade right, Indianization of
superior service, separation of
Executive from Judiciary, Equality
between Indian and European.
Brahmo Samaj
❑ Tradition of Roy carried forward –

by Devendranath
❑ Doctrine – Veda Infallible reject by
Keshyb Chandra sen (1866).
❑ Split of Brahmo Samaj (1860’s) Adi
Brahmo Samaj (DNT) and Sadharan
Brahmo Samaj (KCS).
Brahmo Samaj
• Limitation: confined to urban area

and weakened by internal
dissensions in 1861.
• Virealingam (Andhra Pradesh) –
Influence by Brahmo Samaj –
fought for women cause.
Debendra Nath Tagore
• Tatva Bodhini Sabha (1839) – along

with Ishwar Chandra and Akshay Kumar
Dutt – Promoted Roy’s idea -
Tatvabodhini Partrika (Bengali) –
systematic study of Indian past.
• Brahmo Samaj (1843) revitalised –
supported – widow remarriage, abolition
of polygamy, women’s education,
improvement of ryot’s condition.
Ishwar Chandra Vidya Sagar
❑ Principal of Sanskrit College.

❑ Respect Indian and Western culture.
❑ Secretary of Bethune School.
Supported:
❑ Sanskrit college for non Brahmin, to
break priestly monopoly, upliftment
of women, widow re-marriage and
women education.
Derozio and Young Bengal
❑ Radical Bengali intellectual and

nationalist poet.
❑ Anglo-India – teacher at Hindu
College.
❑ Carried forward Roy’s tradition of
educating people.
Derozio and Young Bengal
❑ Public Agitation – Companies

Charter, Freedom of Press, Better
treatment for India Labor abroad,
Trail by Jury etc.
❑ Limitation: Social condition of
country, never took peasant’s
cause, Radicalism, Limited link
with people.
Ramakrishna and Vivekananda
❑ Ramakrishna Parmahansa (1834-86)
Salvation by Renunciation, meditation
and devotion
❑ Vivekananda (1863-1902) –
popularised RK religious message –
aimed essential oneness of all religions.
❑ Vedanta fully rational system.
❑ Condemned caste system.
❑ Founded Ramkrishna Mission (1897) –
carries social work – emphasis on social
good and social service.
Arya Samaj (1875 by Swami Dayanand)
❑ Criticized: Puran, Priesthood, idolatry,

ritual, and caste system.
❑ Advocated: Condition of women, women
education, untouchability, social equality,
promoted nationalism and prevented
conversion.
❑ Lala Hansraj(1886) – started DAV.
Arya Samaj (1875 by Swami Dayanand)
❑ Swami Shradhananda (1902) – started

Gurukul near Haridwar (Conservative).
❑ Sudhi Movement and Guarakshani
Sabha.
Theosophical Society
❑ Founded in US by Madam Blavatasky

and Colonel HS Olcott.
❑ HQ in Madras (Adyar) – 1886.
❑ Aim – revive and strengthen ancient
religions of Hinduism, Zoroastrianism
and Buddhism.
❑ Follow Doctrine of Transmigration of
soul.
❑ Universal brotherhood.
In Muslims
❑ Muslim upper class – avoid

western education.
❑ After 1857 – Muhammedan
Literary Society (Calcutta-1863)
by Adul Latif – promoted revival
thought in light of western
education.
Sayyid Ahmad Khan
❑ Quaran alone authoritative work.

❑ Supported western education for men
and women.
❑ Muhammedan Anglo-oriental College
(1875).
❑ Not communal but in later life became
one as to avoid British hostility toward
Muslims.
Mohammad Iqbal
❑ Spiritual Father of Pakistan.

❑ Greatest poet – influenced both
Hindu and Muslim.
❑ Advocated constant change and
against ritualism but supported
communalism.
Reform Among Sikhs
❑ Akali Movement (1902) – purify

management of Gurudwaras –
from autocratic Mahants –
Powerful Satyagraha (1921) – led
to New Gurudwara Act 1922
which further amended in 1925.
Akali Movement
Pioneers of Reform in Western
India
❑ Bal Shastri Jambekar (Bombay) –
attacked brahmanical orthodoxy –
Darpan (1832).
❑ Paramahansa Mandli (1849) –
Maharashtra – by Dadoba
Panderung – supported: One god,
widow remarriage, women
education and were against caste
rule. Later formed in Pune, Satara
and other Maharashtra.
India
• Students’ Literary and Science society
(1848) – Gujarati and Marathi – Dnyan
Prasark Mandali – organized lectures on
popular social and science.
• Jotiba Phule and his wife (1851) – widow
remarriage and women education – started
Girls’ school at Poona with support of
Jagannath Shankar seth and Bhau Daji.
• Vishnu Shastri Pundit – Founded Widow
Remarriage Association(1850’s)
India
• Karsodas Mulji – Satya Prakash –
Gujarati (1852).
• Prathana Samaj: one god – against caste
and priesthood – RG Bhandakar and MG
Ranade.
• Gopal Ganesh Agarkar (Maharashtra) –
against blind dependence on tradition and
false glorification of past – founder of
New English School and Deccan
Education Society.
Social Reform
• Gopal Hari Deshmukh (Aka

Lokhitwadi – Maharashtra) – re-
organization of Indian society – preached
religious an social equality.
• Jyotiba Phule – lower caste –
(Satyashodhak Samaj).
Social Reform
• Dada Bhai Naroji (Bombay) –

Rehnumai Mazdayasan Sabha – with
Naoroji Furdonji and SS Bengalee -
Upliftment of women and religious
orthodoxy- in parsi reform.
Social Reform
• Other important reformer – KT

Telang, BM Malabari, DK
Karve, Sasipada Banarjee, BC
Pal, Vivesalingam and BR
Ambedkar.
KT Telang
Some Facts:
• Dufferin Hospital (1880).

• All India Harijan Sangh (1932) –
Gandhi.
• All Indiandepressed classes
Association – Br Ambedkar.
• Self Respect Movement (1920) – E.V.
Ramasamy.
• Narayan Guru (Kerala) – movement
against caste.
Limitation
• Limited to urban middle class and

upper class.
• Past greatness – cause of divide in
society.
• Ignored – art, architecture,
literature, music etc.
Important Acts of British
Regulating Act 1773:

1. Created Court of Director – 24
members.
2. Governor of Bengal – Governor
General of Bengal.
3. Governor General Executive Council
(4+1) – decision by majority and

quorum of 3.
4. Supreme Court at Calcutta – (1 CJ + 3
Sub-ordinate Judge).
Pitt’s India Act
1. Board of Control – created – look into matter of

Court of Director.
2. Board of Control – 2 Cabinet ministers and 4
member of Privy Council (Highest court of Appeal).
Governor General Council (3+1).
3. Governors of Bombay and Madras – responsible to
G.G (War, revenue, and diplomacy).
4. All member of G.G. Executive council – ICS.
Charter Act 1793
❑ Monopoly of company increased for 20 yrs.

❑ G.G. over-riding power over hiscouncil.
❑ Commander and Chief – not ex- officio
member of Council.
Charter Act 1813
❑ Monopoly ended except Tea and

China.
❑ Christian Missionaries – allowed
in India – with approval of either
BOC or COD.
❑ Company – to spend Rs. 1
lakh annually on education.
Charter Act 1833
❑ Ended monopoly completely.
❑ Ended restriction of European
immigration – can buy property and
settle in India.
❑ Administration centralized – G.G. of
Bengal – now G.G. of India.
❑ Legislation – Centralized.
❑ Governor of Bombay and Madras –
deprived of legislative power –
respective presidencies – only can advice
to G.G. India.
Charter Act 1833
❑ Appointment of Law Commission.

❑ Civil Services under company – open
to all – irrespective of color, caste and
gender etc.
❑ BGI to take steps for improving
condition of slaves in India.
Charter Act 1853
❑ Extended privilege of company to keep Indian Territory – not

definite period.
❑ Strength of BOD reduced from 24 to 18.
❑ Introduced open competition for civil services of India.
❑ Added Law member to Executive council – for legislation –
consult 6 members (2 SC Judge of Kolkata and 4 ICS).
[(4+1) + 6].
Revolt of 1857
Causes:
• Economic exploitation.
• Land revenue policies and system of laws
and administration.
• Corruption at love level and complex
Judicial syte,
• Growing poverty.
• Alien rule.
• Feeling that European can be defeated – 1

st
Afghan war, Punjab war and Crimean war.

Revolt of 1857
• Annexation of Awadh.
• Realization – Loyalty failed to satisfy
British.
• Policy of annexation.
• Endangered their religion – Christian
Missionaries, interference in religion
like Abolition of Sati, widow
remarriage, western education in
women and taxing land belonging to
temples and Mosques.
Revolt of 1857
Reasons for Sepoy:

❑ Peasants in uniform.
❑ Interfering in their religions – forbade

wear caste and sectarian marks,
beard or turbans.
❑ Wide gulf between officers and sepoys.
❑ General Service Enlistment Act(1856) Greased/Enfeild cartridges

– decline batta.
Immediate causes: Greased/Enfield
cartridges
Earlier Sepoy Mutiny
❑ Bengal (1764), Vellore (1806) –

restore son of Tipu sultan, 47th
Regiment (1824) – refused to go
Burma by sea route and 7th
Battalions (1844) – Batta and
Salaries.
❑ Was revolt Planned: No record
andpeople related to it died.
Revolt of 1857
• Revolt Began – Meerut 10th May
1857.
• Mangal Pandey – 1st Martyr –
34th Bengal Native Infantry.
• Bhadur Shah – declared
Emperor of India – traditional
symbol (Mugal).
• Displayed Hindu – Muslim Unity.
• Sepoy – displayed courage,
determination, and sacrifice.
Weakness
❑ Couldn’t embrace entire country.

❑ Princes and Moneylenders supported EIC.
❑ High taxation.
❑ Modern educated Indian not supported
❑ shortage of modern weapon
❑ Poorly organized and un-coordinated.
❑ Ill disciplined.
❑ No forward policy post war.
❑ Lack unity among Indians.
Was it Sepoy Mutiny or National
Revolt?
• In Favor:
❑ Not confined to only sepoy.
❑ Rebel came from almost each and
every class.
• Against:
❑ Confined to North India only.
❑ Educated middle class didn’t support.
❑ Princely States support EIC.
❑ Moneylenders supported EIC.
Administration Act of Parliament 1858
❑ Ended company’s rule - placed India

under British Crown.
❑ Abolished dualism in administration
(BOC and COD).
❑ Provided for Secretary of State (Member
of British Council) – assisted by 15
member’s Indian council (advisory) – Indiaunder British Crown
minutest details of administration –
reside in London – final authority.
Administration Act of Parliament 1858
❑ Ended further annexation and

conquest – Ruler’s dignity
maintained.
❑ Governor General of India –
Viceroy assisted by Executive
council of 4 members who act as
Ruler’s dignity maintained
official advisors as well as heads of
different department (Portfolio
system).
Indian Council Act 1861
❑ Expanded – Viceroy Council for law
making – know as Imperial Legislative
council – merely advisory body.
❑ Viceroy authorized to add 6-12 members
to Executive Council.
❑ Legislative council no control on budget,
couldn’t discuss action of administration
and no power onexecutive.
❑ 1st time Indian included in legislative
Council – Maharaja of Patiala and
Dinkar Rao.
❑ Initiated decentralization – restored

legislative power to Bombay and
Madras.
❑ New legislative councils for Bengal
(1862), NWFP (1866) and Punjab
(1897).
❑ Power to issue ordinances – during
emergency Legislative Power
❑ Started Portfolio system.
❑ Increased no. of additional (non

official) members in Central and
provincial legislative councils –
maintained official majority (10-16).
❑ Increased function of Legislative
council – power to discuss budget and
addressing question to executive.
❑ Provided nomination of some non
official members:
❑ By Viceroy on recommendation of Bengal

chamber of Commerce Provincial
Legislative Council – in Central
Legislative Council.
❑ By Governor on recommendation – district
boards, municipalities, university, trade
association, zamindars and chamber –
Provincial Legislative Council.
❑ Limited and indirect election (word election
not used).
Provincial Administration
• Divided India into provinces

for
administrative convenience.
• 3 Presidencies (Bengal, Madras and
Bombay) – administer by Governor + 3
Executive Council member appointed by
crown.
• Presidencies Govt. – greater power than
Provincial Govt. which administer by
Lieutenant Governor and Chief
Commissioner appoint by G.G.
❑ Provincial Govt. lesser power after
Charter Act 1833 – power to make
law and expenditure subject
restricted – Govt. control smallest
detail of provincial Govt.
❑ Mayo (1870) – 1st step – separating
Centre and provincial finances –
Fixed sums granted out of centre
revenue – administer Jail, Road,
Police, and service.
• Lytton (1877) – Transferred expenditures

– Land revenue, Excise duty, General
administration, Law and Justice – out of
fixed share revenue income – Stamps,
Excise taxes and Income tax.
• Fixed grant ended (1882) – entire

income from services and fixed share
from other sources (All source divided
into 3: Central, Provincial and those
between centre and provinces) –
doesn’t means provincial autonomy –
aimed to keep expenditure down and
increase income – centre remained
supreme.
Local Bodies
❑ Financial difficulties – further decentralization – LSG (MC

and Distt. Board).
❑ Reason for Local Bodies:
❑ Increasing contact with Europe.
❑ Nationalist demand.
❑ Financial disorder – due to railways andarmy.
❑ Can’t tax European.
❑ Can’t introduce tax – can lead to discontent – will pay if
knew will be spent on them.

Local Bodies
❑ Associating Indian with administration – decrease

disaffection.
❑ 1 Local Govt. (1864) – consist nominated members and
st
headed by DM – instrument for addition tax.

❑ Ripon (1882) – Majority of member’s non official and
Chairperson (elected) – whenever felt possible.

❑ Limited voting right.
❑ Except Presidency (Calcutta, Bombay and Madras) just

likedepartment.
Public Service
• Indian – little control over Govt. – no role

in PF and PI.
Issues:
• Exam in London.
• Exam in English.
• Require – Greek and Latin.
• Max. age 23 in 1859 and reduced to 19
– 1878.
• Higher post reserved for
British citizens.
Relation with Princely States
❑ Right to adopt heir.

❑ Complete sub-ordination to British Paramount Power.
❑ Queen Victoria – Empress of India (1876).
❑ Assured continued existence as Ruler.
❑ Paramount Power – Right to supervise internal govt. and day to
day work – sometime ruler deprived of power – Modern
administration so that integrate with British India – Encourage
development and common economy.
Administrative Policies
• British Attitude and policies changed to worse after Revolt

1857.
• Divide and Rule: Suppressed Muslims (1858-1870) – Later
Hindus.
• Hostility to Educated Indians.
• Abandoned Social Reforms.
• Extreme backwardness of social service.
• Encouraged Zamindars.
Labour Legislation
❑ Labor condition – miserable – no weekly day

rest and low wages.
❑ 1st Indian Factory Act (1881) – dealt with
child labor and fencing of dangerous
machinery.
❑ 2nd Indian Factory Act (1891) – weekly
holiday for all workers – reduced hour of
work for women and children.
❑ No such restriction or plantation – as only to 1st Indian Factory Act (1881)
curb Indian home grown industries.
Restriction on Press
➢ Dutch – introduced Printing Press.

➢ Helped in making public option,
influencing govt. policies.
➢ Metcalfe (1835) – Liberator of Press.
➢ Vernacular Press Act (1878) – by Lytton
– repealed by Ripon (1882).
➢ Repressive Press law pass – 1805
(Swadeshi and Boycot movement),
1908, 1910.
Reform after 1857
1. Europeanization of army
(1:2 in Bengal and 1:3 in
Madras).
2. Concept of Martial races
(Sikh and Gorkha).
Army
• Europeanization of Army.
• Troop kept at geographical and military
positions.
• Crucial branches like tank –European
hand.
• No Indian raise higher than Subedar(Till
1914).
• Martial race concept encouraged.
• To avoid unity again encouraged
communal, caste, tribal and regional
loyalties.
MODERN
INDIAN
HISTORY
MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
❑ Radical Antagonism:
• Racial superiority – reservation in
railways etc.
Foreign Policy:
➢ Result of 2 factors: Modern means of
Communication and Political and
administrative consolidation.
➢ British aim – protection of invaluable
Indian Empire, British commerce
expansion and economic interest in Asia
and Africa.
❑ War with Nepal (1814):
Reason:
Extend Indian Empire to its natural
geographical frontier – Peace Treaty –
Garhwal, Kumaon, Tarai area and
Sikkim annexed – Added army strength
with Gurkha.
❑ War with Burma:
Reason:
Burma expansion policy, Resource
(Forest), Market, Check other European
control over SE Asia.
✓ 1st War (1824) – drove Burmese from
Assam, Cachar, Manipur and Arakan –
Occupied Rangoon – Peace Treaty
Yandabo – annexed Arakan and
Tenasserim Coastal area – Manipur as an
Independent State.
❑ War with Burma:
✓ 2nd War (1852) – annexed Pegu.

✓ 3rd War (1885) – Commercial treaty with
France – annexed to Indian empire.
✓ WW I – Burma boycotted British goods
and demanded Home rule – joined hand
with INC.
✓ Separated from India in 1935 – weakened
nationalist movement.
❑ War with
Afghanistan:
Reason:
Check Russian potential military threat
and support to Shah Shuja for Afghan
throne.
✓ 1st War (1839) – Bribed most tribe –
Shah Shuja put on throne – internal
revolt (1841) – because of outsider
support – British lost (1841) – Treaty
with Dost Khan ( Non-interference in
internal matter).
❑ War with
Afghanistan:
✓ 2nd War (1878) – Reason: Crimean

war defeat of Russia – Treaty of
Gandamak
– Control over foreign policy of
Afghan.
✓ In 1921 Afghan got freedom after
war and peace was made.
The Nationalist Movement: 1858-

1905
Movement was National Movement –

united people from different classes and
section of society – sank their mutual
difference to unite against common
enemy.
❑ Factor Responsible for National

Awakening:
• Consequence of foreign domination except

Zamindar and Princes.
• Administrative and Economic unification of
county.
• Western Thought and Education.
• Rediscovery of India’s Past – also promoted
communal sentiment.
• Racial arrogance of Rulers.
❑ Factor Responsible for National
Awakening:
• Major role by Press and Literature (Bankim

Chandra Chatterjee and Rabindra Nath
Tagore –Bengali, Lakshminath Bezabarua –
Assamese, Vishnu Shastri Chiplunkar –
Marathi, Subhamanya Bharati – Tamil,
Bharatendu Harish Chandra – Hindi, Altaf
Husain Hali – Urdu).
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

❑ Predecessor of Indian National

Congress:
• Rammohun Roy: 1st Indian leader to start
agitation for political reforms.
• East India Association (London – 1866) – to
influence British public officials to promote
Indian welfare – later branches founded in
India.
• Indian Association of Calcutta – by
Surendranath Banerjee – distcontented with
conservative and pro landlord policies of
Govt.
Rammohun Roy
❑ Predecessor of Indian National
Congress:
• Surendra Nath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan
Bose – founded Indian Association (1876). –
aim to create strong public opinion.
• Poona Sarvajanik Sabha (1870) – Justice
Ranade.
• Madras Mahajan Sabha (1884) – M.
Viraraghavachari, G. Subramaniya Iyer and
Ananda Charlu.
• Bombay Presidency Assoction (1885) –
Pherozshah Mehta, KT Telang and Badruddin
Tyabji. Surendra Nath Banerjee
❑ Indian National
Congress:
A.O. Hume – 1st session Bombay – December

1885 Presided by W.C. Bonnerjee.
Aim:
➢ Friendly relation between nationalist
political workers.
➢ Develop and consolidate feeling
of National Unity.
➢ Formulate popular demand and present them
before govt.
➢ Training and Organization of public opinion.
Safety Valve Theory:
Outlet to growing discontent among

educated Indians – prevent union of
discontent of nationalist with discontent of
peasants.
Lightning Conductor Theory: Used Hume
to avoid British hostility.
• Kadambini Ganguli (1890) – 1st women
graduate of Calcutta University –
addressed congress session.
Kadambini Ganguli
Program and Activities of early Nationalist:
• No agenda of direct struggle – as

known India Nation in making.
• 1st Public Swadeshi Campaign (1896) in
Maharashtra.
Agenda:
➢ Arousal of National feeling.
➢ Consolidation of National feeling.
➢ Bring large no. of people in vortex of
nationalist politics – train them.
Task:
➢ Creation of public opinion.
➢ Formulate popular demand.
➢ National Unity.
Demands made:
➢ Economic critique of Imperialism:
Drain of wealth, Land revenue,
working condition of labor, abolition of
salt tax, military expenditure.
➢ Constitutional reforms: Expansion and

reform of legislative council,
budgetary control, democratic self
government, No taxation with
representation.
➢ Administrative and other reforms:
Indianization of service, separation of
Judiciary from Executive, against Foreign
policy, demanded extension of medical and
health facilities and Indian workers issues.
➢ Defence of civil rights: Demanded

democracy and modern civil rights
(Tilak – enhanced long prison (1897)
and 2 Poona leaders Natu brother –
deported without trial).
❑ Methods of Political
Work:
➢ Dominated by moderates.
➢ British – wanted to be Just to Believed
➢ don’t want – expel British but – transform
Govt. – later demanded Self Govt. India.
➢ Constitutional agitation – within four walls
of law – built public opinion – present
popular demand – through – petition,
meeting, resolutions and speeches.
➢ Political work:
1. Built strong opinion.
2. Convince British Govt.
❑ Weakness of Mass
Movement:
➢ Narrow social base.

➢ Without mass support couldn’t adopt militant
political position.
Govt.’s Attitude:
➢ Hostile and suspicious.
➢ Realizing threat growing unity – pushed
further policy of divide and rule.
❑ Weakness of Mass
Movement:
➢ Policy of minor concession on one

handruthless repression on other.
➢ Congress – Factory of sedition –
disloyal babus, seditious brahmins and
violent villains.
❑ Evaluation of Early National
Movement:
1. Succeeded in creating nationwide

awakening.
2. Made conscious about political,
economical, social and cultural
interest and common enemy.
3. Trained people in art of political work.
4. Exposed true character of British
Imperialism.
5. Serve as a base for more vigorous
National Movement.
Nationalist Movement: 1905 – 1918 Reason
for Growth of Extremism/Militant
Nationalism:
• Conscious of evils of foreign domination.
• Earlier National Movement imparted
necessary political training to educated
Indian.
• Recognition of true nature of British rule.
• Growth of self respect and self confidence
– no longer confined to upper class –
masses should be included – need
immense scarifies for freedom.
Nationalism:
• Growth of education and

unemployment.
• International influence: exploded
myth of European superiority –
Japan defeated Russia (1905) and
Ethiopian defeat Italian (1896) –
revolutionary movement.
• Bengal Partition.
Nationalism:
• Political Events:
➢ Sedition Law (1898).
➢ Calcutta co-operation no. of Indian
decreased (1899).
➢ Official Secrets Acts (1904).
➢ University Act (1904) – bring
universities under tighter official
control.
❑ Principle
:
• Workout their own salvation.

• Great sacrifices and suffering – needed.
• Speeches, writing and political work – full
of boldness and self confidence.
• Denied India’s growth under benevolent
guidance and control.
❑ Famous Leader:
Lala Lajpat rai, Bipin Chandra Pal,

Aurobindo Ghose, Rahnarain Bose,
Ashwini Kumar Dutt, Vishnu Shastri
Chiplunkar and Lokmanay Tilak.
Lokamany Tilak:
• Founded New English School
(1880) – later known as Fergusson
College.
❑ Famous Leader:
• Two Newspaper – Mahratta (English) and

Kesari (Marathi).
• Ganpati Festival (1893) and Shivaji
Festival (1895) – to propagate
Nationalism.
• No tax campaign (1896 – 97).
• Sedition charge (1897).
❑ Bengal Partition (1905):
Reasons:
• Most active province.
• Challenging British GOI.
• Excuse given – Bengal was too big a
province to manage – administration
problem,
• July 1905 – decided Bengal would be
divided – Moderates began P3 – 16th Oct
1905 Bengal divided.
❑ Bengal Partition (1905):
• INC recognizes communal

intension – East Bengal (Muslims)
– West Bengal (Hindu) – else
should be on bases of language i.e.
Hindi (Orissa) and Bengali
(Bengal).
Anti Partition
Movement:
• INC session – Banaras (1905) – Gokhale.
• Initiated – Town Hall Calcutta – Surendra
Nath Banerjee and Krishna Mitra (Aug
1905).
• On day of Partition: All day fast, early
morning bath in Ganga, hartal, National
Mouring day, Amar Sonar Bangla +
Vande Matram – chantted, Raksha
Bandhan and Federation Hall – by Annad
Mohan Bose (mark of unrestrictive unity).
❑ Swadeshi Movement/Boycott Movement:
• Participation of women, students and

large no. of rural and urban people.
• Participated by Muslims – Abdul
Rasul, Liaqat Hussain, Guzanvi and
Maulana Abul Kamal Azad.
• Formation of Muslim League – Nawab
of Dhaka.
• 1st movement to bring masses into
action.
• Successful – popular and practical

level.
• Based on Atma Shakti – assertion of
dignity, honour and prestige.
• Pc Ray – Bengal Chemicals.
• Setting up of National Education
Institution.
• Volunteers group – Samities – relief
and humanitarian work – set up
Arbitration Court.
• Culture – R.N. Tagore – Amar Sonar

Bangla, Abanidra Nath Tagore – Bharat
Mata.
• Other Nationalist poet – Rajani Kant Sen,
Syed Abu Mohammed and Mukanda Das.
• INC session (1906) – Calcutta – Dada Bhai
Narogi – Swaraj (Dual polity).
• INC session (1907) – Nagpur cancelled -
held at Surat – Rash Bihar Gosh - Split.
❑ Reason of Split:
Moderate want – Swadeshi movement

within Bengal –Extremist – All India.
• British adopted Suppression of Extremist
and Conciliation of Moderatepolicy.
• Ghose and Pal retired, Lajpat Rai in US
and Tilak in Jail – movement died.
• Moderate failed to advance – traditional
method not giving adequate result – lost
touch of youth.
• Extremist confined to youth – repression of

Govt.
• British used divide and rule policy and
carrot and stick policy – facilitated
Moderates and suppressed Extremist.
• Placated Moderator – annulment of Bengal
partition (1911) – shifted capital from
Calcutta to Delhi – Bihar and Orissa were
made new provinces.
• Introduced 1909 – Morley – Minto

Reform – increased no. of elected
members.
• Saw spread of communalism in India.
• Didn’t changed nature of British GOI –
undemocratic and economic
exploitative.
❑ Limitation:
• Failed to give lead to people.

• No effective leadership.
• Couldn’t harness people energies.
• Passive resistance mere an idea.
• Failed to connect to real masses –peasants.
• Weakened by split.
Positive:
• People acquire self confidence and selfreliance.
• Legacy to later National Movement.
❑ Growth of Revolutionary
Nationalism:
Reason: Belief passive resistance not a

solution.
Method: Copied Irish and Russian
Methodology – assassinate unpopular official.
• Two British official assassin – Chapekar
Brother/Chitpavan Brahmins (1897).
• Abhinava Bharat (1904) – VD Savakar.
• Newspaper like Sandhya and Yugantar
{Barindra kumar Ghosh} (Bengal) and
Kal (Maharashtra). Vinayak Damodar Savakar
Nationalism:
• Anushilan Samiti – Promotha Mitra,

Jatindranath Bannerjee & Barindra Kumar
Ghosh – Dhaka (1) and Bengal (3).
• 1904 Savarkar setup Mitra Mela – later
merged with Abhinava Bharat – inspired
from Mazzini’s Young Italy.
• Shyamji Krishnavarma (GJ)– Indian
Home Rule Society (1905) – London –
published monthly Journal Indian
Sociologist.
Nationalism:
• During 1905 Aurobindo Ghosh published

Bhwani Mandir – banned along with
Brindra Kumar Ghosh’s Vartaman
Ranaiti and Mukti Kon Pathe.
• Alipore Conspiracy/Judge Kingford –
Kudiram Bose, Prafulla Chaki and Hem
Chandra Qanungo - failed to assassin.
• 1909 – Madan Lal Dhingra – shot dead
Col. William Curzon Wyllie.
Nationalism:
• Delhi Conspiracy (Viceroy Hardinge) –

Basant Biswas, Amir Chad and Avadh
Behari – failed to assassin.
Issues:
• Govt. Repression.
• Frustration by failure of leadership.
• Nominal mass base.
• No contribution to Nationalism.
• Individual Heroism – no mass
mobilization.
Morley-Minto Reform/ Act of

1909:
• Increased size of Legislative councils both

– Center (16-60) and Provincial.
• Retained official majority in Central
Legislative Council – allowed non-
official majority in Provincial council.
• Enlarged deliberative functions – both
level – can ask question on budget, move
resolution so on.
Morley-Minto Reform/ Act of

1909:
• 1st time allowed Indian in Viceroy

Executive Council – Satyendra Prasad
Sinha (1st Indian).
• Separate electorate.
• Separate representation of presidency
corporation, chamber of commerce,
universities and zamindars.
❑ Nationalist and World War
I:
• Nationalist mistaken – supported Britain –

thought grateful Britain repay with self govt.
as gratitude.
Home Rule Leagues:
• Initiated by Tilak (April 1916) –
Maharashtra (except Bombay), Karnataka,
Central Province and Berar - later
(September 19166) – Annie Besant – rest of
India – to avoid confusion.
❑ Reasons
:
• Need for real mass political

movementfor Swaraj.
• Destroyed myth of racial superiority.
• WW-I increasedmisery of poor
Indians.
• Educate masses about Home Rule.
❑ Features:
• Gave new lease of life to National Movement –

as no political movement that time.
• Led to emergence of new generation of leaders
– played important role inNational Movement.
• Provided organizational link between cities and
rural area.
• Several leader of HRM organized peasants –
Kisan Sabhas.
• Compelled for Montagu – Chelmsford Reform.
Movement:
• Terrorist group spread from Bengal and

Maharashtra to whole of North India.
• Ghadar Party (1913) – (US and Canada)
- publish weekly newspaper (Ghadar) –
during WW-I decided to send arms to
raise revolt in Punjab (1915) – Govt.
came to know about plan with
immediate action - able to counter.
Movement:
• Many leader of Ghadar party found –

Kriti and Communist movement in
Punjab – like Baba Gurmukh Singh,
Kartar Singh Saraba, Sohan Singh,
Rahmat Ali Shah and Mohammad
Barkatullah.
Movement:
• Inspired by Ghadar – 5th Light infantry at
Singapore revolted – leader Chisti Khan and
Dundey Khan.
• Jatin Mukerjea aka Bagha Jatin – gave life
(1915) – fighting police at Balasore.
• Rash Bihari Bose, Raja Mahendra Pratap,
Lala Hardayal, Abdul Sardar Singh Rana and
Madame Camma – carried revolutionary
activities and propaganda outside India. Bagha Jatin
❑ Lucknow Session
(1916):
• Both wings of Congress reunited.

• All India Muslism League – Joined
INC.
• Both parties demanded further
constitutional reform.
• Term for Lucknow Pack: separate
electorate to be continued.
• Unityconfined to secular political
outlook not at mass level.
❑ Lucknow Session
(1916):
• Large no. of nationalist put behind

bar – Defence of India
Act and other similar
regulation.
• Govt. hinted for responsible GOI
(1917).
• Montague-Chelmsford Reform –
announced – not appeased by
nationalist (1918).
❑ The Struggle for Swaraj (1919-27):
Conditions Post WW-I:

• Nationalist gather forces.
• Economic condition worse than before –
inflation.
• Societal condition – peasant – over taxed,
workerand artisans – unemployed,
soldered – impaired with some confidence.
• International condition favourable for
Nationalism.
❑ The Struggle for Swaraj (1919-27):
• During WW-I, Britain promised

democracy and national self
determination – after victory little
willingness – Paris conference – all
wartime promises forgotten – half hearted
attempt of reform.
• WW-I eroded white man prestige.
• Bolshevik Communist Party – lead by
Lenin – found socialist regime in Russia Bolshevik Communist Party
– put heart into colonial country.
❑ Government of India Act

1919/Montagu-Chelmsford Reform:
• Relaxed central control over the provinces by
demarcating and separating central and
provincial subject.
• Provincial subjects divided into transferred
(administered by governor with aid of ministers)
and reserved (administered by governor and his
Executive council) - (Diarchy).
• 1st time, bicameralism and direct elections in Montagu-
Chelmsford
country.

• 3/6 of Viceroy executive council (expect
Commander-in-chief) – to beIndian.
• Extended separate electorates for Sikhs, Indian
Christians, Anglo-Indians and Europeans.
• Limited franchise – based on education,
property or tax.
• office of High Commissioner for India in
London – replaced Secretary of State for India.

• Established Public Service Commission.
• 1st time Separated provincial budgets form
Central budget.
• Provided for appointment of Statutory
Commission – inquire into and report – every
10 yrs.
Bombay Session (1918) – disappointed and
unsatisfied Congress. – Veteran Leaders – led by
Surendra Nath Banerjea – favour to accept – Left
Surendra Nath Banerjea
congress – formed Liberals’s Party.
Gandhian Era:
Method: Non-cooperation
Technique – Satyagra with emphasis
on Truth and Non-violence.
Gandhi – understood – problem and
psychology of peasant – brought them
into mainstream.
• Young India (1920) – weekly journal.
• Sabarmati Ashram (1916) –
Amhemdabad – teached Non-
violence and truth.
❑ Champaran (1917):
• Distt. of Bihar – against exploitative

Teenkathiya system (3/20th katha land for
indigo) – invited by Raj Kumar Sukla.
• People who followed Gandhi –
Rajendra Prasad, JR Kriplani, Mazhar –
ul-Haq, Mahadev Desai and Narhari
Parikh.
• 5 member commission formed by
Governor including Gandhi – found
planter guilty compensiation (25%) paid
❑ Ahemdabad Mill Strike

(1918):
• Disputebetween workers and

mill owner – invited by Amba
Sarabai.
• 35% hiked – demanded by Gandhi.
• 1st time tool fast unto death – later
accepted 4th day.
❑ Kheda Peasant Struggle

(1918):
• Unable to pay revenue – due to crop

failure.
• Gandhi refused to pay revenue – later
Govt. agreed to terms of Gandhi.
• Patel joined Gandhi in Kheda for the
first time.
❑ Rowlatt Act/Black Act/Revolutionary Conspiracies

inquiry Act (1919):
• Empowered govt. to imprison any

person without trial – suspended Right
of Hebeas Corpus.
• No right to defend.
• By Sedition Committee.
• Opposed by Indian members of central
legislative council.
• 1st National Satyagraha of Gandhi.
• Movement witnessed Hindu-Muslim
Unity.
❑ Rowlatt Act/Black Act/Revolutionary
Conspiracies inquiry Act (1919):
• All India strike 6th April 1919 - 9th April Gandhi

was arrested – 13th April Jallianwalla Bagh
Massacre (People assembled to protest against
arrest of 2 local leaders – Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew
and Sr. Satyapal).
• 18th April 1919 – Gandhi withdrew the movement
– Himalayan Blunder – as started movement
without teaching peoplw merits of non-violence.
• Gandhi gave up Kesari-Hind and R.N. Tagore –
Knight hood.
❑ Khilafat Movement and Non- Cooperation Movement

(1919):
• Post WW-I Turkish Caliph issue -
Muslim League Season at Delhi (1918)
– formed Central Khilafat Committee
(1919) – Ali brothers, Maulana Azad,
Ajmal Khan and Hasrat Mohani.
Demands:
• Caliph must retain Muslims holy places.
• Must given pre war territory – could
maintain his position in Islamic worlf.

(1919):
• Jazirat –ul- Arab (Saudi Arab, Syria,
Palestine and Iraq) – not be given to
non-muslim ruler.
Reasons:
• Treaty of Sevres (1920).
• Hunter Commission – didn’t condemned
act of General Dyer.
• Gandhi and Tilak – Anti-British and
help to unite Hindu and Muslim.

(1919):
• Muslim – opportunity to unite

Muslims.
• Khilafat Movement started (1st August
1920) - coincided with death of Tilak.
• Gandhi and Congress – Non-
cooperation Movement – on issues –
Punjab Wrong, Khilafat injustice and
Swaraj.

(1919):
• Congress Special Session Calcutta

(Sept. 1920) – Approved Non-
Cooperation Movement.
• Nagpur Session (Dec 1920) –
officially started NCM from
congress platform.
Facts:
• Biggest session – Nagpur (1920).

• Gandhi – drafted new constitution
for Congress.
• Reduced price of membership.
• Congress working Committee
formed – look after day-to-day
matters.
❑ Significance
:
• Gandhi emerged as undisputed leader.

• Paritcipation of classes and region
like never before – Bijolia Movement,
Bhil Movement.
• Boycott – most successful program.
• Anti-liquor campaign – led to revenue
loss in Pubjab, Tamil Naidu, Bihar
and Orissa.
❑ Significance
:
• Peasants of UP actively participated in

movement – Ekka Movement – (By
Madri Pasi, Agrarian Riots (Eastern
part) – Baba Ram Chandra Dev.
• Hindu-Muslim unity – at its peak.
• 1st time un-touchability – came to
centre stage.
• Akali movement – against corrupt
Mahants.
❑ Weakness:
• Middle class participation –

low.
• Communal riots in Malabar –
called Moplah (1921).
• Significant breach of trust
(1922-25).
Gandhi’s Ideology of Mass-
Movement:
• Struggle-Truce-Struggle.
• Believer of Self purification.
• 1st to include untouchability in
Nationalist movement.
• Believe Capacity of masses to
suffer was limited – so every mass
movement followed by period of
Truce.
Movement:
• Pro-changers: wanted to conductelection to expose

British – Formed Swaraj Party (within congress –
no split – Jan 1923) – like CR Dasa, M.L. Nehru,
Hakim Ajmal Khan, VithalBhai Patel.
• No Changers: want to carry constructive works
like Popularizing Charkha, Promotion of Hindu-
Muslim unity removal of untouchability and
upliftment of women – no electoral politics – like
C.Gopalchari, Rajendra Prasad, Vallabhai Paterl
and M.A. Ansari.

Movement:
• Responsivists – Leader like Lala

lajpat Rai, M.M. Malviya & N.C.
Kalkar – protect Hinduism supported
British gov. – as anti-govt. action by
congress a Hindu party – so Hindu
suffered.
❑ Weakness of Swaraj Party:
• Politic based on obstruction – own

inherent limitation.
• With death of CR Das(1925) –
restricted growth.
• Some members showed willingness to
co-operate with Govt.
❑ Simon Commission(1927) and Nehru Report

(1928)
• Swaraj party’s demand – consult Indian

before next constitutional reform.
• Next Commission – due in 1929 but
formed in 1927 – due to Election in
Britain & pro Indian labour party had fair
chance to win.
• Commission head by John Simon – know
as Simon Commission (without any
Indian member among 7).

(1928)
• Congress in Madras Session (1927 –

M.A. Ansari) – Boycott commission –
almost all political parties including
Muslim League boycotted.
• Birkenhead – “ Indian’s incompetent,
India – divided house, multiple sects –
multiple demands – so fights”

(1928)
• In reply Nehru Report (1928):

demanded
1. Dominion status.
2. Separate electorate – rejected.
3. Universal Adult franchise.
4. Secular state.
5. Freedom to form trade union.
6. Equality among men & women.

(1928)
• While Jinnah 14 Points - 1/3 reservation

for Muslims in upper house and
demanded more rights for Muslims –
rejected by Bose & Nehru.
• Gandhi – convinced Nehru to give govt.
1 year – later Lohore Session (1929) – J.
Nehru – passed resolution demanding
Poorna Swaraj – decided to celebrate
26th Jan 1930 – Independence day.
❑ Civil Disobedience
Movement:
• Gandhi ultimatum to Irwin – accept

demand by 11th Mar, 1930.
• Gandhi along with 78 follower –
started Dandhi Yatra from Sabarmati
Ashram – 5th Apr 1930 – Gandhi took
handful of salt – inaugurated
violationof salt law.
• C.Rajagopalachari – Tamil Naidu and
K. Kolappar in Kerala.
Movement:
• CDM involved following elements:

1. Violation of salt laws & other laws.
2. Non-payment of land revenue& othertaxes.
3. Resignation of Govt. jobs.
• Followed by violation of Forest laws – in
Maharashtra, Karnataka & Centralprovinces.
• Defiance of Chowkidari Tax in Bihar.
• NWFP Khan Adul Gaffar Khan organized
society – Khudai Khidmatgars.
Movement:
• Value of import declined – due to boycott.
• Movement – symbol of women’s liberation –
rejected Purdah.
1st Round Table Conference (Nov,1930) –
congress boycotted – led to Gandhi-Irwin
Pact (Delhi Pact) – 5th mar 1931 – Karachi
session (Patel – 1931) ratified Gandhi-Irwin
pact along 2 resolution:
1. On Fundamental Right
2. National Economic Policy
❑ Terms of Gandhi-Irwin
Pacts:
• Grandhi – agreed to suspend CDM.

• On behave of congress – accept to
attend 2nd RTC – on Sept 1931.
• Govt. agreed to release
political prisoner except guilty of
violence.
• Govt. accepted to return property of
satyagarhi.
❑ Terms of Gandhi-Irwin
Pacts:
2nd Round Table Conference (London) –

failed due to communal electorate +
immediate granting of Dominion status.
2nd Phase of CDM(1932-34) after return
from London (1931) – suppressed by govt.
– Gandhi imprisoned at Yervada (Pune).
❑ Communal Award (Aug 1932) & Poona Pact (Sept
1932):
• British PM Ramsay Mc Donald (1932)

– separate electorate for depressed
classes & reserved 71 seats in total in
all Provincial Legislature – Gandhi in
jail – started fast against Communal
Award/ Mc Donald Award.
• M.M. Malvi (Caste Hindu Leader) &
M.C. Rojah (Dalit leader from Madras)
convinced B.R. Ambedkar – sign
agreement with Gandhi – Poona Pact.
Ramsay Mc Donald (1932)
❑ Provision of Poona
Pact:
• Separate electorate replaced

jointelectorate – depressed classes.
• Against 71 seats provided 148 seats
in all Provincial Legislative
Assemblies.
• Total 18% of seats Central
Legislature – reserved for depressed
classes.
❑ Government of India Act 1935:
• Provided for Federation – Princely States

& British provinces – if more than 50%
of Princely States – accept.
• Divided powers between Centre & States
– Federal List, Provincial List &
Residuary powers (Viceroy).
• Abolished dyarchy in province –
introduced provincial autonomy –
Governor.
• Dyarchy introduced at centre – Federal

subject divided into reserved subject &
transfer subject – never implemented.
• Established RBI.
• Established Federal, Provincial & Joint Public
Service.
• Established Federal court.
• Extended Adult Franchise.
• Extended principle of communal representation
– women, labour & depressed class.
• Extended principle of communal

representation – women, labour &
depressed class.
• Abolished Council of India.
• Introduced Bicameralism in 6 out 11
provinces – like Bengal, Bombay,
Madras, Bihar, Assam, and United
Provinces.
• No mention about dominion status.
❑ Election post 1935:
• Congress Victorious: Region without any

support of other party like Madras, Central
Province, Bihar, Bombay,Orissa & UP.
• Coalition Govt. – in Assam & NWFP
• Non Congress: Punjab, Sindh & Bengal (ML
+ Krishak Prajatantrik Party).
• Initially stage of WW-II – all congress govt.
resigned – 22nd Dec 1939 celebrated by
Muslim league as Day of Deliverance or
Mukti Divas.
❑ Individual
Satyagraha:
• Congress session (Ramgarh-1940) –
responsibility to Gandhi to start Mass
Movement – Gandhi not willing – as
weakens efforts of Britain in fighting against
Nazis.
• October 1940 – Gandhi started unique
movement – Individual Satyagraha.
• Gandhi – to choose individual for
satyagraha.
• 1st leader – Vinobha Bhave and 2nd leader
1st leader – Vinobha Bhave
J.L. Nehru.
August Offer (1940):
Viceroy Linlithgow offered:

• Dominion status near future.
• Immediate expansion of viceroy Execute
council – including more no. of Indian.
• All constitutional agreement in India
must take consensus of minority
community (veto power to Muslim
league). August Offer (1940)
• War advisory council.
• Constitutional Consultative body.
❑ Cripps Mission (1942):
• Dominion status after war.

• Constitution making body after ware –
member elected by Provincial Legislature
& Nominated – princely state.
• Any province – not ready to accept new
constitution – can sign separate
agreement with Britain – congress
against it – could Balkanize India –
wanted a united India.
Quit India Movement

(1942):
• Gandhi Drafted resolution (18th Aug,1942) –
started (19th Aug, 1942).
• Call – Do or Die.
• All Congress leaders arrested – movement
left leaderless – violent & uncontrolled
movement since beginning – justified
British authorityto use Violence.
• Also known as August Resolution.
• Gandhi – Everyone is free man or women &
should choose their own course of action if
the leaders were arrested.
Quit India Movement

(1942):
• Epicenter – Eastern UP.

• Madras movement – not very intense –
Rajagopala Chari – didn’t participate.
• Justice Party of Madras, CPI, Hindu
Mahasabha, Muslim League and KSS didn’t
support QIM.
• Student participated.
Rajagopala Chari
Quit India Movement

(1942):
• Women leader like Sucheta Kriplani, Aruna
Asaf Ali, etc – running underground
movement.
• Usha Mehta ran – Congress radiostation.
• QIM saw parallel movement:
a. Balia – Chittu Pandey
b. Satara – Prati Sarkar – Nana Patil
c. Talcher – Lakshman Naik.
❑ Rajaji Formula:
• Post war commission – formed demarcate

contiguous district – Muslims in Majority –
Plebiscite of adult population – decide
whether prefer Pakistan.
• In case of partition – certain essential
services – defence & communication –
jointly administrated.
• Border district – chance to join either – 2
sovereign States.
• Implementation of scheme could wait for full
transfer of power.
❑ Wavell Plan & Shimla Conference (Jun- Jul
1945):
Reason:
• UN resolution.
• Financial bankruptcy after WW-II.
• International pressure – US.
Problem: So many parties – whom to hand

over power.
Solution: Congress-Muslim Leagueaccepts.
❑ Purposed
:
• Formation of National Executive Coucil –
all member Indian – except Viceroy &
Commander-in-Chief.
• Defence portfolio controlled by British.
• Executive Council act as Interim govt. – till
constitution ready & agreed upon.
• Muslim (25% population) – right to over
represented – nominate 6 members out of 14
member body.
Note: Wavell Plan dropped – replaced by
Viceroy Mountbatten.
❑ Subhas Chandra Bose &

INA:
• Bose – ICS trainee in Britain (UK) –

resigned – as feel like betrayal to mother
land – Joined NCM – disheartened by
withdrawal NCM.
• Congress (1928-30): Left wing (JP,
Nehru, Bose, Narendra Dev, Patwardhan.
Right wing (Patel, Rajinder Prasad, C.
Gopalchari, MA Ansari).

INA:
• 1939: Bose defeating Pattabhi
Sitaramaya (session Tripuri, Jabalpur) –
Gandhi – Not Sitaramaya defeat – my
personal defeat – in support of Gandhi
congress working committee resigned –
Bose left congress – formed Forward
Bloc – arrested in 1940 released & put
under House arrest.
• Malaysia (Dec,1941): Japanese defeated
British Indian army.
INA:
• Lead by Capt. Mohan Singh – surrendered

before Japanese – requested Japanese for
POWs – formed INA with POW in sept
1942.
• Mohan Singh proposed Bose to be
commander who was then in Germany.
• Bose formed Women Battalion Rani Jhansi
– led by Lakshmi Sehgal &Swami Nathan.
• Bose formed Provisional Govt. of free
India – 21st Oct 1943 – Singapore.
INA
Trial:
After WW-II INA troops captured by British

Govt. & trail started – Nov 1945 in Red Fort
– Prem Sehgal, Gurdyal Singh Dhillion &
Shah Nawaz were prominent one.
• All political parties opposed – including
Muslim League too.
• Royal Indian Air Force mean’s in full
uniform protest against trial.
INA
Trial:
• All political parties opposed –

including Muslim League too.
• Royal Indian Air Force mean’s in
full uniform protest against trial.
❑ Royal Indian Navy Mutiny (18th Feb

1946):
• Also known as Rating Revolt – non-
commission personnel working in
defence establishment – called Rating.
• By Sailors working at HMIS Talwar
docked at Bombay.
• Reason: Poor quality of food & racial
discrimination.
• Spread to various port like Karachi on
22nd feb.
• Sardar Patel & Jinnah appeal Rating
to lay down their arms.
❑ Cabinet Mission(19th Feb

1946):
Proposed by Clement Atlee.

Concern: Imperial defence – united
India – Britain’s best interest.
Members: Pethick Lawrence, Stafford
Cripps & A.V. Alexander.
Important Issues:
1. Formation of interim
government –involving all parties.
2. Principle & procedure – framing
newconstitution.
Proposals:
1. Unity of India rejected two nations theory.

2. Very loose federal government – including
both provinces & princely states.
3. Union Govt. in-charge of only defence,
foreign affairs & communication.
4. All residual power – vested with provincial
govt. – free to form groups. FOREIGN AFFAIRS
5. Each group – own executive & legislature
– decide subjects to take on in common.
Proposals:
6. Constituent Assembly – elected by recently

constituted provincial assemblies – draft
constitution for whole of India.
7. Provinces divided into following 3
sections.
a. Section A: Bombay, Madras, Central
Provinces, Orissa, Bihar and United
Provinces.
b. Section B: NWFRP, Sindh & Punjab.
c. Section C: Bengal & Assam
Proposals:
Interim Govt. formed – 2nd Sept

1946 by Nehru – Muslim League
didn’t join till 13th Oct, 1946.
❑ Constituent
Assembly:
• 1st time 9th Dec, 1946 – Sinha as

President.
• 11th Dec – Dr. Prasad elected as
President.
• 13th Dec – adopted Objective
Resolution of Nehru – later adopted &
enacted on 22nd Jan 1947 in form of
Preamble.
❑ Objective
Resolution:
1. Proclaimed India – Independent

Sovereign Republic.
2. Territories comprise British India
– now form Indian state.
3. Power & Authority of Sovereign – derived
from People.
4. Adequate safeguard – for all minorities.
5. Maintained integrity of territory of Republic.
6. Ancient Land attains its rightful and honored
place in world.
❑ Mountbatten Plan (June,

1947):
• British PM (Attlee) – 20th Feb, 1947 –

House of Commons – Britain to vacate
Indian by 30th June 1948.
• Mountbatten – Last Viceroy of India –
arrived on 22nd March 1947.
• 3rd June Plan of Mountbatten – India divided
in manner – maximum unity maintained –
Pakistan created – as small as possible.
Features:
1. Provincial Legislative assembly of Bengal &

Punjab – meet separately – one part
representing Muslim Majority other rest – vote
for partition.
2. Sindh & Baluchistan – legislative assembly
take own decision at special meeting.
3. Referendum – in case of NWFP and Muslim
majority district Sylhet.
4. Indian States – end of British paramountcy –
open to enter into political relation with relation
withsuccessor govt.
Features:
5. Made provision to set up Boundary

Commission – demarcate boundaries –
delayed till 12th August 1947.
Note: Introduced Indian Independence Bill

18th July 1947 – finally Indian Independence
Act 15th August 1947.

Modern History

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Modern History

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MODERN

• 1492: Columbus – Spain –

Portugal British French

• 1498: Vasco de Gama,

• 1599: John Midenhall visited

1639: Madras (Fort St. George) – Raja of Chandragiri.

1661: Catherine of Braganza and Charles II.

1690: Estd Sutanuti (Calcutta – Fort William).

1717: Royal Farman by Farukhsiyar.

1668: 1673: Later Balasore,

• Reason: Austria War of

❑ Mounting of gun at St. William.

❑ Support by EIC to Gasheeti

Begum for Nawab-ship.

❑ Illegal use of Royal Farman.

❑ Boosted British prestige.

Reason: Nawab Unable to

1. Demonstrated better military co-

Reason: Proximity towards

This led to Tipu sultan killed

Reason: Pindari and resentment

1. Lost right of self defence.

1. Maintain large army at cost

3. Selfish and corrupt leaders.

1. Kingdom under British

1. Allies served their purpose.

➢ Annexing Awadh - Difficulties:

Reason given: Mis-governance

2. Maintain and strengthen British

hold over India.

trade and collect taxes.

• 1765-1772: Dual govt. in Bengal

2. Higher authority situated in

1. Rich resources of Bengal fallen into

5. Political thinker – afraid of

1600-1757: trading Corporation – profit

3. Increased state revenue.

4. Expertise in seas helped export

• By 1720: Most European

• After 1757 (Battle of Plassey):

finance – export Indian goods.

terms – forced to sell cheap raw

1. Exported raw material.

1. Rapid economic growth.

• Rise of capitalist class – impacted

• Strong campaign against EIC(1793-

• R.C. Dutt’s The Economic

Transformed Indian in:

2. Supplier of raw material.

• Drain of Wealth: Started from

• EIC export to Britain – India got

❑ Foreign Character of Rule: – as

1. Untapped market in interior –

❑ Return too high at that time.

• Indian kept out.

• Telegraph: Efficient and

❖ To pay for its purchase

• Steep rise in burden of taxation of

❖ Right of ownership hereditary and

❖ Cultivators reduce to low status – mere tenant –

Area: Central India and Awadh.

❖ Didn’t want to upset existing system.

❖ Reed and Munro – recommended –