Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 7 (2023) 100489

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Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/padiff

Extended plane wave expansion formulation for 1-D viscoelastic phononic

crystals
L.F.C. Schalcher a , J.M.C. Dos Santos b , E.J.P. Miranda Jr. a,b,c ,∗
a Federal Institute of Maranhão, IFMA-PPGEM, Avenida Getúlio Vargas, 4, CEP 65030-005, São Luís, MA, Brazil
b
University of Campinas, UNICAMP-FEM-DMC, Rua Mendeleyev, 200, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
c
Federal Institute of Maranhão, IFMA-EIB-DE, Rua Afonso Pena, 174, CEP 65010-030, São Luís, MA, Brazil

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: The extended plane wave expansion (EPWE) method is formulated in order to obtain the complex dispersion
Spatial Fourier series diagram of bulk waves in 1-D viscoelastic phononic crystal solids considering the standard linear solid model
Viscoelasticity (SLSM). This new formulation is important to handle evanescent Bloch waves in 1-D viscoelastic periodic
Evanescent waves
structures for mechanical wave attenuation. The viscoelastic effect can increase the unit cell wave attenuation
Floquet–Bloch theorem
in 1-D periodic structures. In addition, the increase of relaxation time (up to 𝜔𝑎∕2𝜋𝑐𝑡 = 7) and the decrease of
final state of shear modulus (considering 𝜔𝑎∕2𝜋𝑐𝑡 ≤ 1.9) enhance the unit cell wave attenuation.

1. Introduction expansion,17 spring-layer model,22 Bloch expansion theorem combined

Phononic crystals (PnCs) can be defined as artificial composite
structures consisting of unit cells arranged in a specific lattice.1–3 They
may exhibit unusual wave dispersion characteristics4 by choosing the
material composition and/or the spatial arrangement of the artificial
unit cell. Moreover, they have been applied to vibration attenuation,5
as mechanical wave filters,6 seismic wave shields,7 zero-refractive in-
dex metamaterials,8 acoustic barriers,9 noise suppression devices,10 to
mechanical wave manipulation,11,12 among others.13
Only after the emergence of PnCs,1,2 researchers have started to
investigate the influence of viscoelasticity on the dispersion of mechan-
ical waves in viscoelastic phononic crystals (VPnCs),14 even though
some authors had already reported interesting aspects of viscoelasticity
in periodic structures.15,16 In the context of complex dispersion rela-
tion, the influence of viscoelastic effect on evanescent Bloch waves was
firstly reported by Hussein,17 and Moiseyenko and Laude.18
The most studies related to periodic structures explores the proper-
ties of PnC constituents as linear elastic, where the wave dissipation
(because of viscoelasticity) can be neglected. However, most of the
actual materials such as rubber and epoxy, which are widely used as
components of PnCs, exhibits viscoelastic behaviours.19 The presence of
viscosity factor naturally leads to temporal damping or spatial attenu-
ation of waves in VPnCs, and further changes the dispersion diagram
and transmission spectra.20
The mechanical wave attenuation in VPnCs is complex and should
be investigated by considering both propagating and evanescent Bloch
waves. There are many strategies used to compute the complex disper-
sion diagram of VPnCs, such as the finite element (FE),21 Bloch mode
with the Galerkin method,23 Dirichlet-to-Neumann map method,24
dynamic-stiffness model with the contour-integral algorithm,25 ex-
tended plane wave expansion (EPWE),18 among others.26 However,
the plane wave expansion (PWE) and EPWE approaches present con-
siderably lower computational cost,27,28 indicating its advantage for
optimization problems.29 There are also other recently proposed meth-
ods that can be explored to obtain dispersion diagrams, such as the
finite line method (FLM).30 Furthermore, the analysis of complex
dispersion diagrams with viscoelasticity using different approaches has
become an important field for both mathematical community31 and
engineering applications.24
Wang et al.32 discussed the propagation of elastic waves in 2-D
locally resonant VPnCs. They observed that the bands that were de-
generate in the elastic case are separated when viscosity is introduced,
and that sharp corners at high symmetry points become rounded.
Furthermore, the transmission is generally worsened in passing bands,
while it is enhanced inside locally resonant band gaps, contrary to what
was observed previously for Bragg scattering band gaps.
Zhang and co-authors33 investigated the evanescent surface waves
propagating in a 1-D surface PnC, which consisted of elastic pillars
periodically arranged on a viscoelastic substrate. They reported that
the generation mechanism of the first band gap gradually varies from
Bragg scattering to local resonance when the pillar height is increased.
Furthermore, when the viscosity is introduced, the minimum imaginary
part inside the band gap decreases, however, the corresponding atten-
uation is strengthened because the contribution of the bulk wave to the
transmission gets weak.

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: edson.jansen@ifma.edu.br (E.J.P. Miranda Jr.).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.padiff.2023.100489
Received 16 November 2022; Received in revised form 1 January 2023; Accepted 2 January 2023

2666-8181/© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
L.F.C. Schalcher, J.M.C.D. Santos and E.J.P. Miranda Jr.
Fig. 1. Front view of the 1-D VPnC unit cell (𝑎) and the SLSM (𝑏), where 𝑎 is the unit cell length, 𝜂 is the viscosity and 𝐺1,2 is the shear modulus.
Moiseyenko and Laude18 studied the influence of the material loss
on the complex dispersion relation of 2-D PnCs by using EPWE. They
found that losses have a stronger influence on the real than on the
imaginary part of Bloch waves, in contrast with propagation in homo-
geneous media. However, it should be highlighted that they considered
the simple Kelvin–Voigt model (i.e., it consists of a spring and dashpot
in parallel),19 and thus viscosity is proportional to frequency. Thus,
the spatial Fourier series coefficients of elastic constants have simple
expressions and do not need to be computed for each frequency.
In this study, the viscosity presents a more realistic behaviour
involving a single exponential in both creep and relaxation, and it
can be modelled by the standard linear solid model (SLSM), which
contains three elements, i.e., a Maxwell model (a spring and dashpot
in series) and a spring in parallel.19 It should be mentioned that the
spring is linear in this investigation, however, it can also be modelled
as nonlinear.13 Faver and Hupkes13 used a specialized boundary-value
problem solver for mixed-type functional differential equations to nu-
merically examine the landscape of travelling wave solutions to the
diatomic Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou (FPUT) problem, where the FPUT
system is well-established as a classic prototype of the propagation
of disturbances through spatially discrete systems, such as artificial
metamaterials. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study
about the complex dispersion relation of VPnCs considering the SLSM.
Moreover, the spatial Fourier series coefficients of elastic constants,
which must be computed for each frequency, are derived for the first
time.
The main purpose of this paper is to derive the EPWE formulation
(𝑘(𝜔) approach, where 𝑘 is the wave number and 𝜔 is the angular
frequency) to obtain the complex dispersion diagram of bulk waves
propagating in an isotropic 1-D VPnC solid. This formulation can pre-
dict all Bloch wave modes (propagating and evanescent), different from
the traditional PWE (𝜔(𝑘) approach) that can only compute propagating
Bloch modes.14 Moreover, the solid theory2,34,35 is regarded.
The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the new
EPWE formulation for the 1-D VPnC based on the SLSM19 and solid
theory.34,35 In Section 3, simulated examples are carried out. Conclu-
sions are presented in Section 4.
2. Viscoelastic phononic crystal modelling
This section describes the EPWE formulation (𝑘(𝜔) approach) for a
1-D VPnC, considering the solid theory2,34,35 and SLSM.19 It is regarded
a wave propagation on the 𝑥 direction, 1-D periodicity and isotropy.
EPWE is a semi-analytical approach used to calculate the complex
dispersion diagram and Bloch wave mode shapes of periodic structures.
The advantage of using EPWE over PWE is that evanescent Bloch modes
2
Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 7 (2023) 100489
are obtained naturally, thus the complex dispersion diagram can be
investigated.28 For PWE, the wave number has only real values. In
addition, the wave modes computed by the EPWE are not restricted to
the first Brillouin36 zone (FBZ).37 Hsue et al.38 proved that evanescent
modes obtained by EPWE obey Floquet–Bloch’s theorem.39,40
There are few previous studies that focused on VPnCs by using
PWE14,41 and EPWE.18 Zhao and Wei14 and Wei and Zhao41 obtained
the dispersion relation of 1-D and 2-D VPnCs with SLSM, respec-
tively. However, they did not considered the evanescent waves and
the information of the unit cell wave attenuation cannot be computed.
In addition, Moiseyenko and Laude18 obtained the evanescent wave
modes for 2-D VPnCs with the simple Kelvin–Voigt model. Thus, the
complex dispersion diagram cannot handle the viscosity in a more
realistic way, since the Kelvin–Voigt model is limited. Here, the study
of Zhao and Wei14 is expanded in order to formulate the EPWE for 1-D
VPnC solid and to obtain the complex dispersion diagram with SLSM.
Moreover, some equations of14,41 are corrected.
Fig. 1(𝑎) sketches the front view of the 1-D VPnC unit cell composed
by steel inclusions (blue shaded area) in an epoxy matrix (white),
where 𝑎 is the lattice parameter. The 1-D VPnC unit cell has infinite
thickness along 𝑦 and 𝑧 (i.e., out-of-plane) directions, since solid theory
(i.e., bulk waves)2,34,35 is considered. The SLSM19 (Fig. 1(𝑏)) is used to
consider the viscoelasticity of epoxy matrix, where 𝐺1 and 𝐺2 are the
shear modulus (springs) and 𝜂 is the viscosity (dashpot).19 It should be
highlighted that the SLSM has two forms, i.e., the Maxwell and Kelvin
forms. In this study, the Maxwell form is used, and the term SLSM
means the Maxwell form of the SLSM.42
2.1. Extended plane wave expansion
The constitutive equations, in the time domain, for a linearly vis-
coelastic material are24,43 :
𝑡 𝑑 𝜖̂𝑘𝑙 (𝑡)
𝜎̂ 𝑖𝑗 (𝑡) = 𝑐̂𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 (𝑡 − 𝜏) 𝑑𝜏, (2.1)
∫−∞ 𝑑𝜏
where 𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘, 𝑙 = 1, 2, 3, 𝜎̂ 𝑖𝑗 is the elastic stress tensor, 𝑐̂𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 is the elastic
stiffness tensor, 𝜖̂𝑖𝑗 is the elastic strain tensor, 𝑡 is the time, and 𝜏 is
a constant. The standard tensor notation is used with Latin indices
running from 1 to 3. They obey Einstein’s summation convention
when repeated. Moreover, the integration in Eq. (2.1) is known as the
Boltzmann19 or a hereditary integral, which expresses a convolution.
Whether the motion starts at the instant 𝑡 = 0, Eq. (2.1) can be
rewritten as31,43 :
𝑡
𝑑 𝜖̂𝑘𝑙 (𝑡)
𝜎̂ 𝑖𝑗 (𝑡) = 𝑐̂𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 (𝑡)𝜖̂𝑘𝑙 (0+ ) + 𝑐̂𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 (𝑡 − 𝜏) 𝑑𝜏, (2.2)
∫0 𝑑𝜏
where ‘‘0’’ in the lower limit of the integral means 0+ just after any
possible non-zero initial strain. Thus, components of the elastic strain
L.F.C. Schalcher, J.M.C.D. Santos and E.J.P. Miranda Jr. Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 7 (2023) 100489

tensor 𝜖̂𝑘𝑙 (𝑡) in the Eq. (2.2) can be regarded as a continuous function, ∀𝜔 ≠ 0, lim𝜔→0 𝑐44𝐵 (𝜔) = (𝑐440 − 𝑐44∞ )𝜏𝑐̂44 , where 𝑐66𝐵 (𝜔) = 𝑐44𝐵 (𝜔),
𝐵 𝐵 𝐵
i.e., with no jumps over [0, 𝑡]. 𝐵
2𝑐44 (𝜔)(1+𝜈)
𝐵
2𝑐44 (𝜔)(2−𝜈)
𝑐12𝐵 (𝜔) = (1−2𝜈)
, and 𝑐11𝐵 (𝜔) = (1−2𝜈)
. It is important
Applying the Laplace transform to the Eq. (2.2), and remembering
to highlight that Zhao and Wei, Wei and Zhao,41 and Li et al.24
14
that {𝑓̇ (𝑡)} = 𝑠{𝑓 (𝑡)} − 𝑓 (0+ ) and {(𝑓 ∗ 𝑔)(𝑡)} = {𝑓 (𝑡)}{𝑔(𝑡)},
obtained incorrect expressions of 𝑐44𝐵 (𝜔) for the SLSM. In fact, these
where 𝑓 (𝑡) and 𝑔(𝑡) are piecewise continuous on [0, ∞],44 one can
authors14,24,41 obtained the expressions of 𝑖𝜔𝑐44𝐵 (𝜔), yields:
obtain43 :
𝑐44∞ + 𝑐440 𝜔2 𝜏𝑐2̂ (𝑐44∞ − 𝑐440 )𝜔𝜏𝑐̂44
𝜎̃ 𝑖𝑗 (𝑠) = 𝑠𝑐̃𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 (𝑠)𝜖̃𝑘𝑙 (𝑠), (2.3) 𝐵 𝐵 44𝐵 𝐵 𝐵 𝐵
𝑖𝜔𝑐44𝐵 (𝜔) = −𝑖 . (2.13)
1 + 𝜔2 𝜏𝑐2̂ 1 + 𝜔2 𝜏𝑐2̂
where 𝑠 =
√ 𝜎 + 𝑖𝜔 is a complex number frequency, 𝜎 is a real number, 44𝐵 44𝐵

and 𝑖 = −1. Eq. (2.3) can also be written in the frequency domain Furthermore, the imaginary part of 𝑖𝜔𝑐44𝐵 (𝜔), in Eq. (2.13), shows a
as: opposite signal in relation to the equation obtained by Zhao and Wei,14
𝜎𝑖𝑗 (𝜔) = 𝑖𝜔𝑐𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 (𝜔)𝜖𝑘𝑙 (𝜔). (2.4) Wei and Zhao,41 and Li et al.24 for the SLSM.
Due to the system periodicity, the Floquet–Bloch’s theorem39,40 can
The elastic strain tensor, 𝜖𝑘𝑙 (𝜔), for a linear media is calculated by45 : be invoked and applied to the elastic displacement vector:
1
𝜖𝑘𝑙 (𝜔) = [𝑢 (𝜔) + 𝑢𝑙,𝑘 (𝜔)], (2.5) 𝑢𝑖 (𝑥, 𝜔) = 𝑒𝑖𝑘(𝜔)𝑥 𝑢𝑖𝑘 (𝑥), (2.14)
2 𝑘,𝑙
where 𝑢𝑖 (𝜔) is the elastic displacement vector. where 𝑢𝑖𝑘 (𝑥) is the Bloch wave amplitude, (𝑘 ∈ R) is the wave num-
Combining Eqs. (2.4) and (2.5), results in: ber with point coordinates within the first irreducible Brillouin zone
(FIBZ),36 i.e., [− 𝜋𝑎 , 𝜋𝑎 ], for the reciprocal space, considering the PWE.
𝜎𝑖𝑗 (𝜔) = 𝑖𝜔𝑐𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 (𝜔)𝑢𝑘,𝑙 (𝜔). (2.6)
Expanding 𝑢𝑖𝑘 (𝑥) as spatial Fourier series on the reciprocal space
The differential equations of motion in the absence of body forces and considering wave propagation on 𝑥 direction, Eq. (2.14) can be
are expressed by45 : rewritten as:
∑
+∞ ∑
+∞
𝜎𝑖𝑗,𝑖 (𝜔) = −𝜔2 𝜌𝑢𝑗 (𝜔), (2.7) 𝑢𝑖 (𝑥, 𝜔) = 𝑒𝑖𝑘(𝜔)𝑥 𝑢𝑖𝑚 𝑒𝑖𝑚𝑥 = 𝑢𝑖𝑚 𝑒𝑖[𝑘(𝜔)+𝑔𝑚 ]𝑥 , (2.15)
𝑚=−∞ 𝑚=−∞
where 𝜌 is the mass density.
Substituting Eq. (2.6) in Eq. (2.7), considering an isotropic vis- where 𝑔𝑚 = 2𝜋 𝑎
𝑚, (𝑚 ∈ Z), is the reciprocal lattice vector, and 𝑢𝑖𝑚 are
coelastic solid (i.e., bulk waves) and for 1-D periodicity (Fig. 1(𝑎)), the spatial Fourier series coefficients of 𝑢𝑖𝑘 .
𝜕∕𝜕𝑥𝑖 = 0, 𝑖 = 2, 3, yields: The material properties can be expanded as spatial Fourier series in
the reciprocal space as:
−𝜔2 𝜌𝑢1 (𝜔) = [𝑖𝜔𝑐11 (𝜔)𝑢1,1 (𝜔)],1 , (2.8)
∑
+∞
−𝜔2 𝜌𝑢2 (𝜔) = [𝑖𝜔𝑐66 (𝜔)𝑢2,1 (𝜔)],1 , (2.9) 𝑐(𝑥, 𝜔) = 𝑐𝑛 (𝜔)𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑥 , (2.16)
𝑛=−∞
2
−𝜔 𝜌𝑢3 (𝜔) = [𝑖𝜔𝑐44 (𝜔)𝑢3,1 (𝜔)],1 , (2.10)
where 𝑐(𝑥, 𝜔) can be 𝑐11 (𝑥, 𝜔), 𝑐66 (𝑥, 𝜔) or 𝑐44 (𝑥, 𝜔), 𝑔𝑛 has the same
where 𝑐66 (𝜔) = 21 [𝑐11 (𝜔) − 𝑐12 (𝜔)] = 𝑐44 (𝜔) = 𝜇(𝜔) = 𝐺(𝜔), 𝐺(𝜔) = 𝐸(𝜔)
2(1+𝜈)
, expression of 𝑔𝑚 , with (𝑛 ∈ Z). Note that 𝑔𝑛 is used instead of 𝑔𝑚
𝑐12 (𝜔) = 𝜆(𝜔) = 2𝐺(𝜔)(1+𝜈)
(1−2𝜈)
, and 𝑐11 (𝜔) = 𝜆(𝜔) + 2𝜇(𝜔) = 2𝐺(𝜔)(2−𝜈) 46
(1−2𝜈)
. The in order to highlight the difference between spatial Fourier series
𝜆(𝜔) and 𝜇(𝜔) are the Lamé constants, 𝐸(𝜔) is the Young’s modulus, expansions of material properties and displacement. Spatial Fourier
𝐺(𝜔) is the shear modulus, and 𝜈 is the Poisson’s ratio. Eqs. (2.8)– series coefficients, 𝑐𝑛 (𝜔), can be computed as:
(2.10) are written using Voigt notation. In this study, the Poisson’s 𝑎∕2
1
ratio is considered as constant, similar as other studies.24,47 It should be 𝑐𝑛 (𝜔) = 𝑐(𝑥, 𝜔)𝑒−𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, (2.17)
𝑎 ∫−𝑎∕2
underlined that 𝑐11 , 𝑐12 , 𝑐44 , and 𝑐66 depend on frequency since they are
associated with the shear modulus (𝐺) following the SLSM (Fig. 1(𝑏)). and considering the unit cell in Fig. 1(𝑎), yields:
Regarding the 1-D VPnC described in Fig. 1, the unit cell has two
𝑐𝑛 (𝜔) = 𝑐(𝜔)𝛿
̄ 𝑛0 + [𝑐𝐴 − 𝑐𝐵 (𝜔)](1 − 𝛿𝑛0 )𝐹𝑛 , (2.18)
materials, thus one can write 𝑐11 (𝜔) = 𝑐11 (𝑥, 𝜔), 𝑐12 (𝜔) = 𝑐12 (𝑥, 𝜔),
𝐿
𝑐66 (𝜔) = 𝑐66 (𝑥, 𝜔), 𝑐44 (𝜔) = 𝑐44 (𝑥, 𝜔), and 𝜌 = 𝜌(𝑥). Furthermore, where 𝛿𝑛0 is the Kronecker delta, 𝑐(𝜔)
̄ = 𝑓̄𝑐𝐴 +(1− 𝑓̄)𝑐𝐵 (𝜔), 𝑓̄ = 𝑎𝐴 is the
𝑢𝑖 (𝜔) = 𝑢𝑖 (𝑥, 𝜔). To facilitate the mathematical notation, hereafter the filling fraction, 𝐿𝐴 is the length of the steel inclusion in the unit cell. It
indexes 𝐴 and 𝐵 are related to elastic inclusion (steel) and viscoelastic should be highlighted that 𝑐𝐵 (𝜔) can be computed by using Eq. (2.12),
matrix (epoxy) in the unit cell of the VPnC (Fig. 1(𝑎)), respectively. 2𝑐44 (𝜔)(2−𝜈)
𝐵
in the case of 𝑐44𝐵 (𝜔) or 𝑐66𝐵 (𝜔), or by using 𝑐11𝐵 (𝜔) = (1−2𝜈)
. The
For the SLSM, the temporal part of the elastic constant 𝑐̂44𝐵 (𝑡) =
structure function, 𝐹𝑛 , for this case (Fig. 1(𝑎)) is expressed by:
𝐺̂ 𝐵 (𝑡), omitting the spatial dependence, can be written as14,24 :
−𝜏 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋𝑛𝑓̄)
𝑐̂44 𝐹𝑛 = 𝑓̄ . (2.19)
𝑐̂44𝐵 (𝑡) = [𝑐44∞ + (𝑐440 + 𝑐44∞ ) 𝐵 ]𝑢(𝑡),
̂ (2.11) 𝜋𝑛𝑓̄
𝐵 𝐵 𝐵

where 𝑢(𝑡)
̂ is the unit step function, 𝜏𝑐̂44 is the relaxation time, 𝑐440 = It should be pointed out that Eqs. (2.18) and (2.19) can be different,
𝐵 𝐵
depending the unit cell of the VPnC, and the new equation for the
𝐺0𝐵 , and 𝑐44∞ = 𝐺∞𝐵 are the initial and final states of the elastic
𝐵 spatial Fourier series coefficients can be obtained using Eq. (2.17). In
constants and are related to 𝐺1𝐵 , 𝐺2𝐵 (Fig. 1(𝑏)) as 𝐺2𝐵 = 𝐺∞𝐵 = 𝑐44∞
𝐵 the case of mass density, 𝜌, it can also be expanded as spatial Fourier
and 𝐺1𝐵 = 𝐺0𝐵 − 𝐺∞𝐵 = 𝑐440 − 𝑐44∞ . It should be noted that 𝑐̂66𝐵 (𝑡) =
𝐵 𝐵 series in the reciprocal space as:
2𝑐̂44 (𝑡)(1+𝜈) 2𝑐̂44 (𝑡)(2−𝜈)
𝐵 𝐵
𝑐̂44𝐵 (𝑡), 𝑐̂12𝐵 (𝑡) = , and 𝑐̂11𝐵 (𝑡) = .
(1−2𝜈) (1−2𝜈) ∑
+∞
Applying the temporal Fourier transform to Eq. (2.11), remember- 𝜌(𝑥) = 𝜌𝑛 𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑥 , (2.20)
1 1
ing that  {𝑢(𝑡)}
̂ = 𝜋𝛿(𝜔) + 𝑖𝜔 , 𝜔𝛿(𝜔) = 0, and  {𝑒−𝛽𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)} = 𝛽+𝑖𝜔 , where 𝑛=−∞

𝛿(𝜔) is the Dirac delta function and 𝛽 > 0, results in: where 𝜌𝑛 is the spatial Fourier series coefficient and it can be computed
as:
(𝑐440 − 𝑐44∞ )𝜏𝑐̂44 𝑐44∞ + 𝑐440 𝜔2 𝜏𝑐2̂
𝐵 𝐵 𝐵 𝐵 𝐵 44𝐵 𝑎∕2
𝑐44𝐵 (𝜔) = −𝑖 , (2.12) 1
1 + 𝜔2 𝜏𝑐2̂ 𝜔(1 + 𝜔2 𝜏𝑐2̂ ) 𝜌𝑛 = 𝜌(𝑥)𝑒−𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, (2.21)
44 𝐵 44 𝐵
𝑎 ∫−𝑎∕2

3
L.F.C. Schalcher, J.M.C.D. Santos and E.J.P. Miranda Jr. Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 7 (2023) 100489

and considering the unit cell in Fig. 1(𝑎), yields: Table 1

Geometry and material properties of the 1-D VPnC solid composed by steel inclusion
𝜌𝑛 = 𝜌𝛿
̄ 𝑛0 + (𝜌𝐴 − 𝜌𝐵 )(1 − 𝛿𝑛0 )𝐹𝑛 , (2.22) (A)49 and epoxy matrix (B) (without viscoelasticity)14,41 .
Geometry/Property Value
where 𝜌̄ = 𝑓̄𝜌𝐴 + (1 − 𝑓̄)𝜌𝐵 .
Lattice parameter (𝑎) 40 m
Substituting Eqs. (2.15)–(2.16), and (2.20) in Eqs. (2.8)–(2.10), with
Filling fraction (𝑓̄) 0.5
𝑟 = 𝑛 + 𝑚, (𝑟 ∈ Z), multiplying them by 𝑎1 𝑒−𝑖[𝑘(𝜔)+𝑔𝑟 ]𝑥 , integrating over Mass density (𝜌𝐴 , 𝜌𝐵 ) 7.835 × 103 kg/m3 , 1.18 × 103 kg/m3
the unit cell, gives: Young’s modulus (𝐸𝐴 , 𝐸0𝐵 ) 210.3 × 109 Pa, 3.4918 × 109 Pa
Shear modulus (𝐺𝐴 , 𝐺0𝐵 ) 81.65 × 109 Pa, 1.58 × 109 Pa
∑
+∞
Poisson’s ratio (𝜈𝐴 , 𝜈𝐵 ) 0.2878, 0.105
{−𝜔2 𝜌𝑟−𝑚 + [𝑘(𝜔) + 𝑔𝑚 ]𝑖𝜔𝑐11𝑟−𝑚 (𝜔)[𝑘(𝜔) + 𝑔𝑟 ]}𝑢1𝑚 = 0, (2.23)
𝑚=−∞
∑
+∞
{−𝜔2 𝜌𝑟−𝑚 + [𝑘(𝜔) + 𝑔𝑚 ]𝑖𝜔𝑐66𝑟−𝑚 (𝜔)[𝑘(𝜔) + 𝑔𝑟 ]}𝑢2𝑚 = 0, (2.24)
𝑚=−∞ [𝑘2 (𝜔)𝐈 + 𝑘(𝜔)𝐀3 (𝜔) + 𝐀2 (𝜔)]𝐮2 = 𝟎, (2.40)
∑
+∞
[𝑘2 (𝜔)𝐈 + 𝑘(𝜔)𝐀5 (𝜔) + 𝐀4 (𝜔)]𝐮3 = 𝟎, (2.41)
{−𝜔2 𝜌𝑟−𝑚 + [𝑘(𝜔) + 𝑔𝑚 ]𝑖𝜔𝑐44𝑟−𝑚 (𝜔)[𝑘(𝜔) + 𝑔𝑟 ]}𝑢3𝑚 = 0. (2.25)
𝑚=−∞
where 𝐀1 (𝜔) = 𝐁0 (𝜔)−1 𝐁1 (𝜔), 𝐀0 (𝜔) = 𝐁0 (𝜔)−1 [𝐁2 (𝜔) − 𝜔2 𝜌], 𝐀3 (𝜔) =
The spatial Fourier series in Eqs. (2.23)–(2.25) need to be truncated, 𝐁3 (𝜔)−1 𝐁4 (𝜔), 𝐀2 (𝜔) = 𝐁3 (𝜔)−1 [𝐁5 (𝜔) − 𝜔2𝜌 ], 𝐀5 (𝜔) = 𝐁6 (𝜔)−1 𝐁7 (𝜔),
since these equations represent an infinite system. Choosing 𝑚, 𝑟 = 𝐀4 (𝜔) = 𝐁6 (𝜔)−1 [𝐁8 (𝜔) − 𝜔2𝜌 ].
[−𝑀, … , 𝑀], the total number of plane waves is 2𝑀 + 1. Therefore, Eqs. (2.39)–(2.41) can be rewritten in order to obtain a standard
at this point, it should be highlighted that Eqs. (2.23)–(2.25) cannot be eigenvalue problem 𝑘(𝜔):
expressed directly in a matrix form as:
⎡−𝐀1 (𝜔) −𝐀0 (𝜔) 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 ⎤ ⎧𝑘𝐮1 ⎫
(𝐊 − 𝜔2 𝐌)𝐪 = 𝟎, ⎢ 𝐈 ⎪ ⎪
(2.26) 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 ⎥ ⎪ 𝐮1 ⎪
⎢ ⎥
in order to obtain the PWE formulation (𝜔(𝑘) approach), similar as ⎢ 𝟎 𝟎 −𝐀3 (𝜔) −𝐀2 (𝜔) 𝟎 𝟎 ⎥ ⎪𝑘𝐮2 ⎪
other authors,14,41 since the spatial Fourier series coefficients of the ⎢ 𝟎 𝟎 𝐈 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 ⎥⎨ ⎬=
⎪ 𝐮2 ⎪
⎢ 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 −𝐀5 (𝜔) ⎥
−𝐀4 (𝜔)⎥ ⎪𝑘𝐮3 ⎪
elastic constants (𝑐11𝑟−𝑚 , 𝑐66𝑟−𝑚 , 𝑐44𝑟−𝑚 ), considering elastic materials, ⎢
are substituted by [𝑖𝜔𝑐11𝑟−𝑚 (𝜔), 𝑖𝜔𝑐66𝑟−𝑚 (𝜔), 𝑖𝜔𝑐44𝑟−𝑚 (𝜔)] in Eqs. (2.23)–
⎣ 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝐈 𝟎 ⎦⎪ ⎪
⎩ 𝐮3 ⎭
(2.25), considering viscoelastic materials. Thus, only EPWE (𝑘(𝜔) ap- ⎧𝑘𝐮1 ⎫
proach) can obtain the complex dispersion diagram of 1-D VPnCs. For ⎪ ⎪
⎪ 𝐮1 ⎪
a simple 1-D PnC without viscoelasticity, the matrices 𝐊 and 𝐌, and ⎪𝑘𝐮2 ⎪
vector 𝐪 can be found in.14 𝑘(𝜔) ⎨ ⎬. (2.42)
The Eqs. (2.23)–(2.25) can be rewritten in a matrix form as: ⎪ 𝐮2 ⎪
⎪𝑘𝐮3 ⎪
⎪𝐮 ⎪
[𝑘2 (𝜔)𝐁0 (𝜔) + 𝑘(𝜔)𝐁1 (𝜔) + 𝐁2 (𝜔) − 𝜔2𝜌 ]𝐮1 = 𝟎, (2.27) ⎩ 3⎭
2 2𝜌 For a given frequency 𝜔, there are 6(2𝑀 + 1) eigenvalues 𝑘(𝜔).
[𝑘 (𝜔)𝐁3 (𝜔) + 𝑘(𝜔)𝐁4 (𝜔) + 𝐁5 (𝜔) − 𝜔 𝜌 ]𝐮2 = 𝟎, (2.28)
2 2𝜌 It should be highlighted that the complex Bloch wave modes for 1-D
[𝑘 (𝜔)𝐁6 (𝜔) + 𝑘(𝜔)𝐁7 (𝜔) + 𝐁8 (𝜔) − 𝜔 𝜌 ]𝐮3 = 𝟎, (2.29)
VPnCs can be directly obtained by using the Eq. (2.42).
where 𝐮𝑖 are the spatial Fourier series coefficient vector of 𝑢𝑖𝑚 given by:
3. Simulated examples
{ }T
𝐮𝑖 = 𝑢𝑖𝑚 (−𝑀) 𝑢𝑖𝑚(−𝑀+1) … 𝑢𝑖𝑚(𝑀) . (2.30) The 1-D VPnC solid geometry and material properties (without
and viscoelasticity) used for the simulation are presented in Table 1. The
elastic constants 𝑐11 , 𝑐44 , and 𝑐66 for the simulation can be calculated
𝐁0 (𝜔) = 𝑖𝜔𝐂11 (𝜔), 𝐁1 (𝜔) = 𝑖𝜔𝐂11 (𝜔)𝑔𝑚 𝐈 + 𝑔𝑟 𝐈𝑖𝜔𝐂11 (𝜔), (2.31) by using the previous relations, i.e., 𝑐66 = 𝑐44 = 𝐺 and 𝑐11 = 2𝐺(2−𝜈)
(1−2𝜈)
.
𝐁2 (𝜔) = 𝑔𝑚 𝐈𝑖𝜔𝐂11 (𝜔)𝑔𝑟 𝐈, 𝐁3 (𝜔) = 𝑖𝜔𝐂66 (𝜔), (2.32) The complex dispersion diagram calculated by the proposed EPWE
formulation is ordered using the model assurance criterion (MAC).48
𝐁4 (𝜔) = 𝑖𝜔𝐂66 (𝜔)𝑔𝑚 𝐈 + 𝑔𝑟 𝐈𝑖𝜔𝐂66 (𝜔), 𝐁5 (𝜔) = 𝑔𝑚 𝐈𝑖𝜔𝐂66 (𝜔)𝑔𝑟 𝐈, (2.33) The MAC estimates the correlation among the Bloch wave mode shapes
𝐁6 (𝜔) = 𝑖𝜔𝐂44 (𝜔), 𝐁7 (𝜔) = 𝑖𝜔𝐂44 (𝜔)𝑔𝑚 𝐈 + 𝑔𝑟 𝐈𝑖𝜔𝐂44 (𝜔), (2.34) obtained by EPWE approach. Furthermore, the integers 𝑚, 𝑛 are limited
to the interval [−10, 10], i.e., 21 plane waves were used for the spatial
𝐁8 (𝜔) = 𝑔𝑚 𝐈𝑖𝜔𝐂44 (𝜔)𝑔𝑟 𝐈. (2.35) Fourier series expansion.
The matrices 𝐂11 (𝜔), 𝐂44 (𝜔), 𝐂66 (𝜔), and 𝜌 are the matrix forms of Fig. 2 shows the complex dispersion diagram of the 1-D VPnC
spatial Fourier series coefficients of 𝑐11𝑟−𝑚 (𝜔), 𝑐44𝑟−𝑚 (𝜔), 𝑐66𝑟−𝑚 (𝜔), and without viscoelasticity considering all modes obtained from Eq. (2.42).
𝜌𝑟−𝑚 , respectively, and 𝐈 is the identity matrix. The matrix form of The real part of the normalized wave number (𝑘𝑎∕2𝜋) is illustrated in
the spatial Fourier series coefficients (Eqs. (2.18) and (2.22)) can be Fig. 2(𝑎) and it is computed by the traditional PWE (black circles)14
expressed by: and the proposed EPWE (coloured points) approaches.
A good agreement between PWE and EPWE methods is observed
𝐂(𝜔) = 𝑐(𝜔)𝐈
̄ + [𝑐𝐴 + 𝑐𝐵 (𝜔)](𝐉 − 𝐈)◦𝐅, (2.36) in Fig. 2(𝑎). However, some modes captured by the proposed EPWE
𝜌 = 𝜌𝐈
̄ + (𝜌𝐴 + 𝜌𝐵 )(𝐉 − 𝐈)◦𝐅, (2.37) are not obtained by PWE, because these modes are complex and PWE
only identifies pure propagating (real) modes.35
where ◦ represents the Hadamard product, 𝐉 is a matrix of ones, and The evanescent Bloch waves cannot propagate within the 1-D VPnC,
the matrix form of the structure function, 𝐅, is given by: since the wave amplitudes decrease with an attenuation distance spec-
⎡𝐹𝑟(−𝑀)−𝑚(−𝑀) … 𝐹𝑟(𝑀)−𝑚(−𝑀) ⎤ ified by the imaginary part of 𝑘 in Fig. 2(𝑏).
𝐅=⎢ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⎥. (2.38) Fig. 3 illustrates the complex dispersion diagram of the 1-D VPnC
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 𝐹𝑟(−𝑀)−𝑚(𝑀) … 𝐹𝑟(𝑀)−𝑚(𝑀) ⎦ with viscoelasticity, considering the SLSM (Fig. 1(𝑏)) and 𝜏𝑐̂44 = 1×10−5
𝐵
s, 𝑐440 = 𝐺0𝐵 , and 𝑐44∞ = 𝐺∞𝐵 = 𝐺0𝐵 ∕5.
Eqs. (2.27)–(2.29) can be simplified to: 𝐵 𝐵
It can be observed that PWE (black circles) cannot obtain the
2
[𝑘 (𝜔)𝐈 + 𝑘(𝜔)𝐀1 (𝜔) + 𝐀0 (𝜔)]𝐮1 = 𝟎, (2.39) correct real part of wave modes (Fig. 3(𝑎)), since all Bloch wave modes

4
L.F.C. Schalcher, J.M.C.D. Santos and E.J.P. Miranda Jr. Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 7 (2023) 100489

Fig. 2. Complex dispersion diagram of the 1-D VPnC solid with steel inclusions in an epoxy matrix (without viscoelasticity) computed by (𝑎) PWE (black circles) and (𝑎 − 𝑏) EPWE
(coloured points) approaches. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Fig. 3. Complex dispersion diagram of the 1-D VPnC solid with steel inclusions in an epoxy matrix (with viscoelasticity considering the SLSM and 𝜏𝑐̂44 = 1 × 10−5 s, 𝑐440 = 𝐺0𝐵
𝐵 𝐵
and 𝑐44∞ = 𝐺∞𝐵 = 𝐺0𝐵 ∕5) computed by (𝑎) PWE (black circles) and (𝑎 − 𝑏) EPWE (coloured points) approaches. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend,
𝐵
the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

are complexes because of viscoelasticity, even for lower frequencies.
Moreover, the unit cell wave attenuation (i.e., ℑ{𝑘}𝑎) in Fig. 3 (𝑏) seems
to be increased in relation to the case without viscoelasticity (Fig. 2(𝑏)).
In Fig. 3, it can also be observed that sharp corners at high symmetry
points (i.e., ℜ{𝑘}𝑎∕2𝜋 = 0 and ℜ{𝑘}𝑎∕2𝜋 = 0.5) become rounded (𝑎)32
and a shift from the origin (𝑏).
In Fig. 4, it is presented the imaginary part (only its positive smallest
value, since it is the least attenuated wave mode) of the complex
dispersion diagram (computed by EPWE) of the 1-D VPnC solid with
viscoelastic effect considering the SLSM and varying the relaxation time
(𝜏𝑐̂44 = 1 × 10−5 s, 𝜏𝑐̂44 = 3 × 10−5 s, and 𝜏𝑐̂44 = 1 × 10−4 s, with regard
𝐵 𝐵 𝐵
lower frequencies (𝜔𝑎∕2𝜋𝑐𝑡 ≤ 1.9). However, for higher frequencies
(𝜔𝑎∕2𝜋𝑐𝑡 > 1.9), the influence of final state of shear modulus on the
unit cell wave attenuation is complex and depends on the frequency
range.
4. Conclusions
The EPWE formulation is proposed to compute the complex disper-
sion diagram of a 1-D VPnC solid, considering the SLSM.
The traditional PWE cannot obtain the correct Bloch wave modes in

to 𝐺∞𝐵 = 𝐺0𝐵 ∕5) (𝑎) and final state of shear modulus (𝐺∞𝐵 = 𝐺0𝐵 ∕5,
𝐺∞𝐵 = 𝐺0𝐵 ∕2, and 𝐺∞𝐵 = 𝐺0𝐵 ∕10, with regard to 𝜏𝑐̂44 = 1 × 10−5 s)
(𝑏).
𝐵 wave attenuation for 1-D viscoelastic periodic structures considering
In Fig. 4(𝑎), it can be seen that the increase of relaxation time
enhances the unit cell wave attenuation for most of frequency val-
ues. However, the unit cell wave attenuation enhancement with the
relaxation time is more evident from 𝜔𝑎∕2𝜋𝑐𝑡 > 2.
Fig. 4(𝑏) shows that the wave attenuation increases with the de-
creasing of the final state of shear modulus (i.e., 𝐺∞𝐵 ), considering
a 1-D VPnC, even for lower frequencies. Only the proposed EPWE can
compute the correct complex Bloch wave modes and also the unit cell
the SLSM.
The viscoelastic effect increases the unit cell wave attenuation in
1-D periodic structures. Furthermore, the unit cell wave attenuation
enhances with the increase of the relaxation time (for all frequency
range analysed) and with the decrease of final state of shear modulus
(considering 𝜔𝑎∕2𝜋𝑐𝑡 ≤ 1.9).

5
L.F.C. Schalcher, J.M.C.D. Santos and E.J.P. Miranda Jr.
Fig. 4. Imaginary part (only its positive smallest value) of the complex dispersion diagram of the 1-D VPnC solid with steel inclusions in an epoxy matrix (with viscoelasticity
considering the SLSM) varying the (𝑎) relaxation time (𝜏𝑐̂44 = 1 × 10−5 s, 𝜏𝑐̂44 = 3 × 10−5 s, and 𝜏𝑐̂44 = 1 × 10−4 s, with regard to 𝐺∞𝐵 = 𝐺0𝐵 ∕5) and (𝑏) final state of shear modulus
𝐵 𝐵
(𝐺∞𝐵 = 𝐺0𝐵 ∕5, 𝐺∞𝐵 = 𝐺0𝐵 ∕2, and 𝐺∞𝐵 = 𝐺0𝐵 ∕10, with regard to 𝜏𝑐̂44 = 1 × 10−5 s) computed by EPWE.
𝐵
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
Data will be made available on request.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the Federal
Institute of Maranhão (IFMA), Brazilian funding agencies CAPES (Fi-
nance Code 001), CNPq (Grant Reference Numbers 313620/2018,
151311/2020-0, 403234/2021-2, and 405638/2022-1), FAPEMA
(Grant Reference Numbers 09683/22, and 07168/22), and FAPESP
(Grant Reference Number 2018/15894-0).
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