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Mathematics for Technicians

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 MATHEMATICS
for
TECHNICIANS
at PAAET
Second Edition

April 2019

Ahmad M. Alenezi
The Higher Institute of
Telecommunication and Navigation

to.ahmad@hotmail.com
Copyright
c 2019, Author
 ISBN
978-99966-0-368-6
MATHEMATICS
for
TECHNICIANS
Contents

1 FRACTIONS 9
1.1 Types of fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.1.1 Converting improper fraction to a mixed number . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.1.2 Converting mixed number to improper fraction . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2 Equivalent fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3 Reducing fractions to simplest form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4 Addition and subtraction of fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.5 Multiplication and division of fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.6 Complex fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.7 Decimal fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.8 Percentages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.9 Approximations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2 EXPONENTS 25
2.1 Laws of exponents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2 Monomials and polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.3 Standard form (scientific notation). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

3 EQUATIONS 38
3.1 Equations of first degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.1.1 Solving equations of first degree (linear equations) . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.1.2 Linear equations with fractional coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.2 Simultaneous equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.3 Equations of second degree (Quadratic Equations) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.3.1 Solve pure quadratic equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.4 Solve quadratic equations by formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

4 TRIGONOMETRY 52
4.1 Angles and triangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.1.1 Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.2 Triangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.3 Pythagorean theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.4 Right triangle trigonometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.5 Functions of complementary angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.6 Computation of the functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6 CONTENTS

4.6.1 Functions of 45◦ degrees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

4.6.2 Functions of 30◦ and 60◦ degrees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.7 Functions of a general angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.8 Trigonometric Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.9 Solving Right Triangles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.10 Graphing Sine, Cosine, Tangent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

5 VECTORS 71
5.1 Vectors in 2 Dimensions V2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.2 Presentation of Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.2.1 Vectors Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.3 Dot Product of V2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.3.1 Vectors in 3 Dimensions V3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.3.2 Dot Product of V3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.3.3 Vector Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

6 LOGARITHMS 86
6.1 Logarithmic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
6.1.1 Solving logarithmic equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6.1.2 The Property of equality for logarithmic functions . . . . . . . . . . 88
6.1.3 Properties of logarithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
6.2 Common and natural logarithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
6.2.1 Logarithmic and exponential equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
6.3 The change-of-base formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.4 Finding characteristic and mantissa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

7 COMPLEX NUMBERS 98
7.1 Imaginary numbers (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
7.2 Complex number a + bi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
7.3 Equal complex numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
7.4 Sum of complex numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
7.5 Difference of complex numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
7.6 Product of complex numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
7.7 Conjugate of a complex number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
7.8 Division of complex numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
7.9 Solving quadratic equations with complex numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
7.10 Converting z = x + yi to polar form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

8 DERIVATIVE 114
8.1 Derivative notation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
8.2 Derivatives rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
8.3 Product and quotient rules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
8.4 Chain Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
8.5 Derivatives of exponential and logarithmic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
8.6 Derivatives of trigonometric functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
8.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
CONTENTS 7

9 INTEGRATION 125
9.1 The Indefinite Integral (Anti-derivative). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
9.2 Integral Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
9.3 Integration by Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
9.4 Integrals of exponential and logarithmic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
9.5 Integrals of Trigonometric Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
9.5.1 Integration by Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

10 Table of trigonometric functions 134

Chapter 1

FRACTIONS

A fraction is numerical quantity consisting of one or more equal parts of unity. For
example, 1 tenths, 3 fifths, 7 twelves, are fractions.

Presentation of Fractions: A fraction is expressed with two natural numbers,

numerator and denominator, and a fraction bar. The denominator is written under the
bar and indicates, how many equal parts make up a unity. The numerator is written
above the bar and tells, how many equal parts contains the fraction.
For example,

numerator 1 2 3
denominator , 4, 4, 4
Chapter 2

EXPONENTS

Exponent (also known as index or power) is positive or negative number (or zero), written
in small size to the above and right to another number called the base.

For example, in the notation an , a is the base and n is the exponent. This nota-
tion an means that a is multiplied by itself n times, and read as

“a to the power n”. The following Figure visualizes the concept of exponents.

To make better sense about exponents, we can consider the following examples:

5 to the power 2 is : 52 = 5 × 5 = 25
5 to the power 3 is : 52 = 5 × 5 × 5 = 125
5 to the power 4 is : 52 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 625
Chapter 3

EQUATIONS

An equation is a statement telling us that what is on the right hand side R.H.S of the
equale sign (=) is in the same value of what is on the left hand side L.H.S. In othe word,
an equation says that two things are equal.

x+1=4
The above equation telling us:
What is on the left x + 1 is equal to what is on the right 4.

3.1 Equations of first degree

Equation of first degree is an equation that contains only one type of variable (usually x)
with an exponent = 1, it can be written (or rewritten) on the form ax + b = 0.
Chapter 4

TRIGONOMETRY

c
a

A C
b

In this chapter different aspects of Trigonometry is discussed which is, in short, all about
triangles. The term Trigonometry came from two Greek words trigonon means “triangle”,
and metron means “measure”. Therefore, trigonometry can be defined as the study of
angles and of the angular relationships of planar and three-dimensional figures. That
means trigonometry is concerned with the measurements of the sides of angles of triangles
and their relationship with each other.

4.1 Angles and triangles

4.1.1 Angles
Two rays when share a common end point form an angle. Those rays are called the sides
of the angle, and the common point shared with them is called vertex of the angle.
Two rays AB and AC have the same end point in the Figure. Thus an angle formed of
which A is the vertex, and AB and AC are the sides of the angle. To denote an angle,
the symbol “∠” is used. In our example, the angle is expressed as ∠BAC. Sometimes,
amount of the angle is expressed by the value of θ.
B

θ C
A
Chapter 5

VECTORS

In this chapter information about vectors will be provided. They play a big role in physics.
Forces, velocity and acceleration of moving objects are only a few physical quantities which
can be described as a vector.
Vector is a geometric object that has magnitude and direction.

5.1 Vectors in 2 Dimensions V2

y
B
3

2 y

1 x
A
x
1 2 3

5.2 Presentation of Vectors

In Mathematics vector is described as ordered pair of real numbers (x, y). First element of
the pair-x is the horizontal component, y is the vertical component. Vector AB is denoted
−→
by AB, where A(x1 , y1 ) is initial point and B(x2 , y2 )is terminal point. So
−→
AB = (x, y) = (x2 − x1 , y2 − y1 )
Chapter 6

LOGARITHMS

In chapter 2 (EXPONENTS) we saw that 2 × 2 × 2 = 23 = 8 were 2 is called the base

and 3 is the exponent.
Inversely, if we are given the base 2 and the result of multiplied 2 by it self is 8,

2? = 8

So, what is the exponent that will gives us 8? This exponent is called a logarithm. Saying
that the exponent 3 is the logarithm of 8 with base 2. And it is written as:

log2 8 = 3

6.1 Logarithmic functions

Suppose that we have b > 0 and b 6= 1, then the logarithmic function with base b is
logb x = y ⇐⇒ by = x.

logb x = y ⇐⇒ by = x (6.1)
For example

23 = 8

log2 8 = 3

b is the base and 3 is exponent

Chapter 7

COMPLEX NUMBERS
√ 1
We know from
√ chapter
√ two that 4 = 4 2 = 2, since 22 = 4.
√ In the√same steps
√ we can
show that 16 = 4, 25 = 5 and so on. Now, what about −4 or −16 or −25 etc.
Let us apply some of the exponents laws that we study them in chapter two:

√ 1 1 1 1 √
−16 = (−16) 2 = (−1 × 16) 2 = (−1) 2 × 16 2 = 4 −1
√ 1 1 1 1 √
−25 = (−25) 2 = (−1 × 25) 2 = (−1) 2 × 25 2 = 5 −1
√ 1 1 1 1 √ √
−a = (−a) 2 = (−1 × a) 2 = (−1) 2 × a 2 = b −1, (where b = a).
√
So, it is clear now that −1 will show up on every square root of a negative
√ number. To
define a complex number we have to create a new variable that represent −1. The new
variable is: (i). known as the imaginary number.

7.1 Imaginary numbers (i)

√
In the previous explanations we define i = −1, So the following should be known:

i2 = −1 i3 = −i i4 = 1 (7.1)
Chapter 8

DERIVATIVE

Derivative is a measure how functions change as its input changes. In the other words
how much one quantity is changing in response to changing some other quantity. For
example, velocity is derivative of position of moving object in the time interval.
In whole chapter it is assumed that functions are differentiable.

8.1 Derivative notation.

To obtain the slope of the curve at any point you can investigate the ratio of two very
small increments in the variables. Then proceed to the limit to get the value at the point.
The ∆ or δ symbol are used to denote changes in a variable. Investigation the slope of
parabola
y = 3x2 + 4 (8.1)
For any point P if x increases by a small amount δx, the value of y increases as well by
an amount δy so
y + dy = 3(x + dx)2 + 4 (8.2)

y
3 Q y = 3x2 + 4
P
2
y y + δy
1

x
1 2 3
x
x + δx
 Chapter 9

INTEGRATION

This chapter provide basic information about integration. Together with derivatives in-
tegrations is one of the most important part of calculus. Integrals are used in physics,
mathematics and many others fields.

9.1 The Indefinite Integral (Anti-derivative).

In the last chapter we asked what is the derivative of given function f (x). In this chapter
we change the problem, the derivative F 0 (x) is given and we want to find the function F
from which we got this derivative. This function is called anti-derivative or integral. The
process of finding anti-derivative is called integration. If it is possible to find the integral
of function f (x) we say that function f (x) is integrable. All functions considered in this
chapter are integrable.
Note that integral is never unique. It is because derivative of constant function is zero.
For example, two functions f1 (x) = 3x2 + 4 and f2 (x) = 3x2 + 5 are given. Derivative of
both functions is 6x. So if we want to find anti-derivative of f (x) = 6x it can be both
f1 (x) and f2 (x) and generally each function f (x) = 3x2 + C where C is constant.

9.2 Integral Rules

R
The indefinite integral f (x)dx of function f (x) is defined by
Z
f (x)dx = F (x) + C (9.1)
0
where F (x) = f (x) and C is constant. Now we provide some rules for computing integrals.
Z
1
xn dx = xn+1 + C, where n 6= −1 (9.2)
n+1

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