LASER LIGHT SECURITY ALARM SYSTEM

By

Zainab Sohail

Supervised by

Dr. Hafiz Tariq Masood

(Incharge Dept. Physics)

A project report submitted in fulfilment of the

requirement for the degree of
Bachelor of Science
PHYSICS
Department of Physics
(2018-2022)

University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal

I
 Author’s Declaration
Myself Zainab Sohail Roll no BS-PHY-18-35 states that the project titled Laser
light security for the requirement of Degree in BS-Physics. I clearly said that this is

my own work, I never ever submitted this type of work in University of Sahiwal for
any other degree and any other person never submitted this in other Universities for
Degree.

Name of Student: ……...........

Signature: ……………..

Date: ……………..

II
 Plagiarism Undertaken
I solemnly declare that the project report presented, titled “Laser light security
alarm” is purely my work with no important contribution of any other person or
source.

I am very familiar to the zero tolerance Policy of the HEC and University of
Sahiwal towards the Plagiarism. So, I am as a sole author of this project report
certifies that no portion of my report has been plagiarized and the material used as
reference is purely cited.

I understand that if University will find any plagiarism in my above titled project
report then University and HEC has right to revoke my BS-Physics Degree and
mention my name on website in the list of students who submitted plagiarized
report/thesis.

Student Name: ……………

Student/Author Signature: ……………..

Date: ……………………………..

III
 Supervisor Recommendation
This is to certify that this BS/Physics project titled, Laser light security alarm
submitted by Zainab Sohail for seeking and requirement of the degree of BS-
Physics in the Department of Physics at the University of Sahiwal has been
completed under my supervision. I read his thesis his content is satisfactory free of
language mistake and also free of any plagiarism in all aspects.

Supervisor Name: Dr. Hafiz Tariq Masood

Signature: …………………….

Date: …………………………..

IV
 Dedication
I want to dedicate this project report to my parents and my all family members,
who always sacrifice their wishes so, that I can achieve my goals in my life. I also
dedicate this project report to my respected supervisor Dr. Tariq too was always
very kind to me throughout my project work.

V
 Acknowledgment
Foremost I would like to thank Allah Almighty the most beneficent and the most
merciful nothing could achieve in my life without the help of Allah Almighty; I am
great full to Allah for helping me to complete my work. I would like to express my
sincere gratitude to my honorable adviser and supervisor Dr. Tariq for the support
of my Bachelor's degree and project for his kind behavior, support, and motivation.

I thank my friends and group members who always help me in every project work
and thankful to my group members who cooperate with me during project work.

At last, I am also again thanks to my family.

VI
 Certificate of Approval by Examination Committee
This is to certify that the project report titled “Laser light security alarm” is
submitted by Zainab Sohail Roll No. BS-PHY-18-35 under the supervision of Dr.
Tariq to the Department of Physics in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
degree of Bachelor in the field of Physics, Department of Physics, University of
Sahiwal. The report is evaluated and accepted for the award of degree “BS-Physics”
by the following members of the Examination Committee.

Examination Committee:

a) External Examiner: b) Internal Examiner:

Dr. Faisal Iqbal Dr. Asif Nawaz

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Physics Department of Physics
Islamia University of Bahawalpur University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal
Date: Date:

c) Supervisor: d) Chairperson/Teacher Incharge:

Dr. Asif Nawaz Dr. Hafiz Tariq Masood

Assistant Professor Teacher Incharge
Department of Physics Department of Physics
University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal
Date: Date:
Department Diary No.
Date:

VII
Contents
INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................1
1.1 Security.....................................................................................................................................1
1.1.1 Security Alarm.................................................................................................................1
1.2 Laser.........................................................................................................................................1
1.2.1 The Principles of Laser Security System........................................................................2
1.2.2 System Layout..................................................................................................................2
1.2.3 Warning Signal................................................................................................................2
1.2.4 Objective...........................................................................................................................2
1.2.5 Applications of Laser light security alarm.....................................................................2
1.2.6 Advantages..............................................................................................................................2
1.2.7 Disadvantages..........................................................................................................................3
2.1 Description of components............................................................................................................4
2.1.1 Laser........................................................................................................................................4
2.1.2 Types of Laser.........................................................................................................................5
2.1.3 Laser Pointer...........................................................................................................................6
2.1.4 LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)...........................................................................................6
2.1.5 Buzzer......................................................................................................................................7
2.1.6 Transistor................................................................................................................................8
2.1.7 Resistor....................................................................................................................................9
2.1.8 Capacitor...............................................................................................................................10
2.1.9 Battery...................................................................................................................................11
2.1.10 Connecting wires.................................................................................................................12
2.1.11 Switch..................................................................................................................................12
2.2 Procedure.................................................................................................................................13
2.3 Working........................................................................................................................................14
3.1Results...........................................................................................................................................16
3.2 Conclusions..................................................................................................................................16
4.1 References....................................................................................................................................18

VIII
List of Figures
2.1 Laser …………………………………………………………………………………………… 15

2.2 Light Dependent Resistor ……………………………………………………………… 17

2.3 Buzzer …………………………………………………………………………………………... 18

2.4 Transistor ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 19
2.5 Resistor …………………………………………………………………………………………. 20
2.6 Different types of capacitors ……………………………………………………………………. 21
2.7 Battery …………………………………………………………………………………………... 22
2.8 Connecting wires ……………………………………………………………………………….. 23
2.9 Switch …………………………………………………………………………………………… 24
2.10 Circuit Diagram ………………………………………………………………………………… 25
3.1 Breadboard Circuit ………………………………………………………………………………. 27

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ABSTRACT
The project deals with a model of laser security alarm system design. Laser security systems
used to be difficult to install and rarely available to anyone. Now, there are dozens of
different security systems on the market that utilize lasers and can effectively protect
everything from small apartments and businesses to large areas of the property. Most home
laser security systems consist of two parts: a basic alarm unit and an infrared motion detector.
The laser-based security system is a type of security and alarm system that uses laser light
and a light sensor. Why a laser to be used? It is known that a laser light goes through long
distance without any scattering effect (disturbing) and it is only visible at source and the
destination point so it can be used as mediator between source and destination but to analyses
the source a sensor is need, here the use of LDR is applicable. Just analysis is not enough
alerting should be done in general alerting is sound effect so here buzzer act as alerting.
Making use of this, a laser security system is designed. There is a laser diode that generates
the laser beam which continuously strikes over the Light dependent resistor sensors. When
any person crosses he path, it inhibits Laser to reach LDR and the sensor generate a low
which is read by controller to power on the buzzer.

X
Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Security
Security is a basic need that every person has. For a calm life, it is essential that we feel secure and that
everything is okay. But how can one achieve that sense of security in this dangerous environment where
threats, errors, and crimes are at their highest levels? We have a solution in the form of laser security
systems, and more and more people are installing them as a result in order to feel protected and secure. For
security and safety reasons, a variety of electronic security systems can be used at home and other crucial
workplaces.

1.1.1 Security Alarm

A laser security alarm is a tool used for safety. It has numerous applications in the realms of security and
defense, ranging from the security of basic household items to extremely valuable organizational assets.
They were formerly pricey answers to security issues.

Individuals with installation experience or specialists can install the laser systems in houses. Technology
advancements have significantly reduced the cost of security systems. Therefore, it is safe and economical to
include laser systems as a low-cost security system option. It is capable of working continually and can be
either a person, a small animal, or any other mobile thing. Its ominous sound won't stop until someone turns
it off. This system can now be used in a variety of settings.

Due to the comfort and safety precautions it offers, this initiative has had a significant impact on home
boundaries. Innovations have surfaced and entered the market, however they were primarily suitable to high
security locations like museums, banks, and large corporations. The circuit and its components are also
challenging to build or purchase because of their complexity.

The value and significance of this endeavor will be felt by every individual, family, and establishment. It can
aid in reducing the likelihood of crimes occurring, which are more likely to do so at night and even during
the day.

1.2 Laser
The letters in the word laser stand for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. A laser is
an unusual light source. It is quite different from a light bulb or a flash light. Lasers produce a very narrow
beam of light. 

1
1.2.1 The Principles of Laser Security System
A laser security system must have a laser, a detector, and a sensing circuit in order to function. A
concentrated light source that emits a straight line is the laser. A "pencil beam" of light that is only one
color. The detector produces a voltage when the laser light strikes it since it is light-sensitive. The sensing
circuit is wired up to the detector. The voltage output of the detector varies when the laser beam is blocked
from reaching it; the circuit detects this change and emits a warning signal.

1.2.2 System Layout

The path of laser light is linear. Placing the laser in one corner and the detector in the other would be
sufficient to safeguard the front of your yard. That's not a very practical configuration, though. In most
cases, you'll want to at least secure the doors and the room's perimeter. So laser security systems begin by
directing a laser at a tiny mirror. The beam is slanted from the first mirror to a second small mirror, then to a
final mirror that aims it towards the detector. The electronics will send out the alert if the beam is broken
anywhere between the laser and the detector.

1.2.3 Warning Signal

There are several configurations and levels of sophistication for laser security systems. DIY kits are
available that buzz or ring when the beam is cut off. Additionally, the electronics may be programmed to
start an auto-dialer that calls the police in the area or a monitoring service. The electronics can also cause the
house's external lights to flash, aiding police in identifying the residence where the alarm has been activated.

1.2.4 Objective
The main goal of this project is to create a laser security system that uses a laser and light-
dependent resistor to safeguard people from threats, terrorism, and crime in a dangerous
environment.

1.2.5 Applications of Laser light security alarm

A laser security alarm is a device used to find intrusions, or unlawful entrances into a space
or facility. They are also known by other names including perimeter detection systems,
intrusion detection systems, security alarms, and security systems.

1.2.6 Advantages
 The laser security system's setup, construction, and circuitry are all relatively straightforward.
 If used with a battery, the laser security system can work even when there is a power
outage.

2
1.2.7 Disadvantages
 The laser security system is only effective when the laser is blocked. Failure is
regarded to have occurred if the invader did not block the laser.
 In order to secure a large area, we need more lasers and corresponding sensors.

3
Chapter 2

Materials and Methods/Experiment

2.1 Description of components

 Components Required
 Laser
 LDR Light Sensor
 Buzzer
 Transistor 2N3906
 Resistor 10kΩ
 Capacitor 1000µF
 Battery 9V
 Connecting wires
 Switch (On Off Button)

2.1.1 Laser
Light has been essential to humanity's existence from the very beginning. Man has
harnessed light and made unusual things thanks to his insatiable curiosity.
Fluorescent, incandescent, LED, and laser lights all produce light. Now, the majority
of people have likely heard the term "laser," but how many genuinely understand
what a laser is and how it operates? Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation, or laser, is the origin of the name.
The light that a laser emits differs significantly from the typical light that a torch
produces. In three ways, it differs. First off, it is stronger. Consequently, lasers can be
utilized to cut highly tough objects.

4
 Fig 2.1 Laser

Second, unlike a lamp or flashlight, laser light maintains a narrow beam rather than
dispersing. This implies that surveyors can estimate distances and draw straight lines using a
laser.

In essence, laser light has just one color. The security system detector can be activated by
sending a laser light a long distance because it doesn't spread out significantly. A blocking
filter can be placed on a detector to allow laser light to pass through while stopping ambient
light from reaching the detector because it is a single wavelength.

Since the invention of the laser, experiments have been conducted to investigate various uses
and maximize the advantages of human endeavor. It was discovered that it was a challenging
tool to use when it was initially created. Some people believed that the new technology
wouldn't really benefit engineering or science. There are hundreds, if not thousands, of uses
for lasers today.

It is helpful today in many different industries. For instance, in medical, it is used as a tool in
delicate surgery, and in communications; it demonstrates its value by enabling the
transmission of telephone conversations over optical fibers. Laser beams are used to encode
the data and transfer it to the fiber. The invention of the laser has also been advantageous to
surveyors because it provides a nearly perfect line that is utilized for precise alignment.

2.1.2 Types of Laser

Lasers with solid state Solid-state lasers are semiconductor lasers or lasers built on solid-state
gain medium like crystals or glasses doped with rare earth or transition metal ions.

5
Gas lasers are a type of laser that generates coherent light by discharging an electric current
through a gas.

Excimer lasers use reactive gases like chlorine and fluorine combined with inert gases like
argon, krypton, or xenon. The name excimer comes from the words excited and dimers.
Dimer is created when an object is electrically stimulated, and ultraviolet light is created
when an object is laser-excited.

Complex organic dyes in suspension or liquid solution provide the lasing medium for dye
lasers. They have a wide range of wavelength tuning.

Diode lasers, often known as semiconductor lasers, are not solid-state lasers. These
electronics are often highly compact and power-efficient.

2.1.3 Laser Pointer

A laser pointer is a low-cost hand-held laser that is used for a variety of tasks, such as highlighting a specific
area of a slide during presentations or directing students' attention to a specific formula or portion in a lesson
plan. The history of the laser pointer is intertwined with that of the laser because the invention of the laser
established the groundwork for it. Lights produced by a laser pointer are substantially stronger than the
original ones. In order to better focus the light, laser pointers are equipped with external optics or lenses.

2.1.4 LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)

Light controlled variable resistors are also known as photo resistors, light dependent resistors (LDR), or
photocells. A photo resistor exhibits photo conductivity when the resistance reduces as the intensity of the
incident light increases. A photo resistor can be used in switching circuits that are actuated by light and dark
as well as light-sensitive detector circuits.

High resistance semiconductor is used to create photo resistors. A photo resistor can have a resistance as
high as a few mega ohms (M) in the dark yet none at all in the light. The resistance of a photo resistor can be
as low as a few hundred ohms. When photons are absorbed by a semiconductor, bound electrons have
enough energy to jump into the conduction band if the frequency of the incident light on a photo resistor
above a particular threshold. The resultant liberated electrons conduct electricity, thereby reducing
resistance, together with their whole partners. A photo resistor's resistance range and sensitivity can
significantly vary between dissimilar devices. Additionally, distinct photo resistors may respond to photons
within particular wavelength bands very differently.

6
 Fig 2.2 Light Dependent Resistor

2.1.5 Buzzer

An auditory signaling device, such as a buzzer or beeper, can be electromechanical or mechanical. Buzzers
and beepers are frequently used as alarm clocks, timers, and to validate human input such a mouse click or
keyboard.

The electromechanical system used by early devices was exactly like that of an electric bell, excluding the
metal gong. Similar to this, a relay might be set up to cut off its own activating current, which would buzz
the contacts.

Fig 2.3 Buzzer

7
Applications

 Annunciator Panels
 Electronic metronomes
 Game show lock-out device
 Microwave ovens and other household appliances
 Sporting events such as basketball games
 Electrical alarms

2.1.6 Transistor

Electronic signals and electrical power are amplified and switched by transistors, which are semiconductor
devices. It has at least three terminals for connecting to an external circuit and is made of semiconductor
material. The current flowing through one pair of the transistor's terminals changes when a voltage or
current is supplied to another pair of those terminals. A transistor can magnify a signal because the regulated
(output) power can be greater than the controlling (input) power. Many more transistors are discovered
incorporated in integrated circuits than are currently packaged individually.

Fig 2.4 Transistor

8
2.1.7 Resistor

The passive electrical component known as a resistor has two terminals and implements electrical resistance
as a circuit element. Resistors work to lower voltage levels in circuits while also reducing current flow.
Resistors have a variety of purposes in electronic circuits, including regulating signal levels, biasing active
components, and terminating transmission lines.

High-power resistors can be used as test beds for generators, power distribution systems, and motor
controllers. They can dissipate several watts of electrical power as heat. With temperature, time, or operating
voltage changes, fixed resistors' resistances only slightly fluctuate. Variable resistors can be used as sensors
for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity or to alter circuit components (such a volume control or
a lamp dimmer).

Resistors are widely used in electronic equipment and are common components of electrical networks and
electronic circuits. Practical resistors can be made of a variety of materials and forms as discrete
components. Additionally implemented within integrated are resistors.

A resistor's resistance determines its electrical function, and standard commercial resistors are produced over
a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. The resistance's nominal value will be within a
manufacturing tolerance.

Fig 2.5 Resistors

9
2.1.8 Capacitor

A passive two-terminal electrical component called a capacitor, also referred to as a condenser and is used to
store energy electrostatically in an electric field. Practical capacitors come in a broad variety of shapes, but
they all have at least two electrical conductors (plates) that are separated by a dielectric (i.e. insulator). Thin
films, foils, sintered metal beads, conductive electrolyte, and other materials can be used as conductors. The
capacitor's charge capacity is increased by the non-conducting dielectric.

Glass, ceramics, plastic films, air, vacuum, paper, mica, oxide layers, etc. can all be used as dielectrics.
Many typical electrical gadgets use capacitors in their electrical circuits. An ideal capacitor does not lose
energy like a resistor does. A capacitor instead stores energy as an electric field that exists between its
plates.

Fig 2.6 Different types of Capacitor

The capacitance of an ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value. The ratio of the electric
charge Q on each conductor to the potential difference V between them is used to express capacitance. The
farad (F), which is equal to one coulomb per volt (1 C/V), is the SI unit for capacitance. The typical
capacitance ranges from approximately 1 pF (10-12 F) to 1 mF. (10-3 F).

Electronic circuits frequently employ capacitors to restrict direct current while allowing alternating current
to flow. They tame the output of power supply in filter networks. They tuned radios to precise frequencies in
resonant circuits. They maintain voltage and power flow in electric power transmission systems.
10
Applications

 Energy Storage
 Pulsed Power and weapons
 Power conditioning
 Suppression and coupling
 Motor Starters
 Signal Processing
 Sensing
 Oscillators
 Hazards and Safety

2.1.9 Battery

A device made up of two or more electrochemical cells, an electric battery transforms chemical energy that
has been stored into electrical energy. Both a cathode, or positive terminal, and an anode, or negative
terminal, are present in every cell. Ions can migrate between electrodes and terminals thanks to electrolytes,
which enables currents to leave the battery and do work.

Fig 2.7 Battery

Primary (single use or "disposable") electrode materials undergo irreversible alteration during discharge;
after usage, they are discarded. The alkaline battery used in flashlights and several portable devices are
typical examples.

11
Multiple discharges and recharges of secondary (rechargeable) batteries are possible, and reverse current can
restore the electrodes' original chemical make-up. Examples are the lithium ion batteries used in portable
electronics and the lead acid batteries used in cars.

Batteries exist in a variety of sizes and shapes; some are used to power hearing aids, watches, and room-
sized battery banks that supply standby power to phone exchanges and computer data centers.

2.1.10 Connecting wires

Since electricity needs a medium to move through in order to move, connecting wires also enables electrical
current to move from one point on a circuit to another. Most connecting cables are constructed of copper or
aluminum.

A connecting wire is a length of wire used to link two components or circuits together. The wire must have a
large enough gauge or size to support the amount of current flow.

Fig 2.8 Connecting wires

2.1.11 Switch
An electrical circuit can be created or broken with a switch. Switches are mostly used to turn on or off
electrical circuits. The various switch types that are prevalent in a variety of industries, including those that
deal with telecommunication, industrial control equipment, home appliances, and commercial equipment.

12
 Fig 2.9 Switch

2.2 Procedure

1. Mark one of the breadboard's two extremes as positive and the other as negative.
2. Make the following connections using the circuit diagram.
3. On the breadboard, press the transistor in.
4. Using a wire, join the transistor's emitter to the breadboard's negative side.
5. Link the LDR to the transistor's base, the negative side of the breadboard, and the LDR.
6. Connect the buzzer to the transistor's collector and the breadboard's positive side.
7. Attach the 10k ohm resistor to the transistor's base and the breadboard's positive side.
8. Now that the battery is connected, the buzzer will start to ring.
9. Now drop the laser light upon the receptive surface of the LDR and the buzzer stops ringing.

13
 Fig 2.10 Circuit Diagram

2.3 Working

The LDR (Light Depended Resistor) is a type of variable resistor whose resistance changes depending on
the amount of light shining on it.

 The primary potential driver network is formed by LDR and resistor R1.
 The transistor switch is driven by the voltage drop across the LDR. The transistor turns ON when the
voltage drop exceeds the threshold voltage
(0.6 v).
 LDR exhibits high resistance in the absence of light and reduced resistance when light is present.
 Through the use of three mirrors, a laser light is continuously allowed to fall on the LDR in our
security alarm.
 The LDR should not be exposed to light from other sources, therefore place it in a box with a single
laser-passing hole.
 The level of resistance provided by LDR in this instance is insufficient. Due to the LASER light's
constant operation
14
 In this circumstance, the resistance offered by LDR is too low. Since the LASER light is
continuously allowed to fall on the LDR surface.
 Since the LDR surface is continuously exposed to LASER light, a low voltage drop across the LDR
[V=IR (Ohm's Law)] results, which is insufficient to switch ON the transistor, leaving it in an off
state.
 When someone blocks a laser beam that is being fired repeatedly.
 As resistance rises, voltage drop rises as well; when this voltage drop surpasses the voltage at which
the silicon NPN transistor (2N7000) turns ON, however, the transistor remains off.
 The security alarm's beep signal indicates various security failures when current from the vice begins
flowing to ground via the buzzer and transistor.

15
Chapter 3

Results and Discussion

3.1Results

When an object in the field of the laser net blocks the laser beam from falling over the LDR, the LDR
develops an output voltage and the alarm sounds, signaling the presence of any intruders. The development
and design of the Laser Security System have been successful. The interruption of the laser beam hitting the
LDR activates the buzzer. The circuit schematic was followed for building the experimental model, and the
outcome was as anticipated. To ensure that extraneous sources of light other than the laser beam do not
affect the LDR, it must be put in a dark area or enclosed in a case. This makes the circuit function more
quickly and correctly.

Fig 3.1 Breadboard Circuit

3.2 Conclusions

Until recently, only the wealthy could afford high-tech laser security systems for home security. It is a
simple alarm system with manually switch dependent sensors.

16
When a human moves in front of the sensor on a laser security system, that person cuts the laser, setting off
the alarm. Additionally, the alarm alerts the security monitoring service and the local police.

Future Scope

By technological innovations cost of the security systems has been cut to a large extend. So making laser
systems one among affordable security options can be very safe. It has ability to work continuously: It is not
only human but also a small animal or any other movable objects.

17
Chapter 4
4.1 References
[1] https://www.electronicshub.org2.
[2]
https://www.academia.edu/42641050/A_PROJECT_REPORT_On_LASER_SECURITY_ALARM_SYSTE
M
[3] http://science.opposingviews.com/laser-security-systems-works-1631.html
[4] https://www.circuirsgallery.com/2012/09/home-security-alarm.html
[5] https://www.ehow.com/how-does_5001517_laser-security-systems-work.html
[6] www.sciencejournals.com
[7] https://miro.medium.com/max/797/1*4ky7l9RL4Bg4f9cZFjX7gw.jpeg
[8] www.zetascience.com
[9] https://www.android.erode.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/laser-security.png
www.scribd.com
[10] https://wwwyoutube.com/watch
[11] https://ieexplore.ieee.org/document/7760057
[12] www.electroschematics.com
[13] www.makezine.com

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